Evaluating the Impact of Glycemic Control, Lipid Derangement and Antioxidant Status on Progression of Diabetic Retinopathy | Chapter 11 | Achievements and Challenges of Medicine and Medical Science Vol. 8

Background: Diabetes Mellitus is a global health problem. It is a potentially life-threatening metabolic syndrome. There were nearly 171 million diabetics worldwide in 2000 with the number projected to be almost 2.5 times, about 366 million by the year 2030 (prevalence rate of 4.4%) with the greatest number of cases expected in China and India. Patients with diabetes show a difference in serum uric acid pattern in relation to the duration of the disease along with glycemic status, lipid derangements and complications associated with the disease.

Aims and Objectives: To study HbA1c levels to know the blood sugar levels for the past 3 months to assess the glycemic control and to estimate lipid profile to assess the risk of microvascular complications like Retinopathy in diabetic cases. Serum uric acid levels are estimated to evaluate its role in the pathophysiology of diabetes and to establish its association with glycemic control and lipid profile which helps to understand the onset and progression of complications such as retinopathy.

Materials and Methods: The present study consists of 75 cases of chronic diabetes with retinopathy as a complication in the age group of 45-75 years. The values of HbA1c, lipid profile and uric acid in cases are compared with that of 50 apparently healthy non-diabetics who are of the same age group. All the subjects were from the ophthalmology department of Govt. General Hospital, Kakinada and also from Nayana Eye Care Hospital, Kakinada.

Results: The Mean Values of HbA1C and lipid profile were significantly high in diabetic retinopathy cases (p<0.0001) as compared to the control group. The Mean values of uric acid in diabetic retinopathy cases do not show a significant difference from that of the control group (p=0.446).

Conclusion: The study shows that poor glycemic control plays a major role in the onset and progression of diabetic retinopathy. The significant changes in the lipid profile levels in diabetic retinopathy indicate lipid peroxidation plays a key role in the progression of the disease. Serum uric acid level has not shown statistically significant changes in diabetic retinopathy implying no role of uric acid in the progression of disease.

 

Author (s) Details

 

P. Usha Kiran
G. S. L. Medical College, Rajahmundry-533294, Andhra Pradesh, India.

 

B. Srinivasa Rao
Rangaraya Medical College, Kakinada-533003, Andhra Pradesh, India.

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/acmms/v8/3187

Hyperuricaemia and Other Markers of Kidney Impairment in Caribbean Patients with Chronic Noncommunicable Diseases| Chapter 6 | Perspective of Recent Advances in Medical Research Vol. 10

 Hyperuricaemia is an liberated risk factor for kidney working decline, and its predominance rises as estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) staging progresses. The study examined hyperuricaemia and other indicators of kidney impairment in sufferers with incessant noncommunicable diseases in a developing frugality. We retrospectively reviewed the dossier collected from a study conducted 'tween January 2014 and December 2014 in which a total of 968 cases with diabetes, hypertension, cardiovascular diseases and incessant kidney affliction (CKD) participated. Each subject provided ancestry sample, which was therefore tested for glucose, antitoxin uric acid, blood urea nitrogen, antitoxin creatinine, lipid profiles, liver enzymes, and albumin. Anthropometric measurements of each subject, containing height, burden, waist circumference, age, common, education level, takeover, and medical history with drug use, were also captured. The result of the study shows that, patients with bred serum uric acid (SUA) levels have larger mean age, systolic blood pressure (SBP), SUA, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), triglycerides, albumin, and very depressed-density lipoprotein cholesterol (VLDL) and lower mean advantage of estimated glomerular filtration rate (e-GFR) compared to cases with rational SUA levels, (P = 0.05). In addition, correlation studies between SUA, e-GFR, BUN, antitoxin creatinine, body bulk index, (BMI), waist circumference (WC) and albumin shows forceful association betwixt SUA and these parameters (p<.0001). About 223 (23.34%) of the CKD patients have nurtured uric acid levels and 745 (76.96%) have normal uric acid levels. Therefore, this study further recorded the well-established association middle from two points hyperuricaemia and CKD. However, the measures already working in lifestyle clinics must be claimed in order to bar any increase in SUA levels in these patients.

Determining the Effect of Smoking on Salivary Parameters | Chapter 11 | Issues and Developments in Medicine and Medical Research Vol. 6

 Smoking is a dangerous habit that has been linked to a number of inflammatory and malignant disorders of the mouth, respiratory system, and digestive system.

The purpose of this research is to evaluate and compare the effects of smoking on the composition of entire unstimulated saliva.

Materials and Methods: A total of 186 persons were involved in the study, who were split into two groups: smokers (77 people) and non-smokers (109 people), with an average age of 33. (19-57). There are 89 men and 87 women among them. The studies are performed on unstimulated saliva collected passively according to conventional analytical requirements. Uric acid (UA), alpha-amylase (sAA), secretory IgA (sIg A), total protein (TPro), and albumin were all investigated (alb). Salivary parameters were measured using a finished kit from Thermo science and Beckman Coulter, as well as oral fluid methods from the Olympus AU 640 and Indiko Plus biochemical analyzers.

Results: In smokers, we found a significant increase in total salivary protein and albumin, as well as a decrease in UA, amylase, and sIg A, indicating a shift in saliva homeostasis and antioxidant capacity.

Conclusion: There are significant quantitative differences in saliva parameters between smokers and non-smokers, according to the findings. Smoking has a negative impact on oral homeostasis and raises the risk of inflammatory and degenerative alterations in the mouth lining.

Author(S) Details

Mariana Yordanova
Department of General Medicine and Clinical Laboratory, Medical University of Varna “Prof. Dr. Paraskev Stoyanov” Varna; Military Medical Academy, Multiprofile Hospital for Active Treatment, Varna, Bulgaria.

Nikola Shopov
Military Medical Academy, Centre of Military Medical Expertise Aero and Maritime Medicine, Sofia, Bulgaria.

View Book:- https://stm.bookpi.org/IDMMR-V6/article/view/5604

Determining the Levels of Glycated Hemoglobin, Serum Calcium, Magnesium, Phosphate, Uric Acid and Microalbuminuria in Patients with Newly Diagnosed Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus | Chapter 15 | Recent Developments in Medicine and Medical Research Vol. 11

 

Background: Over the previous three decades, the global prevalence of diabetes mellitus has more than doubled, making it one of the most important public health challenges affecting all countries. As a result, researchers compared HbA1c, serum calcium, serum magnesium, serum phosphate, serum uric acid, and microalbuminuria levels in newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus patients to normal healthy people.

Methods: This was a cross-sectional study done in the Department of Biochemistry at SKIMS-MC&H, Bemina, Srinagar. The 300 people who took part in this study were divided into two groups. Group I: consisted of 150 healthy men and women between the ages of 30 and 80. A total of 150 newly diagnosed Type 2 diabetes mellitus patients in the same age group made up Group II. Fasting blood samples were tested for calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, uric acid, blood sugar, and HbA1c. To evaluate microalbuminuria, urine was collected for 24 hours and the results were compared to those of healthy people. The standard deviation of the means was calculated, and the significance level was determined using the student t-test.

FBS, HbA1c, calcium, magnesium, phosphate, and uric acid levels in the blood were 89.71 9.22, 4.68 0.47, 9.61 0.84, 2.23 0.41, 3.45 0.46, 4.21 1.04 in controls (group-I) and 145.57 76.61, 8.94 2.38, 8.09 0.18, 1.92 0.27, 2.82 0.68, 7.01 0.27 in patients (group-II) (0.001). The mean difference in microalbuminuria between patients and controls was 35.01 41.30 and 15.35 2.60 (0.001).

Conclusion: There is a decrease in serum calcium, magnesium, and phosphate levels, which are all important in blood glucose management. As a result, oral supplementation of all of these ions is recommended in addition to food. Reduced glucose tolerance was linked to higher serum uric acid and microalbuminuria, therefore these parameters should be assessed early in the course of Type-2 diabetes monitoring to help reduce the risk of kidney issues. Glycated haemoglobin levels can also indicate early patient mobilisation to diabetic support services, treatment, and medication response, all of which can help to avoid micro and macro complications associated with uncontrolled Type-2 diabetes.

Author(S) Details

Qazi Najeeb Ahmad
Department of Biochemistry, Govt. Medical College Anantnag (J&K), India.

View Book:- https://stm.bookpi.org/RDMMR-V11/article/view/4657