Combined Effect of Trichoderma viride with Other Phosphate Solubilizing Microorganisms on Soil Nutrient Availability and Uptake by Rice Plant | chapter 4 | Scientific Research, New Technologies and Applications Vol. 4

The present study highlights the combined effect of Trichoderma viride (T.V) with other Phosphate Solubilizing Microorganisms (PSM) on soil nutrient availability and uptake by Rice plants. T.V is widely used in the field of Soil science for its various contribution to agriculture. It makes soil nutrients available and therefore in this research, utilization of T.V is done along with other PSM to solubilize phosphorus(P). PSMs are ubiquitous, whose number varies from soil to soil and help in the mineralization of organic P in the soil. The present work was conducted under lower Gangetic alluvial at the Agricultural Experimental Station of Calcutta University, Baruipur, 24 Parganas (South), West Bengal in a Rice plant. The experiment was carried out with six treatments(T) replicated four times, T1@Trichoderma viride (T.V), T2@ Azotobacter chroococcum (A.C)+ Trichoderma viride (T.V), T3@ Pseudomonas striata (P.S) + Trichoderma viride (T.V), T4@Azotobacter chroococcum (A.C) + Pseudomonas striata (P.S)+ Trichoderma viride (T.V), T5@ Azotobacter chroococcum (A.C) and T6@Azotobacter chroococcum (A.C) + Pseudomonas striata (P.S). Out of the six treatments, T3 which received T.V and P.S showed the highest Carbon(c), P and Potassium(K) content and T6 showed the highest nitrogen(N) content in the soil. P availability is increased with the application of T.V and the combination of T.V with other PSM shows even higher solubilization of P in the soil.

 

Author (s) Details

Tabitha Donbiaksiam
Agricultural Chemistry and Soil Science, FGI, CAS, Hengbung, India.

 

Nongmaithem Jyotsna
Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Senapati, India.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/srnta/v4/2107

The Geochemical and Mineralogical Characterisation of Lithium-bearing Pegmatites of Southeast Brazil |Chapter 1 | Current Research on Geography, Earth Science and Environment Vol. 1

The Doce River region is located in the central northern part of the Mantiqueira Structural Province, east of the São Francisco carton in the eastern Minas Gerais and northwestern Espírito Santo states. The P-Li-Nb pegmatites are located in the south of Brazil, in the states of Minas Gerais and Espírito Santo. They represent the largest pegmatite fields of Brazil and the richest in precious stones. Two types of pegmatites are characterised by their mineralogical characteristics and tectonic and magmatic relations. The first group occurred during a compressive deformation phase D1 about 582 Ma and 550°C - 700°C and 4 - 5 kb. The second pegmatite group was formed during the decompression phase D2 (520 - 500 Ma) of the Brasiliano metamorphic rock fusion. The geochemical parameters of the P-Li-Be bearing pegmatites of the first group show the same trend of fractionation, as suggested by the mineralogical composition. The variation of tourmaline and columbite-tantalite composition of the first group game again applies a change of melt composition during the regional development of the pegmatites. A systematic compositional trend seems to suggest a petrogenetic link between the pegmatites of the region. The Fe/Mn ratio of tourmaline in samples of the first group shows the same behaviour as in columbite-tantalite and garnets. The simple pegmatites are transitioning north into the gem-rich pegmatites. The Fe/Mn ratio not only shows qualitatively the fractionation index, the degree of regional development, but also the internal development of the body. The ratio shows a negative correlation with lithium. The Co, Zn and Nb contents are rising in the first group, but falling when starting crystallisation of garnet, columbite-tantalite, and Behierit. The geochemical parameters of the P-Li-Be bearing pegmatites of the first group show the same trend of fractionation, as suggested by the mineralogical composition.

 

Author (s) Details

Essaid Bilal
Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Saint-Étienne, CNRS-UMR6425, Saint-Étienne, France.

 

Adolf Heinrich Horn
IGC-UFMG, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.

 

Fernando Machado de Mello
IA-Departamento de Geociências da UFRRJ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

 

Helena Saraiva Koenow Pinheiro
IA-Departamento de Geociências da UFRRJ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/crgese/v1/3969

Adsorption of Phosphorus and Its Fertilization and Porous Sorbent Using Calcium and Dissolving Magnesium | Chapter 8 | Chemical and Materials Sciences: Developments and Innovations Vol. 7

Aims: The aim of this research was to investigate Magnesium hydroxide [Mg(OH)₂] and nano calcium treatments for the utilization of spent coffee grounds (SCG) and formed waste glass. Adsorption of phosphate, potassium, and phosphate on the surface of the magnesium-modified SCG or formed waste glass was measured. The effect of the potassium magnesium phosphate formed on the SCG and nano calcium phosphate on plant growth was evaluated.

Methods: The adsorption characteristics for phosphorus and potassium were studied using a batch method to determine the effect of the magnesium concentration on the modified SCG and the side effects of nano calcium.

After adsorption, the modified SCG product and nano calcium phosphate were applied to the soil, and plant growth tests were carried out in pots.

Results: The maximum phosphate adsorption (65.89% at a phosphate concentration of 45.98 mg/g) was obtained with 2.5 M Mg(OH)₂. When the post-equilibrium pH was close to 9, the ratio of the changes in the concentrations of potassium to phosphate was 1:1, and potassium magnesium phosphate formed on the surface of the modified SCG. The use of nano calcium resulted in a high adsorption capacity of 62 mg/g phosphorus. By considering separation and supporting it on foam glass, a removal rate of more than 90% was achieved for a phosphoric acid solution with an initial concentration of 100 mg/l.

Conclusion: Calcium hydroxide and nano-sized calcium with low solubility could also be supported on inexpensive porous materials to show the ability to recover phosphorus and potassium, or higher adsorption capacities. The potassium magnesium phosphate and calcium phosphate, produced per carrier, were mixed with soil and used in planting experiments, which demonstrated a discernible impact on growth. The application of a fertilizer prepared from EMSCG was observed to have a beneficial effect on the growth of R. sativus, resulting in an increase in both plant height and leaf width in comparison to the control (no treatment).

 

Author (s) Details

 

Hiroyuki Harada
Prefectural University of Hiroshima, 5562 Nanatsuka, Shobarshiype 727-0023, Hiroshima, Japan.

 

Aisyah Humayro
Prefectural University of Hiroshima, 5562 Nanatsuka, Shobarshiype 727-0023, Hiroshima, Japan.

 

Nur Maisarah Mohamad Sarbani
Prefectural University of Hiroshima, 5562 Nanatsuka, Shobarshiype 727-0023, Hiroshima, Japan.

 

Endar Hidayat
Prefectural University of Hiroshima, 5562 Nanatsuka, Shobarshiype 727-0023, Hiroshima, Japan.

 

Kanoko Naito
Prefectural University of Hiroshima, 5562 Nanatsuka, Shobarshiype 727-0023, Hiroshima, Japan.

 

Mitsuru Aoyagi
Prefectural University of Hiroshima, 5562 Nanatsuka, Shobarshiype 727-0023, Hiroshima, Japan.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/cmsdi/v7/3009

Phosphate Removal from Water and Wastewater: A Novel Hybrid Exchanger Approach | Chapter 2 | Recent Developments in Chemistry and Biochemistry Research Vol. 2

This study presents the development and performance of a new phosphate-selective sorbent, referred to as hybrid anion exchanger or HEX. The study introduces a novel phosphate-selective sorbent, HEX, which combines the durability of polymeric anion exchange resins with the high sorption affinity of hydrated ferric oxide. The development and performance of HEX are supported by laboratory kinetic studies, revealing its selective phosphate removal capabilities in the presence of competing anions. The application of the film diffusion equation provides insights into the kinetic behavior. Moreover, column and field trials demonstrate consistent and effective phosphate removal with minimal leakage, showcasing the potential practical significance of HEX in mitigating water pollution caused by phosphate discharge. Phosphate discharged into surface waters can stimulate plant growth, resulting in eutrophication of rivers and lakes. Environmental problems may develop as P moves off-site into aquatic systems. Removal of P from wastewaters has long been a concern of municipalities, and technologies have been developed to lower P concentrations in wastewaters. HEX combines durability and mechanical strength of polymeric anion exchange resins with high sorption affinity of hydrated ferric oxide (HFO) toward phosphate. HEX is mechanically strong, durable and did not show any sign of fragmentation during repeated use lab and field trials. This superior feature makes it suitable for long term applications. Laboratory kinetic studies show that HEX selectively removes phosphate from the background of much higher concentrations of competing sulfate, chloride and bicarbonate anions due to the combined presence of Coulombic and Lewis acid base interactions.  The kinetic data were analyzed using the film diffusion equation, and it was discovered that the exchange rate was controlled by the film diffusion process. Consistent results in the operating capacity of HEX resin with low phosphate leakage are also demonstrated by column and field studies.

Author(s) Details:

Renu Saraph,
Ion Exchange(I) Ltd., India and Neelkant Greens, B3/602, Aster, Manapada, Thane West, Pin code 400 610, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/RDCBR-V2/article/view/14110

Determination and Removal of Toxic Anions from Guyana’s Aquatic Environment: Green and Sustainable Management| Chapter 5 | Novel Perspectives of Geography, Environment and Earth Sciences Vol. 2

 The COVID-19 universal has unfavorably impressed use the globe. Currently the experience is impoverished for green, tenable form of living and practices so that balance this emergency. The COVID-19 pandemic has troubled many governmental, business-related, public and tangible challenges. Standard examining processes that are established colorimetric speeded the decision of PO43- and NO3- in the ground and surface waters from the three (3) counties of Guyana. Phosphates and nitrates further their allowable levels in unrefined waters can pose meaningful warnings to the marine atmosphere, allure citizens, and the strength of humans and earthly mammals. This study aims to explore the use of ingot (smaller currency in exchange for larger, cadmium, sea color) ferrocyanides (octahedral aggregates that simplify adsorption of anions generally on allure two divalent middle metals) as adsorbents to ease the eradication of the earlier anions. The consequences accompanied that smaller currency in exchange for larger ferrocyanide is ultimate persuasive adsorbent for treating ground and surface waters that hold extreme levels of PO43-, while it was more ultimate direct adsorbent for doctoring surface waters that held NO3-. Fixed capacities of water samples were discussed accompanying 50 mg, 100 mg, and 150 mg of the adsorbent.  The computations of the equating coefficients granted that skilled were two together beneficial and negative equivalences in few of the cases, that intended that raising the portion of drug or other consumable of the adsorbent raised and dropped adsorption, individually. Adsorption hearings were furthered for one use of Langmuir plots and adsorption isotherms, even though in few cases, the general look of these isotherms was not seen. Possible reasons for this incident are conferred in better insight in the paper. The use of sky ferrocyanide to treat groundwater and kill PO43- is not considered established observations emphasize in the report, and the use of cadmium ferrocyanide to speed the expulsion of NO3- is not considered either on account of the potential composition of Co3(PO4)2 and Cd(NO3)2, individually, that otherwise jolted the results. Technologies like those intentional in this place research project endure be investigated and intentional more painstaking (specifically accompanying commendations to the stability of the adsorbents) accompanying deference to the acting of ground and surface water provisions, to further the eradication of PO43- and NO3-, because the results noticed, though a little, maybe visualized to move us tighter towards a green and tenable atmosphere, containing insuring the well-being of the Worlds’ folk and extending the sphere of cost-effective and plain forms that aid in the evacuation of anions from instinctive waters. Green allure designs electronics that hinder further damage to atmosphere and human well-being, while tenable allure is referrers to the result of projectiles for weaponry that defeat the use of perilous elements.

Author(s) Details:

Brij Bhushan Tewari,
Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Guyana, P.O. Box: 101110, Georgetown, Guyana.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/NPGEES-V2/article/view/9282

Aspects of the Hydro-geochemistry of Groundwater in Agbor/Owa Communities of Delta State, Nigeria| Chapter 2 | Research Aspects in Chemical and Materials Sciences Vol. 4

 The essences of barium, calcium, sodium, sulphate, phosphate, and cyanide in groundwater in Boji-Boji (BB) area and suburbs of Ika land, Delta state, Nigeria, were examined. Without some form of treatment, groundwater is the basic source of water for the locals of these societies. The essence concerning this exercise is to study few facets of the hydro-geochemistry of groundwater in these communities to authorize its excellence for devouring and the sustainable welfare of the people. There are 55 borehole water sites spread across these five sample substitute-fields. Solar Unicam flame Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer was used to analyse the metal ions. The colorimetric system was used to determine the sulphate, phosphate, and cyanide elements of larger object. The results show the ghost of sodium, calcium, sulphate, and phosphate. However, barium and cyanide were below the discovery limit. Second, the aquifer held a greater proportion of calcium and sulphate than sodium and phosphate.Third, a mean percentage value of 0,018 and 0.158 were noticed for Na+/Ca2+ and PO43-/SO42- individually. Fourth, sodium had a strong equating with all of the different limits. Finally, the concentrations of the studied limits are below the WHO's maximum contaminator levels, meaning that the water is free of analytes. However, the sodium concentrations in many sample fields continue to cause concern from a strength belief.

Author(s) Details:

Hector H. Oyem,
Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Delta, Agbor, Delta State, Nigeria.

Ifeanyi M. Oyem,
Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delta, Agbor, Delta State, Nigeria.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/RACMS-V4/article/view/8689

Determining the Levels of Glycated Hemoglobin, Serum Calcium, Magnesium, Phosphate, Uric Acid and Microalbuminuria in Patients with Newly Diagnosed Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus | Chapter 15 | Recent Developments in Medicine and Medical Research Vol. 11

 

Background: Over the previous three decades, the global prevalence of diabetes mellitus has more than doubled, making it one of the most important public health challenges affecting all countries. As a result, researchers compared HbA1c, serum calcium, serum magnesium, serum phosphate, serum uric acid, and microalbuminuria levels in newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus patients to normal healthy people.

Methods: This was a cross-sectional study done in the Department of Biochemistry at SKIMS-MC&H, Bemina, Srinagar. The 300 people who took part in this study were divided into two groups. Group I: consisted of 150 healthy men and women between the ages of 30 and 80. A total of 150 newly diagnosed Type 2 diabetes mellitus patients in the same age group made up Group II. Fasting blood samples were tested for calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, uric acid, blood sugar, and HbA1c. To evaluate microalbuminuria, urine was collected for 24 hours and the results were compared to those of healthy people. The standard deviation of the means was calculated, and the significance level was determined using the student t-test.

FBS, HbA1c, calcium, magnesium, phosphate, and uric acid levels in the blood were 89.71 9.22, 4.68 0.47, 9.61 0.84, 2.23 0.41, 3.45 0.46, 4.21 1.04 in controls (group-I) and 145.57 76.61, 8.94 2.38, 8.09 0.18, 1.92 0.27, 2.82 0.68, 7.01 0.27 in patients (group-II) (0.001). The mean difference in microalbuminuria between patients and controls was 35.01 41.30 and 15.35 2.60 (0.001).

Conclusion: There is a decrease in serum calcium, magnesium, and phosphate levels, which are all important in blood glucose management. As a result, oral supplementation of all of these ions is recommended in addition to food. Reduced glucose tolerance was linked to higher serum uric acid and microalbuminuria, therefore these parameters should be assessed early in the course of Type-2 diabetes monitoring to help reduce the risk of kidney issues. Glycated haemoglobin levels can also indicate early patient mobilisation to diabetic support services, treatment, and medication response, all of which can help to avoid micro and macro complications associated with uncontrolled Type-2 diabetes.

Author(S) Details

Qazi Najeeb Ahmad
Department of Biochemistry, Govt. Medical College Anantnag (J&K), India.

View Book:- https://stm.bookpi.org/RDMMR-V11/article/view/4657