Utilisation of GG-g-PMMA/bentonite Superabsorbent Composite for the Effective Removal of Eriochrome Black-T Dye by the Process of Adsorption | Chapter 6 | Chemical and Materials Sciences: Research Findings Vol. 6

 

Release of dyeing effluents into water is one of the major factors contributing to water pollution. Eriochrome black T (EBT) is a synthetic dye which causes serious water pollution and affects humans due to its carcinogenic nature. This chapter emphasises the removal of EBT by the utilisation of GG-g-PMMA/bentonite composite by the process of adsorption. The adsorption experiments were carried out batch-wise in acidic as well as alkaline media. The concentration of dye was determined using a UV-Visible spectrophotometer. The various reaction parameters, such as pH, dye concentration, time till adsorption was carried out and adsorbent dose, were thoroughly studied to optimise the conditions for the removal of dye using the composite. The results obtained indicate that the prepared composite showed the maximum percentage removal of 89 % at 6 pH value. Freundlich and Langmuir isotherms were employed to evaluate the adsorption property of the composite. The results obtained show that the adsorption of dye on the surface of the composite follows Langmuir adsorption. Pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second-order equations were applied for the kinetic study. The findings indicate that pseudo second order kinetic reaction clearly explains the data obtained on the basis of the correlation coefficient.

 

 

Author(s) Details

Kartika Rathore
Applied and Environmental Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Jai Narain Vyas University, Jodhpur–342011, Rajasthan, India.

 

Sangeeta Loonker
Applied and Environmental Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Jai Narain Vyas University, Jodhpur–342011, Rajasthan, India.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/cmsrf/v6/6885

A Synthesis and Characterisation of Activated Carbon-incorporated Chitosan Composite for Harnessing Hexavalent Chromium Adsorption | Chapter 2 | Chemical and Materials Sciences: Research Findings Vol. 4

Industrial effluent is a complex aqueous matrix comprising hazardous substances like phenols and toxic organics, often mixed with nutrients, suspended solids and multiple pollutants. Its constituents vary with industry, making it a significant environmental challenge requiring targeted treatment solutions. In view of their toxicity, non-biodegradability and persistent nature, their removal becomes an absolute necessity. Hexavalent chromium metal is one of the carcinogenic pollutants in the environment and is frequently present in wastewater from various industrial units. This chapter reports the characterisation and use of chitosan-coated activated carbon derived from the bark of Pongamia pinnata (CCPPAC) as a potential adsorbent for the removal of hexavalent chromium from aqueous solution. SEM analysis proved the mesoporous nature of the material under investigation. The batch experiment was carried out to study the effect of significant process parameters such as pH, contact time, adsorbent doses and initial Cr (VI) concentration. The maximum adsorption efficacy for Cr(VI) removal by CCPPAC was found at pH 4.5, 5 gm/lit of adsorbent dose and 140 min contact time. Under optimum conditions, 96% Cr (VI) was removed from aqueous solution. This investigation verifies that CCPPAC, a mesoporous material, can be successfully used as an excellent sorbent material for the removal of hexavalent chromium from contaminated water and thus can be applied in wastewater treatment. In this study, the activated carbon derived from the bark of the Pongamia pinnata tree and surface was successfully coated with chitosan and characterised employing FTIR and SEM studies. The newly developed CCPPAC high porous structure and excellent surface area.

 

 

 

Author (s) Details

Hunge Sudhir
Chintamani College of Science, Pombhurna, Dist. Chandrapur (M.S.)-442918, India.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/cmsrf/v4/5549

Bactericidal Properties of Microwave-Activated Carbons Enhanced with Enoxil and Silver/Selenium Nanoparticles | Chapter 8 | Recent Developments in Chemistry and Biochemistry Research Vol. 7

 

The objectives of this study were to obtain mesoporous activated carbon with low ash content, impregnate this adsorbent with the Enoxil medicinal preparation and with Ag and Se nanoparticles, qualitatively and quantitatively analyze the immobilization processes of neutral nanoparticles on intact and oxidized activated carbons, and test the microbiological activity of the obtained samples. Microwave-activated carbons (ACMW) derived from walnut shells were impregnated with Ag and Se nanoparticles, as well as the biologically active compound Enoxil, and their microbiological properties were evaluated. To enhance the adsorbent's functionality, the activated carbon was oxidized with ozone, producing ACMWO, which contained aliphatic and aromatic carboxylic groups. This oxidation process led to a significant reduction in the specific surface area of the activated carbon. The structural parameters of the carbons were determined using nitrogen adsorption analysis, while simultaneous thermal analysis provided insights into the thermal behavior of both the oxidized and unoxidized forms. Infrared spectroscopy was employed to investigate the surface chemistry of the adsorbents. The microbiological activity of the composites was tested against Escherichia coli and Candida albicans. Kinetic studies further allowed for the estimation of the bactericidal and fungicidal action times of the activated carbons. Microwave activation allowed obtaining mesoporous ACMW carbon with a high specific surface area and a low mineral content over a short period of time. The obtained results suggest the use of activated carbons impregnated with nanoparticles and Enoxil preparation in various medical fields, in particular for the creation of bactericidal dressings that would protect the penetration of infections within the body, comfortably keeping of humidity in the area of open wounds, with adsorption and subsequent destruction of the infected exudate.

 

Author (s) Details

 

Oleg Petuhov
Research Center of Thermal Analysis in Enviromental Problems, West University of Timisoara, Pestalozzi Street 16, 300115, Timisoara, Romania and Institute of Chemistry, State University of Moldova, 3, Academiei Str., MD-2028, Chisinau, Republic of Moldova.

 

Tudor Lupascu
Institute of Chemistry, State University of Moldova, 3, Academiei Str., MD-2028, Chisinau, Republic of Moldova.

 

Titus Vlase
Research Center of Thermal Analysis in Enviromental Problems, West University of Timisoara, Pestalozzi Street 16, 300115, Timisoara, Romania.

 

Ionela-Amalia Bradu
Research Center of Thermal Analysis in Enviromental Problems, West University of Timisoara, Pestalozzi Street 16, 300115, Timisoara, Romania.

 

Dominika Behunová
Institute of Geotechnics SAS, Watsonova, 45, 040 01 Kosice, Slovakia.

 

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/rdcbr/v7/2762

 

Thermodynamics Study on the Coal Bed Methane Adsorption Characteristic | Book Publisher International

Coalbed methane is mainly in an adsorption state. Coalbed methane is a disastrous gas that threatens the safety of coal mine production and a greenhouse gas that causes climate warming and is also an efficient and clean alternative to natural gas. Thermodynamics is mainly the study of the thermal properties of matter from the point of view of energy conversion. The study of coalbed methane adsorption with thermodynamics is an excellent cooperation between formal science and natural science. For many years, the Langmuir isothermal adsorption model has been used to study the influence of internal and external conditions on the adsorption characteristics of coal. Based on statistical thermodynamics, a temperature-pressure adsorption equation (TPAE) has been derived. The four parameters to be determined in TPAE can be obtained by regression of the measured adsorption experimental data, the isothermal adsorption that meets the national standard, and the temperature and pressure adsorption data that does not meet the national standard, including a temperature, a pressure, and an adsorption data defining as thermobaric adsorption. The TPAE has a minimum mean error and a minimum STDEV for the regression of this thermobaric adsorption data compared with Langmuir parameters. During adsorption, the enthalpy change can be calculated by Clausius-Clapeyron equation with a conclusion that adsorption is exothermic and can be carried out spontaneously. The unit isosteric enthalpy of adsorption (UIEA) decreases with the increase of adsorption capacity. The thermobaric adsorption data of lean coal has been used to illustrate the negative effect of temperature and the positive effect of pressure. The critical buried depth of the lean coal is 951m. The critical temperature at the depth is 316.52K. The critical pressure at the depth is 9.51MPa. The thermobaric adsorption data of coking coal has been used to show that only six sets of thermobaric adsorption data are needed to accurately represent the coal seam temperature of this lean coal from 18 to 72oC, the pressure from one megapascal to 19 megapascals, and the buried depth of 100 meters to 1,900 meters. The Langmuir parameters from the normal coal and deformed coal of Pingdingshan Coal Mine have been used to explain that, at a buried depth of 1,000 meters, because the UIAE of normal coal is -1.558 KJmol/cm3/g higher than that of deformed coal, it is adsorbed first. Because desorption is endothermic and cannot be carried out spontaneously, energy needs to be obtained from the outside, and the unit isosteric desorption enthalpy (UIDE) value of deformed coal is 0.64 KJmol/cm3/g, and priority desorption is preferred. Defining a new comprehensive index OT (outburst threshold) for coal and gas outburst thresholds by timing the unit isosteric desorption enthalpy (UIDE) with the square of solidity coefficient of coal (f), and describing that the UIDE of deformed coal is 0.64 KJmol/cm3/g and the solidity coefficient f of deformed coal is 0.5, so its comprehensive index OT is 0.16, close to zero, which means that the coal and gas outburst will occur very likely. The thermobaric adsorption data of long-flame coal and anthracite has been used to compare the difference in adsorption behavior between two kinds of coal. For long-flame coal, the partial differential of temperature has always been relatively positive and there has been no negative value since the beginning. Therefore, as the burial depth increases, the temperature rises, and the adsorption capacity of long-flame coal also increases. Two fundamental difficulties of the field test method are the non-direct measurability of the lost gas and the non-repeatability of the field test. Using the coal sample after the residual gas volume test as the coal sample of the adsorption method and completing a reverse cycle can ensure that the geological factors of the target coal seam remain unchanged. Under isobaric conditions, the temperature has affected the adsorption amount negatively. In other words, the adsorption amount will reduce with temperature increasing. Under isothermal conditions, pressure has affected the adsorption amount positively. In other words, the adsorption amount will increase with temperature increasing. Under isosteric condition, if T₂ > T₁, then P₂ > P₁.

 

Author (s) Details

Li Dong
Xi'an Siyuan University, Xian, Shaanxi, 710038, China.

 

ZHANG Xuemei
Xi'an Siyuan University, Xian, Shaanxi, 710038, China.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/mono/978-93-48388-95-7

Adsorption of Nitrite Ions Using Activated Carbons Derived from Walnut Shells | Chapter 3 | Chemical and Materials Sciences: Research Findings Vol. 3

In this paper, activated carbons obtained from walnut shells were used as adsorbents to remove nitrite ions from aqueous solutions. In the Republic of Moldova, walnut shells are chosen as a raw material for obtaining activated carbons in research due to their local abundance, low cost, and favorable chemical composition, which allows for the production of an efficient adsorbent material for removing pollutants from water. The novel adsorbent was obtained by modification with hydrochloric acid. The physical-chemical characteristics of activated carbons were determined from nitrogen sorption isotherms, SEM-EDX, elemental analysis, FTIR, thermal analysis, and temperature-programmed decomposition (TPD). According to the results obtained, chlorine is retained on the surface in an amount of 2%. Chlorine increases the positive charge of the surface by forming –C–Cl or –C–OH⁺ groups, the electrostatic attraction towards nitrite ions can be improved, thus increasing the adsorption efficiency. The effect of pH on the adsorption of nitrite ions was investigated for both activated carbons CAN and CAN-Cl. For activated carbon CAN, an increase in pH resulted in a significant decrease in adsorption, from 0.13 mg/g at pH 3 to 0.07 mg/g (approximately 1.8 times lower). Similarly, for activated carbon CAN-Cl, adsorption values decreased from 2.85 mg/g to 0.68 mg/g as the pH increased. These results suggest that pH plays a critical role in the adsorption capacity of activated carbons, with lower pH levels enhancing the adsorption of nitrite ions. The results of batch experiments indicate that maximum adsorption/ removal of nitrite ions can be achieved at pH = 3, being of 0.2 mg/g for CAN and 4.7 mg/g for CAN-Cl. The modification of the surface of activated carbons with chloride ions leads to an increase in the rate and adsorption capacity of nitrite ions by approximately 50 times.

To study the adsorption of nitrite ions on activated carbons the following mathematical models were used: pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order, and intraparticle diffusion kinetic models, and Langmuir, Freundlich, Dubinin-Radushkevich, and Temkin-Pyzhev isotherm models. These models were chosen to provide a comprehensive understanding of the adsorption kinetics and equilibrium behavior, allowing for the identification of the dominant adsorption mechanisms and the efficiency of the adsorbent material. The results indicate that the adsorption of nitrite ions onto activated carbons CAN and CAN-Cl follows the pseudo-second-order kinetic model and also aligns with the intraparticle diffusion model, suggesting that the process is primarily governed by chemisorption.

Future studies should explore strategies to mitigate the impact of electrolytes on adsorption efficiency and optimize surface modifications to enhance nitrite ion removal. Additionally, investigating the regeneration potential of the modified adsorbents could improve their practicality for long-term water treatment applications.

 

Author (s) Details

 

Irina Ceban
Institute of Chemistry, Moldova State University, 3, Academiei Str., MD-2028 Chisinau, Republic of Moldova.

Raisa Nastas
Institute of Chemistry, Moldova State University, 3, Academiei Str., MD-2028 Chisinau, Republic of Moldova.

 

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/cmsrf/v3/5161

Plant-Based Activated Carbons for Cobalt and Strontium Removal: Insights into Adsorption Mechanisms | Chapter 8 | Chemical and Materials Sciences: Research Findings Vol. 2

Aims: To investigate the adsorption behavior of Co(II) and Sr(II) ions on the surface of plant-based activated carbons (obtained from walnut shells (CA-N) and apple wood (CA-M), and modified by oxidation with nitric acid and nitric acid/urea mixture).

Methodology: Activated carbons were chemically modified using nitric acid (sample CA-Mox) and a nitric acid/urea mixture (samples CA-Mox-u, CA-Nox-u). Their physicochemical properties were characterized through nitrogen adsorption isotherms, SEM-EDX, FTIR spectroscopy, pH metric titrations, Boehm titration, and elemental analysis. Batch adsorption experiments were conducted to evaluate the removal efficiency of Co(II) and Sr(II) ions over a pH range of 2–10. Kinetic models (pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order, intraparticle diffusion) and isotherm models (Langmuir, Freundlich, Dubinin–Radushkevich, Temkin-Pyzhev) were applied to study adsorption mechanisms and estimate maximum adsorption capacities.

Results: On the surface of activated carbons the following functional groups have been identified: strongly acidic groups (CA-Mox, 0.95 meq/g; CA-Mox-u, 0.44 meq/g; CA-Nox-u, 0.32 meq/g) and weakly acidic and phenolic groups, while the pH_pzc value of the studied activated carbons increase as follows:
CA-Mox (2.3) < CA-Mox-u (3.3) < CA-Nox-u (3.9) < CA-M (6.9) < CA-N (8.3).

The results of batch experiments indicate that maximum adsorption can be achieved in broad pH ranges: 4–8 for Co(II) and 4–10 for Sr(II). The maximum adsorption capacities of Co(II) and Sr(II) on oxidized activated carbons at pH = 4 are: CA-Mox, 0.085 and 0.076 mmol/g; CA-Mox-u, 0.056 and 0.041 mmol/g; and CA-Nox-u, 0.041 and 0.034 mmol/g, respectively.

The experimental data are best described by the pseudo-second kinetic model, suggesting that the adsorption of metal ions (cobalt(II) and strontium(II)) onto oxidized activated carbons is based on chemisorption. The constants determined for the Freundlich and Langmuir models and the energy values estimated by Dubinin–Radushkevich demonstrate that the adsorption process of strontium(II) and cobalt(II) ions onto oxidized activated carbons is favorable and dominated by chemisorption of the energetically homogenous surface in the modeled system.

Conclusion: The investigations highlight the important role of the solution pH, of the activated carbons' functional groups, and the pH_pzc value for the adsorption process of cobalt(II) and strontium(II) ions. By summarizing the obtained results, the adsorption mechanisms of toxic metal ions on activated carbons were proposed.

 

 

Author (s) Details

Raisa Nastas
Institute of Chemistry of Moldova State University, 3, Academiei Str. Chisinau, MD-2028, Republic of Moldova.

 

Irina Ceban
Institute of Chemistry of Moldova State University, 3, Academiei Str. Chisinau, MD-2028, Republic of Moldova.

 

Tudor Lupascu
Institute of Chemistry of Moldova State University, 3, Academiei Str. Chisinau, MD-2028, Republic of Moldova.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/cmsrf/v2/5160

 

Adsorption of Phosphorus and Its Fertilization and Porous Sorbent Using Calcium and Dissolving Magnesium | Chapter 8 | Chemical and Materials Sciences: Developments and Innovations Vol. 7

Aims: The aim of this research was to investigate Magnesium hydroxide [Mg(OH)₂] and nano calcium treatments for the utilization of spent coffee grounds (SCG) and formed waste glass. Adsorption of phosphate, potassium, and phosphate on the surface of the magnesium-modified SCG or formed waste glass was measured. The effect of the potassium magnesium phosphate formed on the SCG and nano calcium phosphate on plant growth was evaluated.

Methods: The adsorption characteristics for phosphorus and potassium were studied using a batch method to determine the effect of the magnesium concentration on the modified SCG and the side effects of nano calcium.

After adsorption, the modified SCG product and nano calcium phosphate were applied to the soil, and plant growth tests were carried out in pots.

Results: The maximum phosphate adsorption (65.89% at a phosphate concentration of 45.98 mg/g) was obtained with 2.5 M Mg(OH)₂. When the post-equilibrium pH was close to 9, the ratio of the changes in the concentrations of potassium to phosphate was 1:1, and potassium magnesium phosphate formed on the surface of the modified SCG. The use of nano calcium resulted in a high adsorption capacity of 62 mg/g phosphorus. By considering separation and supporting it on foam glass, a removal rate of more than 90% was achieved for a phosphoric acid solution with an initial concentration of 100 mg/l.

Conclusion: Calcium hydroxide and nano-sized calcium with low solubility could also be supported on inexpensive porous materials to show the ability to recover phosphorus and potassium, or higher adsorption capacities. The potassium magnesium phosphate and calcium phosphate, produced per carrier, were mixed with soil and used in planting experiments, which demonstrated a discernible impact on growth. The application of a fertilizer prepared from EMSCG was observed to have a beneficial effect on the growth of R. sativus, resulting in an increase in both plant height and leaf width in comparison to the control (no treatment).

 

Author (s) Details

 

Hiroyuki Harada
Prefectural University of Hiroshima, 5562 Nanatsuka, Shobarshiype 727-0023, Hiroshima, Japan.

 

Aisyah Humayro
Prefectural University of Hiroshima, 5562 Nanatsuka, Shobarshiype 727-0023, Hiroshima, Japan.

 

Nur Maisarah Mohamad Sarbani
Prefectural University of Hiroshima, 5562 Nanatsuka, Shobarshiype 727-0023, Hiroshima, Japan.

 

Endar Hidayat
Prefectural University of Hiroshima, 5562 Nanatsuka, Shobarshiype 727-0023, Hiroshima, Japan.

 

Kanoko Naito
Prefectural University of Hiroshima, 5562 Nanatsuka, Shobarshiype 727-0023, Hiroshima, Japan.

 

Mitsuru Aoyagi
Prefectural University of Hiroshima, 5562 Nanatsuka, Shobarshiype 727-0023, Hiroshima, Japan.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/cmsdi/v7/3009

Removal of Cadmium (II) from Aqueous Solution through Adsorption using Wood Biochar: Kinetics and Isotherms Studies | Chapter 7 | Recent Developments in Chemistry and Biochemistry Research Vol. 8

Removal of cadmium ions through adsorption has been investigated by locally available wood biochar. The motivations of the present study were to investigate the application of this wood biochar in the field of environmental problems, so that wood biochar would be more valuable for the community. Freundlich, Langmuir, Temkin, Redlich-Peterson, Sips, Flory-Huggins, Fowler-Guggenheim, and Harkin-Jura isotherms were used to elucidate the adsorption mechanism. Similarly, pseudo-first-order, Pseudo-second order, Intra-particle diffusion, and liquid film diffusion models were used to study the kinetics of adsorption. The sorption process is favorable with a monolayer formation and predominantly physical adsorption when the equilibrium is attained. The negative value of Gibbs free energy (ΔGo) indicates that the adsorption process is thermodynamically spontaneous and feasible. The presence of repulsion between the adsorbed molecules was also confirmed. The maximum adsorption capacity (q_max) was 28.57 mg/g. The kinetics of the adsorption process follows Pseudo-second order and is also controlled by diffusion through the liquid film. It also confirms the existence of boundary layer influence by Weber and Morris intraparticle diffusion. From these studies, the wood biochar could be used as an adsorbent for the efficient treatment of Cd (II) from an aqueous solution.

 

Author (s) Details

 

H. Lalhruaitluanga
Department of Biotechnology, Mizoram University, Aizawl, Mizoram, India.

 

Lalremruata Hauhnar
Department of Zoology, Government Champhai College, Champhai, Mizoram, India.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/rdcbr/v8/2944

Interaction of p-aminophenol and p-nitrophenol with Bismuth, Lead and Manganese Ferrocyanides and Their Relevance to Environmental Issues | Chapter 3 | Recent Developments in Chemistry and Biochemistry Research Vol. 8

Present work has described an interaction of p-aminophenol and p-nitrophenol with bismuth, lead and manganese ferrocyanides and their relevance to environmental issues. Removal of p-aminophenol (PAP) and p-nitrophenol (PNP) from aqueous solution have been studied through adsorption on bismuth, lead and manganese ferrocyanides (125 micrometer British Sieve Standard mesh size) at pH range 1.0 – 10.0 and room temperature (27 ± 1°C). Potassium ferrocyanide, bismuth nitrate, lead nitrate, manganese chloride, pami nophenol, and pnitrophenol were obtained from BDH, Poole, UK. The progress of adsorption was followed spectrophotometrically by measuring the absorbance of PAP and PNP solutions at their corresponding λmax 220 nm and 330 nm, respectively.  At neutral pH, PNP was found to be more adsorbed than PAP on all three metal ferrocyanides studied.  Manganese ferrocyanide and bismuth ferrocyanide were found to have maximum and minimum adsorption, respectively for both adsorbents. The adsorption followed the Langmuir type of adsorption in the concentration range of 10^-4 to 10^-5 mole L^-1 of PAP and PNP solutions. The presented work has indicated the feasibility of using metal ferrocyanides for the removal of phenols and substituted phenols from potable and wastewater.

Author (s) Details

 

Brij Bhushan Tewari
Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Guyana, P.O. Box: 101110, Georgetown, Guyana.

 

Ashish Kumar Tiwari
Advanced Center for Material Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur-208016, Uttar Pradesh, India.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/rdcbr/v8/2309 

Eco-Friendly Adsorption of Methyl Red Using Biodegradable Sea Shells: An Isotherm Approach | Chapter 9 | Recent Developments in Chemistry and Biochemistry Research Vol. 9

Organic dyes have been identified as significant water contaminants. The use of low-cost, easily available, highly effective, and non-toxic adsorbents has been examined as an appropriate alternative to the available expensive techniques for removing dyes from effluent. This research aimed to investigate the utilization of Sea shells (SS) as an adsorbent material for removing Methyl Red (MR) dye from aqueous solutions. The influence of several factors: (contact time, pH, Temperature) on the adsorption ability of MR dye was evaluated. The results indicate that The optimum conditions were found: pH 3, 45 min contact time, and 300°C. Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) evaluates the chemistry of SS. The isotherm of Langmuir (R2 = 0.9531) was a better fit than the isotherm of Freundlich (R2 = 0.921) and Temkin isotherm (0.928) for data. The maximum monolayer adsorption efficiency was measured at 0.5 mg/g. The study found that SS is an excellent and inexpensive adsorbent for removing MR dye from solutions.

Author (s) Details

 

Hajir Altoom Hassan
Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, AlBaha University, AlBaha-65779, Saudi Arabia.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/rdcbr/v9/3443

Application of Newly Developed Activated Carbon Coated Chitosan in Cosmetics: An Innovative Research | Chapter 4 | Chemical and Materials Sciences: Developments and Innovations Vol. 8

Cosmetics are the products used to clean, beautify, increase attractiveness or change the appearance of the human body without affecting the structure or function of the body. Masks are treatments that are applied to the skin for a certain period of time and then removed. Use them to get a generally dry and clean face, avoiding the eyes and lips. Clay masks contain kaolin or bleach which carry essential oils and chemicals into the skin and are usually affected until completely dry. When the clay dries, it absorbs excess oil from the skin and can help unclog pores. Due to its drying effect, clay masks are only suitable for oily skin.  Scanty references are available on the use of charcoal and activated carbon in cosmetics. Charcoal is known for its ability to absorb impurities. Face pack containing charcoal with kaolin clay or fuller's earth as its base absorbs/ adsorbs dirt and oil from the pores, leaving skin cleaner and healthier. In the present investigation, the use of chitosan impregnated with activated carbon derived from cotton stags in cosmetics (face masks) has been reported. The material has been proven to be a good dirt and oil adsorbent when applied with kaolin clay or fuller's earth-based face masks. This study therefore suggests that activated carbon-coated chitosan is suitable to be used with face packs for improved cosmetic applications.

 

Author (s) Details

 

Hunge S.S.
Chintamani College of Science, Pombhurna, Dist. Chandrapur, Gondwana University, Gadciroli, India.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/cmsdi/v8/3250

Mathematical Solution for Dispersion of Pollutants in Porous Media | Chapter 42 | Innovative Solutions: A Systematic Approach towards Sustainable Future

The groundwater is also an important source in the agriculture and industrial sector. In many parts of the world, groundwater resources are under increasing threat from growing demands, wasteful use and contamination. A good planning and management practices are needed to face this challenge. A key to the management of groundwater is the ability to model the movement of fluids and contaminants in the subsurface environment. It is obvious that the contaminant source activities cannot be completely eliminated and perhaps our water bodies will continue to serve as receptors of vast quantities of waste. Water resource remediation has become a serious environmental concern, since it has a direct impact on many aspects of people’s lives. For decades, the pump-and-treat method has been considered the predominant treatment process for the remediation of contaminated groundwater with organic and inorganic contaminants. On the other side, this technique missed sustainability and the new concept of using renewable energy. Permeable reactive barriers (PRBs) have been implemented as an alternative to conventional pump-and-treat systems for remediating polluted groundwater because of their effectiveness and ease of implementation. In this paper, a review of the importance of groundwater, contamination and biological, physical as well as chemical remediation techniques have been discussed. In this review, the principles of the permeable reactive barrier’s use as a remediation technique have been introduced along with commonly used reactive materials and the recent applications of the permeable reactive barrier in the remediation of different contaminants, such as heavy metals, chlorinated solvents and pesticides. The solution is obtained for the given mathematical model in a finite length initially solute free domain. The input condition is considered continuous of uniform and of increasing nature both. The solution has been obtained using Laplace transform, moving coordinates and Duhamel’s theorem is used to get the solution in terms of complementary error function.

 

Author (s) Details

 

Niranjan C M
Department of Mathematics, Sapthagiri NPS University, India.

 

S R Sudheendra
Department of Mathematics, Sapthagiri NPS University, India.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/mono/978-93-49238-47-3/CH42.

Exploring the Impact of Sodium Arsenite on Lipid Metabolism in Heteropneustes fossilis and the Potential Chelating Effect of Zeolite | Chapter 8 | Innovations in Biological Science Vol. 3

Arsenic toxicity is a global health problem affecting many millions of people. Arsenic, the metal pollutant found naturally in groundwater and unnaturally in mine waste sites and agricultural runoff, has been considered toxic to humans for several millennia. In the present work the effect of different concentrations of sodium arsenite on lipid metabolism in Heteropneustes fossilis, and the chelating effect of synthetic zeolite was studied from liver.
 
Fishes were exposed to two different concentrations of sodium arsenite (200 ml and 400 ml of 1% solution), for 3 different durations (3days, 7 days and 15 days). The concentrations of total Cholesterol (F=6.35>3.84 at 5% P), HDL (F=14.91>6.83 at 5% P), LDL (F=10.11>1.39at 5% P) and triglyceride (F=42.1>19.34 at 5% P) was found significantly increased along with increasing concentration and duration of sodium arsenite. The toxic effect was found recovered after the application of synthetic zeolite for all parameters, i.e., total cholesterol (F=8.04>3.12 at 5%P), HDL (F=14.96>6.83 at 5%P), LDL (F=1.57>1.39 at 5% P) and triglyceride (F=26.28>19.34 at 5% P). Statistical analysis of the results was done by two-way ANOVA.
 
The results suggest that zeolite is a potential compound for decreasing significantly the load of toxicity of arsenic in aquatic fauna.

Author(s) Details:

Jayasree Balasubramanian,
Department of Zoology, St. Thomas College, Bhilai, CG, India.

Anil Kumar,
Department of Zoology, Govt.V.Y.T.PG. Autonomous College, Durg, CG, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/IBS-V3/article/view/14248

An Effective Way of Removing Nickel (II) from Aqueous Solutions Using Powder of Mosambi Fruit Peelings as a Low Cost Sorbent | Chapter 7 | Recent Developments in Chemistry and Biochemistry Research Vol. 2

The removal of heavy metals from waste water has recently become the subject of considerable interest owing to strict legislations introduced to control water pollution. Heavy metals like Zn, Cu, Ni, and As are known to have toxic effects at very low concentrations as well as very high concentration. The aim of this study is to analyse the removal of Ni (II) from aqueous solutions. In the present investigation, the powder of Mosambi fruit peelings (PMFP) was used as an inexpensive and efficient adsorbent for Ni (II) removal from aqueous solutions. The influence of physico-chemical key parameters such as the initial metal ion concentration, pH, agitation time, particle size and adsorbent dosage has been considered in batch tests. Sorbent ability to adsorb Ni (II) ions was examined and the mechanism involved in the process investigated. The optimum results were determined at an initial metal ion concentration of 50 (mg L-1), pH=4, agitation time – 90 min, an adsorbent dose (125 mg/50 ml) and the particle size (0.6 mm). The % adsorption, Langmuir constants [Q0=29.41(mg/g) and b=0.4789(L/mg)], Freundlich constant Kf= 23.92(mg/g) and n=2.24(L/mg), Lagergren rate constants [Kad (min-1) = 4.37 x 10-2] for [Ni (II)] 50 (mg L-1), were determined for the adsorption system as a function of sorbate concentration. The equilibrium data obtained were tested using Langmuir, Freundlich adsorption isotherm models, and the kinetic data obtained were fitted to pseudo first order model. If low cost adsorbents perform well in removing heavy metals at low cost, they can be adopted and widely used in industries not only to minimize cost inefficiency, but also to improve profitability. Heavy metal removal with the above adsorbent appears to be technically feasible, eco-friendly and has high efficacy.

Author(s) Details:

R Hema Krishna,
Department of Chemistry, Vignan’s Lara Institute of Technology and Science, Vadlamudi, Andhra Pradesh-522213, India.

AVVS Swamy,
Department of Environmental Sciences, Acharya Nagarjuna University, Nagarjunanagar, Andhra Pradesh, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/RDCBR-V2/article/view/14115

Role of Acid Functionalized-Nano Porous Carbon/MnO2 Composite for Removal of Arsenic from Aqueous Medium | Chapter 5 | Current Innovations in Chemical and Materials Sciences Vol. 5

Contamination of water with toxic substances due to rapid urbanization has become a worldwide cause of concern. Among these substances, arsenic occupies the topmost position in the priority list of hazardous substances given by ATSDR. Hence in the present study in order to eliminate the extra step of oxidizing As(III) in the process of arsenic removal by adsorption, a composite of acid-functionalized nanoporous carbon (Af-NPC) with MnO2 nanoparticles was synthesized. Nanoporous carbon (NPC) structures synthesized from grass clippings mown at the yard were acid-functionalized and coated with manganese oxide nanoparticles at room temperature. The synthesized composite was characterized by FTIR, XRD, BET, TEM, TGA and XPS. Characterization results showed the formation of an acid-functionalized nanoporous carbon/MnO2 (Af-NPC/MnO2) composite which was amorphous in nature. Af-NPC/MnO2 was further explored for the removal of As(III) and As(V) from the aqueous medium. Effects of factors such as pH, contact time, initial concentration and interfering ions on the adsorption of arsenic by Af-NPC/MnO2 were studied in detail. The mechanism of adsorption was also studied using experimental data determined. The kinetic study indicated that removal of arsenic followed pseudo-second-order kinetics and the experimental equilibrium data fitted better in the Langmuir isotherm model with maximum monolayer adsorption capacity of 8.85 mg/g and 9.43 mg/g for As(III) and As(V), respectively. The removal rate of arsenic was found to be very fast compared to other adsorbents. The results of this study imply that Af-NPC/MnO2 is an efficient adsorbent for the removal of As(III) and As(V) from an aqueous medium.

Author(s) Details:

Shahin Pathan,
Department of Chemical Sciences, Sunandan Divatia School of Science, NMIMS University, Vile Parle (West), Mumbai 400056, India and K.J. Somaiya Institute of Technology, Sion(E), Mumbai-400022, India.

Nancy Pandita,
Department of Chemical Sciences, Sunandan Divatia School of Science, NMIMS University, Vile Parle (West), Mumbai 400056, India.

Nand Kishore,
Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai-400076, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/CICMS-V5/article/view/13131

Oxygen Adsorption by Carbon Nanotubes and Its Application in Radiotherapy | Chapter 17 | Diagnostic and Treatment Advances in COVID-19 and SARS-CoV-2

 The ability to deliver large molecules, for example nucleic acids, to cells using carbon nanotubes has been reviewed. Potential applications of functionalised nanotubes to deliver oxygen to cancer cells to enhance the effects of radiotherapy are considered.

Author(s) Details:

J. Yang,
Nanobiology Center, Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, P.R. China and Life Science School of Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, P.R. China.

Wenxin Li,
Nanobiology Center, Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, P.R. China.

Q. Li,
Nanobiology Center, Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, P.R. China.

S. Wu,
Nanobiology Center, Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, P.R. China.

B. Yu,
Nanobiology Center, Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, P.R. China.

X. Jing,
Department of Radiobiology, Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, P.R. China.

Wenjian Li,
Department of Radiobiology, Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, P.R. China.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/DTACSC/article/view/9569

Use of Activated Carbon-based White Wood for Adsorption of Dyes in Aqueous Solutions | Chapter 3 | Current Topics and Emerging Issues in Chemical Science Vol. 2

 This episode aimed to assess the use of Activated Carbon-located White Wood for Adsorption of Dyes in Aqueous They are mostly arisen two sources namely, bitumen tar and oil-based intermediates Solutions. Dyes secondhand by the fabric manufacturing are mostly artificial. These dyes are marketed as powders, granules, pastes or liquid dispersions. Among the dyes, reactive apricot and disperse vulgar have well-known toxicities and dispersal skills in the various environmental compartments. Maximum permissible concentrations of these colours in both draining water and industrial emissions are contingent a number of societies.  Numerous depollution procedures have been grown recently in order to meet these different standards. Because mobilized carbon-based forest adsorption has the key advantages of being more effective and simple to apply, namely the method we have preferred to adopt.  Furthermore, the use of less expensive non-unoriginal adsorbents guarantees its economic practicability. However, a number of determinants relating to the carbon minimum, the solution, and the alive suspension influence its discharge. The adsorption results for disperse Blue and reactive tangerine with mobilized charcoal showed adsorption competency up to 4.8 mg / g and 12.4 mg / g. Based on the bulk of adsorbate, the removal of dyes by activated element demonstrates the significance of the adsorption process. The two examined dyes have a preference for optimised triggered charcoal, the adsorption capacity is main for reactive tangerine than disperse blue.

Author(s) Details:

K. Elmerzouki,
UH2C, Ecole Normale Supérieur, Laboratoire Ingénierie des Matériaux et Biosciences, Casablanca, Morocco.

I. Bimaghra,
UH2C, Ecole Normale Supérieur, Laboratoire Ingénierie des Matériaux et Biosciences, Casablanca, Morocco.

A. Khalidi,
UH2C, FST, Mohammedia, Morocco.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/CTEICS-V2/article/view/11529

Role of Activated Carbon for Removal of Dyes from Textile Rejects: An Update | Chapter 2 | Current Topics and Emerging Issues in Chemical Science Vol. 2

 In this division, we studied the wastewater of industrialized textile part. After characterizing the wastewater the troubles treatment by adsorption in CAB, were transported at the laboratory scale, by learning the removal of color and turbidity.Textile businesses positively influence the economic happening worldwide. Fibre result in textile cooperatives includes dry and wet processes. The wet process uses a important quantity of potable water and releases well contaminated wastewater. This process exists of sizing, de-judge, sourcing, bleaching, mercerising, dyeing, printing and perfecting techniques. The study of turbidity displays a variation between 120 and 190 NTU for the three samples. As for their generated power varies betwixt 5,2 and 20 mS.cm-1. Moreover their pH varies engaged of basic pH. Measuring the hotness of these three samples showed principles varying betwixt 25 and 30°C. The levels of suspended whole range between 146,8 and 514,7 mg L-1. Textile effluents discharges are complex, intoxicated with basic and inorganic matters. They have varying traits with period and can be poisonous of microorganisms.The results show that the measured absorbance at 436 nm curtailed to 2,020 A and it stabilizes at this value. To the absorbance of the color calculated at 525 nm decreases to 3,072 A and it stabilizes. The absorbance measured at the intuitiveness 620 nm decreases and reaches a minimum value of 1, 918 A following in position or time ten hours. The effluents from the textile area, whose waste water is dismissed into the receiving surroundings without some treatment, are judged subjectively and quantitatively in this place study.

Author(s) Details:

K. Elmerzouki,
Laboratoire Ingénierie des Matériaux et Biosciences, UH2C, Ecole Normale Supérieur, Casablanca, Morocco.

I. Bimaghra,
Laboratoire Ingénierie des Matériaux et Biosciences, UH2C, Ecole Normale Supérieur, Casablanca, Morocco.

A. Khalidi,
UH2C, FST, Mohammedia, Morocco.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/CTEICS-V2/article/view/11528

Utilization of Modified Elephas maximus Dung as Oxyfluorfen Sequestrant: Adsorption and Kinetic Modeling Studies | Chapter 13 | Novel Aspects on Chemistry and Biochemistry Vol. 1

 This stage aims to focus on sequestration of Oxyfluorfen from liquid media engaging Elephas maximus dung (EMD), a natant biowaste, infrequently reported abroad. Attention is sought on Oxyfluorfen, one of ultimate employed herbicides for ruling the growth of annual broadleaf and grassy weeds. Oxyfluorfen is top-secret as low severe toxicity compound by the World Health Organization (WHO) and by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).  However, appropriate conclusion of redundant Elephas maximus excrement (EMD) is critical for environmental protection through exercise of resources. The experiment is start in batch mode accompanying various functional elements such as piece size, beginning Oxyfluorfen concentration, MEMD dosage, contact opportunity, pH, and temperature.  The results, that were evaluated using isothermal and energetic models, suggest that the Langmuir isotherm and Pseudo II Order energetic model suit the data well, with the maximum amount of oxyfluorfen expulsion of 88.9%.  It has been driven that Elephas maximus dung (EMD) powder has the highest potential for the detachment of Oxyfluorfen, hence upholding an alternative environmentally benign procedure, established the derived notes, supported by theoretical judgments.

Author(s) Details:

N. Muthulakshmi Andal,
Department of Chemistry, PSGR Krishnammal College for Women, Coimbatore-641004, Tamil Nadu, India.

G. Preethi,
Department of Chemistry, PSGR Krishnammal College for Women, Coimbatore-641004, Tamil Nadu, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/NACB-V1/article/view/10503

 This phase aims to focus on sequestration of Oxyfluorfen from liquid media engaging Elephas maximus dung (EMD), a natant biowaste, infrequently reported somewhere. Attention is sought on Oxyfluorfen, one of ultimate employed herbicides for ruling the growth of annual broadleaf and grassy weeds. Oxyfluorfen is top-secret as low severe toxicity compound by the World Health Organization (WHO) and by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).  However, appropriate disposition of redundant Elephas maximus excrement (EMD) is critical for environmental protection through exercise of resources. The experiment is start in batch mode accompanying various functional elements such as atom size, primary Oxyfluorfen concentration, MEMD dosage, contact opportunity, pH, and temperature.  The results, that were evaluated using isothermal and energetic models, suggest that the Langmuir isotherm and Pseudo II Order energetic model suit the data well, with the maximum amount of oxyfluorfen eradication of 88.9%.  It has been driven that Elephas maximus dung (EMD) powder has the highest potential for the preoccupation of Oxyfluorfen, hence advocating an alternative environmentally benign procedure, established the derived remarks, supported by theoretical estimates.

Author(s) Details:

N. Muthulakshmi Andal,
Department of Chemistry, PSGR Krishnammal College for Women, Coimbatore-641004, Tamil Nadu, India.

G. Preethi,
Department of Chemistry, PSGR Krishnammal College for Women, Coimbatore-641004, Tamil Nadu, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/NACB-V1/article/view/10503