Evaluation of Drying Parameters and Water Activity of Dried Banana for Improvement of Production | Chapter 8 | Science and Technology: Recent Updates and Future Prospects Vol. 11

 

Drying is one of the unitary processes most used in the food industry but is still a complex and little-understood operation, especially regarding the selection and control of the process conditions to maintain end product quality. The drying curves for the dried banana slices were obtained using three different drying temperatures. Drying times of 51, 36, and 30 hours were required at temperatures of 50°C, 60 °C, and 70 °C, respectively, to achieve a moisture content of 23.5%. During the drying process, the water activity in the fruits was measured using the AQUALAB apparatus with direct reading. The exponential model was fitted to the experimental data using non-linear regression analysis. The coefficient of determination of the model was R 0.99. Water activity was determined throughout the drying process for the three treatments. The relationship between water activity moisture content and banana sorption isotherms content was studied. The data indicated that water activity decreased with drying time and increased with moisture content at all three temperatures. The sigmoid model was fitted to the experimental data by non-linear regression and the result of the fit was satisfactory (R2´0,995). The banana moisture content varied in function of the water activity and can be described by a four-parameter sigmoid polynomial model.

 

Author(s) Details

Milton Cano-Chauca

Instituto de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 39.404-547, Montes Claros, MG, Brazil.

William James Nogueira Lima

Instituto de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 39.404-547, Montes Claros, MG, Brazil.

Daniela Silva Rodrigues

Instituto de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 39.404-547, Montes Claros, MG, Brazil.

Esmirna Micaele Cardoso Neves

Instituto de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 39.404-547, Montes Claros, MG, Brazil.

Luisa Maria Figuereido Lima

Instituto de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 39.404-547, Montes Claros, MG, Brazil.

Claudia Regina Vieira

Instituto de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 39.404-547, Montes Claros, MG, Brazil.

 

Please see the link:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/strufp/v11/1931

Removal of Cadmium (II) from Aqueous Solution through Adsorption using Wood Biochar: Kinetics and Isotherms Studies | Chapter 7 | Recent Developments in Chemistry and Biochemistry Research Vol. 8

Removal of cadmium ions through adsorption has been investigated by locally available wood biochar. The motivations of the present study were to investigate the application of this wood biochar in the field of environmental problems, so that wood biochar would be more valuable for the community. Freundlich, Langmuir, Temkin, Redlich-Peterson, Sips, Flory-Huggins, Fowler-Guggenheim, and Harkin-Jura isotherms were used to elucidate the adsorption mechanism. Similarly, pseudo-first-order, Pseudo-second order, Intra-particle diffusion, and liquid film diffusion models were used to study the kinetics of adsorption. The sorption process is favorable with a monolayer formation and predominantly physical adsorption when the equilibrium is attained. The negative value of Gibbs free energy (ΔGo) indicates that the adsorption process is thermodynamically spontaneous and feasible. The presence of repulsion between the adsorbed molecules was also confirmed. The maximum adsorption capacity (q_max) was 28.57 mg/g. The kinetics of the adsorption process follows Pseudo-second order and is also controlled by diffusion through the liquid film. It also confirms the existence of boundary layer influence by Weber and Morris intraparticle diffusion. From these studies, the wood biochar could be used as an adsorbent for the efficient treatment of Cd (II) from an aqueous solution.

 

Author (s) Details

 

H. Lalhruaitluanga
Department of Biotechnology, Mizoram University, Aizawl, Mizoram, India.

 

Lalremruata Hauhnar
Department of Zoology, Government Champhai College, Champhai, Mizoram, India.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/rdcbr/v8/2944

An Experimental Study on Fluoride Removal from Aqueous Solution by Using Thermally Treated Annona Squamosa with and without Presence of the Inert Gas as Adsorbent | Chapter 8 | Novel Aspects on Chemistry and Biochemistry Vol. 2

 The purpose concerning this study is to review the effectiveness of Pyrolyzed leaves of Custard Apple at 800oC (OPA) in air and in the appearance of lifeless gas (IGPA) as adsorbent fabrics for removing fluoride from liquid solutions. The study checks the impact of miscellaneous parameters, to a degree particle diameter, agitation speed, pH, contact period, adsorbent dosage, primary fluoride aggregation, and temperature on the adsorption of fluoride upon Annona squamosa. The results indicate that the chief fluoride removal effectiveness was achieved at a pH of 7, a contact ending of 30 notes of meeting, an agitation speed of 500 rpm, and an adsorbent portion of drug or other consumable of 1.5g per 50 mL of fluoride water. The OPA and IGPA achieved fluoride replacement efficiencies of 93% and 96%, individually. The adsorption isotherm forming studies revealed that the adsorption to OPA followed the Dubinin-Raudskevitch isotherm model, while IGPA attended the Langmuir isotherm model. The thermodynamic parameters granted that the reaction is endothermic. The movement study told that the Pseudo second order model best fit both OPA and IGPA. The SEM, FTIR, and XRD patterns of the adsorbent were resolved to gain a better understanding of the adsorption mechanism. Overall, the study illustrates the potential of OPA and IGPA as effective adsorbents for eliminating fluoride from aqueous answers.

Author(s) Details:

Chinthayyanaidu Rudram,
Department of Chemical Engineering, JNTUA College of Engineering, Ananthapuramu, A.P., India.

L. Partha Praveen,
Department of Chemical Engineering, JNTUA College of Engineering, Ananthapuramu, A.P., India.

P. Dinesh Sankar Reddy,
Department of Chemical Engineering, NIT Andhra Pradesh, Tadepalligudem, A.P., India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/NACB-V2/article/view/10667

Utilization of Modified Elephas maximus Dung as Oxyfluorfen Sequestrant: Adsorption and Kinetic Modeling Studies | Chapter 13 | Novel Aspects on Chemistry and Biochemistry Vol. 1

 This stage aims to focus on sequestration of Oxyfluorfen from liquid media engaging Elephas maximus dung (EMD), a natant biowaste, infrequently reported abroad. Attention is sought on Oxyfluorfen, one of ultimate employed herbicides for ruling the growth of annual broadleaf and grassy weeds. Oxyfluorfen is top-secret as low severe toxicity compound by the World Health Organization (WHO) and by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).  However, appropriate conclusion of redundant Elephas maximus excrement (EMD) is critical for environmental protection through exercise of resources. The experiment is start in batch mode accompanying various functional elements such as piece size, beginning Oxyfluorfen concentration, MEMD dosage, contact opportunity, pH, and temperature.  The results, that were evaluated using isothermal and energetic models, suggest that the Langmuir isotherm and Pseudo II Order energetic model suit the data well, with the maximum amount of oxyfluorfen expulsion of 88.9%.  It has been driven that Elephas maximus dung (EMD) powder has the highest potential for the detachment of Oxyfluorfen, hence upholding an alternative environmentally benign procedure, established the derived notes, supported by theoretical judgments.

Author(s) Details:

N. Muthulakshmi Andal,
Department of Chemistry, PSGR Krishnammal College for Women, Coimbatore-641004, Tamil Nadu, India.

G. Preethi,
Department of Chemistry, PSGR Krishnammal College for Women, Coimbatore-641004, Tamil Nadu, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/NACB-V1/article/view/10503

 This phase aims to focus on sequestration of Oxyfluorfen from liquid media engaging Elephas maximus dung (EMD), a natant biowaste, infrequently reported somewhere. Attention is sought on Oxyfluorfen, one of ultimate employed herbicides for ruling the growth of annual broadleaf and grassy weeds. Oxyfluorfen is top-secret as low severe toxicity compound by the World Health Organization (WHO) and by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).  However, appropriate disposition of redundant Elephas maximus excrement (EMD) is critical for environmental protection through exercise of resources. The experiment is start in batch mode accompanying various functional elements such as atom size, primary Oxyfluorfen concentration, MEMD dosage, contact opportunity, pH, and temperature.  The results, that were evaluated using isothermal and energetic models, suggest that the Langmuir isotherm and Pseudo II Order energetic model suit the data well, with the maximum amount of oxyfluorfen eradication of 88.9%.  It has been driven that Elephas maximus dung (EMD) powder has the highest potential for the preoccupation of Oxyfluorfen, hence advocating an alternative environmentally benign procedure, established the derived remarks, supported by theoretical estimates.

Author(s) Details:

N. Muthulakshmi Andal,
Department of Chemistry, PSGR Krishnammal College for Women, Coimbatore-641004, Tamil Nadu, India.

G. Preethi,
Department of Chemistry, PSGR Krishnammal College for Women, Coimbatore-641004, Tamil Nadu, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/NACB-V1/article/view/10503

Numerical Analysis of the Effect of Dynamic Viscosity Associated with a Continuously Moving Heated Horizontal Plate | Chapter 11 | Novel Perspectives of Engineering Research Vol. 6

 The impact of changing dynamic viscosity in combination with viscous dissipation on convective heat transfer in a fluid-filled rectangular cavity is studied using numerical simulations. At the top of the chamber, a heated horizontal plate is kept at temperature Tw and moves at a constant velocity Uw. Additionally, cold isothermal walls limit it on the left vertical and lower horizontal sides, whereas an adiabatic vertical wall limits it on the right. In the cavity, a quenching media was injected. The governing equations were transformed to non-dimensional form and solved using the C++ computer language's finite difference scheme numerical approach. The experiment was carried out on a variety of fluids, including oil with a Prandtl number of 10, air with a Prandtl number of 0.7, and liquid metal with a Prandtl number of 0.01, for a range of viscosities, parameters in the range 5*10-1 to 9*10-1, heat capacity in the range 1Cp10, fixed Eckert numbers, Ec = 1.0, and mixed convection parameter, Gr/Re2 = 1.0, Profiles are used to show the numerical results that have been generated. When the specific heat capacity and Prandtl number are greater than unity and the viscous dissipation is fixed, the results show that dynamic viscosity has a significant impact on velocity and temperature profiles. Furthermore, for Prandtl values greater than unity, raising the dynamic viscosity reduces the fluid's maximum velocity significantly. The findings will aid in the design of heat exchanger equipment and serve as a benchmark for industries such as wire drawing, continuous rolling, and glass fibre manufacture.

Author(S) Details

M. A. Waheed
Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Agriculture, P. M. B. 2240, Abeokuta, Nigeria.

E. O. Sangotayo
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, P. M. B. 4000, Ogbomoso, Nigeria.

View Book:- https://stm.bookpi.org/NPER-V6/article/view/5505

Determination of Adsorption of Acidic Dye from Aqueous Solutions onto Blue Green Algal Biomass: An Approach to Kinetic, Equilibrium and Thermodynamic Studies | Chapter 3 | New Innovations in Chemistry and Biochemistry Vol. 4

 In a batch mode, the adsorption of an acidic dye, Methyl Orange (MO), onto non-viable blue green algal biomass, Oscillatoria sp., was studied in aqueous solutions with respect to operational parameters such as contact duration, adsorbent dose, pH, and temperature. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, elemental analysis, and scanning electron microscopy were used to characterise the algal biomass (SEM). Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption models were used to examine equilibrium isotherms, and the Langmuir isotherm was determined to be the best fit, with a maximum adsorption capacity of 98.03 mg/g. To characterise the kinetic data, the pseudo-first order, pseudo-second order, and intraparticle diffusion models were used to analyse the rate constants at various concentrations. The pseudo-second order rate equation was discovered to govern adsorption kinetics. Thermodynamic factors such as enthalpy, entropy, and Gibbs free energy demonstrated that adsorption is endothermic, unpredictable, and spontaneous at high temperatures. The findings suggested that Oscillatoria sp. could be used as an adsorbent material for removing MO dye from effluents.

Author (S) Details

Surabhi Sagar

Chemistry Department, K.L.D.A.V. (P.G) College, Roorkee, 247 667, India.

Arshi Rastogi

Chemistry Department, K.L.D.A.V. (P.G) College, Roorkee, 247 667, India.

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/NICB-V4/article/view/4322

 

Study on Biosorption of Divalent ion onto Treated Prosopis Juliflora Bark from Aqueous Solutions: An Approach towards Isothermal and Statistical Analysis | Chapter 3 | Challenges and Advances in Chemical Science Vol. 3

 The current study focuses on the use of Prosopis juliflora bark for Cu adsorption (II). To improve sorption effectiveness, raw Prosopis juliflora bark is treated with 0.1N hydrochloric acid. Scanning Electron Microscopy, Energy Dispersive X-ray Analysis, Bruner-Emmet-Teller, and Barrett-Joyner-Halenda studies were used to characterise TPJB. The maximum amount adsorbed was found to be 43.11 mg/g (97.4%) during experimental verification for Cu(II)- TPJB in Batch mode under operating factors such as particle sizes/doses of the material upon a range of initial Cu(II) concentrations at different temperatures, agitation time, and pH values system, where the maximum amount adsorbed was found to be 43.11 mg/g (97.4%). Its efficiency was three times higher under optimal conditions than Ce levels reported by other researchers. Column studies are used to quantify treated Prosopis juliflora bark, and 98 percent Cu(II) removal is detected. For the Cu(II)-TPJB system, Langmuir, Freundlich, and Tempkin isothermal curves at various initial concentrations are plotted; the straight line fit is optimal for the Freundlich model. The effect of various parameters on the reaction of treated Prosopis juliflora bark in trapping Cu(II) ions is statistically confirmed using SPSS software, indicating good correlation.

Author (S) Details

N. Muthulakshmi Andal
Department of Chemistry, PSGR Krishnammal College for Women, Coimbatore-4, India.

S. Charulatha
Department of Chemistry, PSGR Krishnammal College for Women, Coimbatore-4, India.

N.S. Gayathri
Department of Chemistry, PSGR Krishnammal College for Women, Coimbatore-4, India.

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/CACS-V3/article/view/2949

Study on Virtual Screening of Treated Pistachio vera Shell Powder as a Potential Sorbent in Sequestering Ubiquitous Divalent Metal Ions from Aqueous Matrices | Chapter 2 | Challenges and Advances in Chemical Science Vol. 3

 Water contamination caused by poisonous heavy metals such as Hg(II), Cr(VI), Cd(II), and Pb(II) ions, among others, has gotten a lot of attention recently. Because of their toxicity, accumulation, and biomagnification, increasing quantities of heavy metals in the ecosystem poses a serious health risk. Lead pollution of drinking water is a serious concern due to lead pipes, plating units, and other sources. A firm covering surrounds the nut kernels in the pistachio vera shell (PVS). The current study examines the feasibility of powdered Pistachio vera shell (PVSP) - a bio waste - in sequestering Pb(II) ions after being treated with 0.1N HCl / NaOH to improve sorption efficacy (TPVSP). For material characterization, SEM, FTIR, and microscopic studies are recorded. The sorbent material's competence is experimentally verified in Batch mode under a variety of operating conditions, including particle size and dosage of TPVSP, agitation time interval between TPVSP and Pb(II) ions, initial concentrations of Pb(II) ions, pH of the adsorption medium, effects of cations, anions, and co-ions, and temperature influence on the Pb(II) – TPVSP system. Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer is used to determine the residual amounts of Pb(II) ions in aqueous solutions (SHIMADZU-AA-6200). The adsorption capacity is described using the Langmuir and Freundlich models. To ensure the quantitative estimate of TPVSP, column experiments are undertaken, in which 40 mg TPVSP at a flow rate of 100 ml/10 mins removes 99 percent of Pb(II).

Author (S) Details

N. Muthulakshmi Andal
Department of Chemistry, PSGR Krishnammal College for Women, Coimbatore, India.

N. Shyamala Devi
Department of Chemistry, PSGR Krishnammal College for Women, Peelamedu, Coimbatore, India.

K. Vivithabharathi
Department of Chemistry, PSGR Krishnammal College for Women, Peelamedu, Coimbatore, India.

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/CACS-V3/article/view/2948

Investigation on the Sequestration of Divalent Metal Ions Employing Animal Waste | Chapter 1 | Challenges and Advances in Chemical Science Vol. 3

 Heavy metal ions are harmful to the environment when their quantities reach certain limits. Because of their ubiquitous use in industries, they have received a lot of attention in terms of reducing and eliminating them. To chelate these toxicants in environmental samples, it is important to produce unique materials in the environment. The current study seeks to investigate the sorption capacity of Goat Hooves, a no cost material, in the process of removing Pb(II) and Cd(II) ions from aqueous medium, based on the requirement for generating zero cost sorbent. After suitable treatment (TGH), goat hooves are submitted to Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy and Scanning Electron Microscopy investigations to identify functional groups and describe surface morphology, respectively. Batch equilibration tests are carried out to see how different operating parameters, such as particle size, dosage, beginning concentration, contact time, and pH, affect the final product. Langmuir, Freundlich, and Temkin isotherms are used to model the acquired data. Among the other generated models, the Langmuir plot had greater linearity, indicating monolayer adsorption, which was followed by Pb(II) – TGH and Cd(II) – TGH. Furthermore, when applied to the optimal circumstances of the batch trials, statistical tool analyses using SPSS 20 software revealed a strong correlation value.

Author (S) Details

N. Muthulakshmi Andal
Department of Chemistry, PSGR Krishnammal College for Women, Coimbatore, India.

N. S. Gayathri
Department of Chemistry, PSGR Krishnammal College for Women, Coimbatore, India.

J. Anuradha
Department of Chemistry, PSGR Krishnammal College for Women, Coimbatore, India.

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/CACS-V3/article/view/2947