The Use of Cadmium in Industrial Segments Leaves a Trail of Contaminations | Book Publisher International

The objectives of this book are to associate the possible contaminations of cadmium in the various industrial segments involving science, technology, and the environment. The major sources of cadmium can be by-products of the mining, smelting, and refining of zinc sulfide (ZnS) ores and, to a lesser extent, lead sulfide (PbS) and copper sulfide (Cu2S, CuS, CuFeS2) ores. Cadmium minerals (greenockite - CdS) do not occur in sufficient concentrations and quantities to justify it’s their extraction and processing. The element cadmium object of this study was chosen because it is present, directly or indirectly, in several industrial segments and at the same time because it is considered an element extremely toxic, bioaccumulative, and currently occupying the seventh place among the toxic substances with the highest risk of causing harm to humans. In this study, the industrial production of cadmium metal, electrolytic refining, and cadmium metal purity. Nickel-cadmium batteries, the manufacture of cadmium alloys, and pigments, the cadmium electrolytic deposition process, and the various types of effluent treatment processes containing cadmium ions (Cd2+) are discussed. The literature highlights in the 1910s, in Japan, in the rice paddies on the borders of the Jintsu River, the protests of farmers due to cadmium contamination from lead and zinc mining. It is important to highlight the possible diseases contracted by man when associated with the enormous toxicity of cadmium in its various forms. In addition, the laboratory experiments are presented to show how the identification of the element cadmium was conducted in the past, the galvanic series of cadmium, contaminations during welding of silver-cadmium alloys, and the deposition of cadmium in carbon steel. Finally, the conclusions are focused on the critical view of the use of cadmium in several industrial segments and its toxicity.

 

Author (s) Details

Fernando B. Mainier
Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

 

Renata Jogaib Mainier
Universo – Universidade Salgado de Oliveira, S. Gonçalo, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

 

Marco Antônio Martins de Oliveira
Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

 

Lisiane Heinen Fernandes
Agência Reguladora de Serviços Públicos do Estado de São Paulo (ARSESP), SP, Brazil.

 

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/mono/978-93-48119-41-4

Removal of Cadmium (II) from Aqueous Solution through Adsorption using Wood Biochar: Kinetics and Isotherms Studies | Chapter 7 | Recent Developments in Chemistry and Biochemistry Research Vol. 8

Removal of cadmium ions through adsorption has been investigated by locally available wood biochar. The motivations of the present study were to investigate the application of this wood biochar in the field of environmental problems, so that wood biochar would be more valuable for the community. Freundlich, Langmuir, Temkin, Redlich-Peterson, Sips, Flory-Huggins, Fowler-Guggenheim, and Harkin-Jura isotherms were used to elucidate the adsorption mechanism. Similarly, pseudo-first-order, Pseudo-second order, Intra-particle diffusion, and liquid film diffusion models were used to study the kinetics of adsorption. The sorption process is favorable with a monolayer formation and predominantly physical adsorption when the equilibrium is attained. The negative value of Gibbs free energy (ΔGo) indicates that the adsorption process is thermodynamically spontaneous and feasible. The presence of repulsion between the adsorbed molecules was also confirmed. The maximum adsorption capacity (q_max) was 28.57 mg/g. The kinetics of the adsorption process follows Pseudo-second order and is also controlled by diffusion through the liquid film. It also confirms the existence of boundary layer influence by Weber and Morris intraparticle diffusion. From these studies, the wood biochar could be used as an adsorbent for the efficient treatment of Cd (II) from an aqueous solution.

 

Author (s) Details

 

H. Lalhruaitluanga
Department of Biotechnology, Mizoram University, Aizawl, Mizoram, India.

 

Lalremruata Hauhnar
Department of Zoology, Government Champhai College, Champhai, Mizoram, India.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/rdcbr/v8/2944

Analysis of Some Specific Elements and Speciated Compounds Commonly Found in Fishes in the New Calabar River of the Niger Delta Area, Nigeria | Chapter 2 | Contemporary Research and Perspectives in Biological Science Vol. 8

Elements like mercury, arsenic, lead and cadmium are well-known to have major human health problems. Elements exist in various forms. While some of these forms are toxic, others are not. The primary purpose of this work was to shed light on the concentrations of these toxic elements since people depend on this river for their source of fish and to also determine their speciated forms in these three fish species. The flesh of Guinean and blackchin tilapia, and mullet found in the New Calabar River (also called Choba River) were collected for elemental studies of mercury, cadmium, lead, arsenic, nickel and speciated forms. The analytical method of X-ray fluorescence (XRF) was used for the elemental studies while a Gas chromatography-mass spectrometer (GC-MS) was used for the speciated forms. The result revealed that 4.3 mg/kg was the highest concentration of cadmium observed in black chin tilapia. The three fish species all contained about 0.5 mg/kg of arsenic and 1 mg/ kg of mercury. 1.7 mg/kg of lead was detected in mullet while 7.3 mg/kg of nickel was detected in blackchin tilapia. Organometallic compounds found were nickel tetracarbonyl, borane carbonyl in Guinean tilapia, nickel tetracarbonyl, borane carbonyl and germanium(iv) pthalocyanine dichloride in blackchin tilapia and [µ-(ƞ6-benzene)] bis (ƞ5-2,4-cyclopentadien-yl) di-µ hydrodi-vanadium. Borane carbonyl was found in the mullet. The results showed that toxic elements are present and that the quantity of fish in this river that is consumed is important

 

Author (s) Details

 

Owhonda, Ndubuisi Kingsley
Nigerian Institute for Oceanography and Marine Research, Victoria Island, Lagos, Nigeria.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/crpbs/v8/3445

Three Harendong Plants from West Java as a Model for Phytoremediation | Chapter 5 | Advanced Research in Biological Science Vol. 7

 In Indonesia harendong are more usually known as Melastoma, ultimate widely known variety is M. malabathricum and M. affine D. Don. Several studies utilizing harendong as subjects frequently called M. malabathricum and M. affine D. Clothe as two different types, but in additional studies referred to it as a synonym. In an work to make harendong as phytoremediation powers, taxonomy question becomes very main, because the plant structure and metabolism of each different type of plant will be various. This research aims to study the morphological alternative and cytogenetic of three harendong plant samples from some places in West Hot beverage made from beans of a tree. The study was conducted on the semantic analysis of flowers, leaves, and ancestries. Observations were carried out during the whole of the flower petals covering the course of rotation, the construction of flower parts. Genetic reasoning was performed by counting the number of chromosomes from root samples utilizing squash accompanying Aceto-carmine staining methods. Based on semantic and cytogenetic study, M. malabathricum is suitable for phytoremediation power. In order to carry out a preliminary showing on the potential of this plant as a phytoremediation power, M. malabathricum L. were grown hydroponically in a mineral solution accompanying different concentrations of lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu). The plant’s skill to accumulate those weighty metals in root, stem and leaves were also persistent. Fourty eight stems were divided into ten groups contain control group, treatment groups that was administered with PbCl2 (25, 50, 75 μM), CdCl2 (20, 100, 200 μM), CuCl2 (10, 45, 130 μM). The tumor of plant were observed formerly every three era for a month. The remark include measurement of plant climax, root length, and amount of leaves that were produced. The amount of Pb, Cd, and Cu that were accumulated in plant fabric was also calculated at the end of research. Based on cytogenetic reasoning three harendong samples are three different class which are Melastoma malabathricum L., M. affine D. Clothe, dan Clidemia hirta (L.) D. Don The study also illustrated that M. malabathricum L. showed undisturbed tumor with 25, 50 and 75 μM PbCl2 situation. The accumulation study result indicate that M. malabathricum is the Pb hoarder plant. This finding may help the development concerning this plant for remediation of Pb-contaminated lands.

Author(s) Details:

R. Yuniati,
Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Indonesia, Indonesia.

A. Salamah,
Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Indonesia, Indonesia.

P. A. Miranda,
Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Indonesia, Indonesia.

R. Oktarina,
Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Indonesia, Indonesia.

Y. Astrini,
Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Indonesia, Indonesia.

W. Handayani,
Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Indonesia, Indonesia.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/ARBS-V7/article/view/12898

The Role of Cadmium Induced EGFR/STAT5 Pathway Activation in Epithelial to Mesenchymal Transition | Chapter 4 | Current Innovations in Disease and Health Research Vol. 7

 Cadmium (Cd) is a poisonous and carcinogenic heavy metal about cigarette fume, air and drinking water, due to land and industrial endeavors, posing a health risk to the inexact population. Prolonged, depressed-dose Cd exposure by way of inhalation or ingestion induces alveolus and kidney cancers in two together humans and animal models. While exposure to extreme-dose Cd is cytotoxic and is equated with the occupational background, low-dose Cd uncovering is carcinogenic and mainly correlated with the inexact population. Even though Cd is classification as a group 1 “human carcinogen” by IARC, the means by which Cd-unprotected cells overcome calcium chelation and induce diseased transformation remains imprecise. This study examines the system by which cells unprotected to low doses of Cd live the loss of E-cadherin cell-cell grip and induce epithelial-to-mesenchymal change (EMT). Two epithelial cell lines, BEAS-2B and HEK293, were exposed to 0.4 µM and 1.6 µM of Cadmium chloride hemipentahydrate (CdCl2.2.5H2O) for 24 hours (h) and 9 weeks (wks). The preferred doses are environmentally relevant to levels of Cd found in bread and cigarettes. A dose-helpless decrease in E-cadherin and an increase in N-cadherin protein expression was observed in containers treated accompanying low-dose Cd. Moreover, Cd medicated cells exhibited a faster increase rate when compared accompanying control cells. This observation surpassed to the examination of the EGFR/STAT5 road activation, which has again been noticed to be activated in studies exhausted cancer cells. Our results accompanied a dose-weak and time-dependent increase in two together total EGFR and phosphorylated EGFR (p-EGFR) protein. Similar results were observed accompanying STAT5 and phosphorylated STAT5 (pSTAT5) protein in both short-term and complete exposures, nevertheless the 0.4 µM dose had the highest verbalization at 24 h. EGFR/STAT5 inducible genes were also upregulated in Cd-medicated cells in just 24 h. These dossier demonstrate that epithelial cells can overcome Cd-intervened toxicity by activating the EGFR/STAT5 road to induce cell continuation and proliferation, chief to EMT.

Author(s) Details:

Aikaterini Stavrou,
Department of Medicine, Division of Environmental Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10010, USA.

Angelica Ortiz,
Department of Medicine, Division of Environmental Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10010, USA.

Max Costa,
Department of Medicine, Division of Environmental Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10010, USA.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/CIDHR-V7/article/view/12042

Assessment of Heavy Metals and Speciated Organometallic Compounds in Tilapia guineensis, Sarotherodon melanotheron and Liza falcipinnis Found in Choba River (New Calabar River), Rivers State, Nigeria | Chapter 2 | Newest Updates in Agriculture and Veterinary Science Vol. 4

 The overweight part of blackchin tilapia (Sarotherondon melanotheron), guinean tilapia (Tilapia guineensis), and mullet (Liza falcipinnis) in Choba waterway were collected and resolved for the presence of cadmium, planets orbiting sun, arsenic, lead, nickel and speciated organometallic compounds utilizing X-ray fluorescence (XRF) and Gas chromatography-bulk spectrometer (GC-MS) respectively. The results obtained demonstrated that of all the elements cadmium in Sarotherodon melanotheron had the best concentration (4.3mg/kg). The angle species all held about the same aggregation of arsenic (0.5mg/kg) and mercury (1mg/kg). The best concentration of lead was in the direction of mullet (1.7mg/kg) while the highest aggregation of nickel (7.3mg/kg) was in the direction of Sarotherodon melanotheron. The organometallic compounds detected were smaller currency in exchange for larger tetracarbonyl, borane carbonyl in Tilapia guineensis, nickel tetracarbonyl, borane carbonyl and germanium (iv) pthalocyanine dichloride in Sarotherodon melanotheron and [μ-(η6-benzene)] bis (η5-2,4-cyclopentadien-yl) di-µ-hydrodi-vanadium and borane carbonyl in mullet.

 Author(s) Details:

N. K. Owhonda,
Nigerian Institute for Oceanography and Marine Research, African Regional Aquaculture Centre, Aluu, P.M.B 5122, Port Harcourt, Nigeria.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/NUAVS-V4/article/view/10108

Role of Mitochondrial Respiratory Chain in Neurotoxic Action of Heavy Metals: Comparison of Cd2+, Hg2+ and Cu2+| Chapter 11 | Cutting Edge Research in Biology Vol. 2

 The aim of the work was to elucidate the duty of mitochondrial electron transport chain (mtETC) in neurotoxicity of severe metals, such as Cd2+, Hg2+ and Cu2+. In particular, the effects of these bivalent harmonized ions on cell being, intracellular reactive oxygen species era, respiration and mitochondrial sheet potential of rat neuron-like PC12 cell line were intentional in the absence and in the demeanor of various antioxidants and mitochondrial function modulators. As revealed, the metals substitute caused, even though in a different way, dose- and opportunity-dependent changes of all earlier parameters. Noteworthy, beginning from 10 µM and once at short incubation period (3 h), Cd2+ significantly inhibited rates of maximally uncoupled container respiration. In addition, nearly complete suppression of cellular breathing was achieved following in position or time 3 h of incubation with 50 µM Hg2+ or 500 µM Cd2+, inasmuch as even after 48 h of exposure to 500 µM Cu2+, only 50% abolition of respiration accepted place. It has been established that not only differing antioxidants (N-acetylcysteine, butylhydroxytoluene, mannitol, vitamin E, tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl) and inhibitors of mitochondrial permeability change (MPT) pores (cyclosporin A, bongkrekic acid, ruthenium red), but also specific mtETC modulators as FCCP (a widely used pretended uncoupler) and stigmatellin (a complex III inhibitor), partially look after from cell damage presented by Cd2+. However, all used mtETC modulators did not look after against Hg2+- or Cu2+-induced container injury. Importantly, stigmatellin was shown expected one of the most powerful protectors against Cd2+-induced container damage, producing a 15-20% increase in container viability. Molecular mechanisms of the difficulty of mtETC in heavy metal-inferred mitochondrial membrane permeabilization and cell cessation are discussed. As a result, the friendship between mtETC and MPT pore has become more transparent.

Author(s) Details:

Elena A. Belyaeva,
Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Thorez pr. 44, 194223, St.-Petersburg, Russia.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/CERB-V2/article/view/8893

Assessment of Heavy Metal Concentration in Water, Soils and Sediments of La Villa River Basin, Panama | Chapter 5 | Recent Progress in Plant and Soil Research Vol. 4

 The goal was to find out how much heavy metal was in the water, sediments, and crops in the La Villa river basin in the provinces of Herrera and Los Santos in Panama. In the wet season of 2016 (May to November) and the dry season of 2017, the La Villa river basin in Panama's south central region was photographed (December to April). Twenty-two sediment and water samples were taken in the upper, middle, and lower basins using the systematic method, which entails selecting sampling stations at uniform distances and crops. The sampling was restricted to a preferably rectangular area of 10.0 m x 30.0 m, on which 15 sub-samples were taken on each grid, at a depth of 0.20 m. A rod with a clean plastic bottle was introduced against the current of the river to gather water samples. The content of heavy metals (As, Pb, Cr, Ni, Cu, Mn, Zn, and Cd) in sediments and crops was determined using USEPA (25) technique (3051A) digestion (SW-846). Heavy metals such as lead, nickel, cadmium, and manganese, which can be found in irrigation water, are a hazard because they can build in agricultural soils. Cu (upper and lower basin) and Mn (all levels) values in the sediments were found to be above the USEPA Standards during the wet season. Mn was detected in significant concentrations in the middle and lower basins, Cr in the upper and lower basins, and As in all parts of the basin during the dry season. High quantities of Mn, Zn, Cr, Cd, and Pb were identified in the waters of the basin's rivers during both rainy and dry seasons. The primary crops at each elevation of the basin were examined, with high levels of As and Cr in the top basin, and Cr and Cd in the middle and lower basins. Because 90% of the agrochemicals entering the country are meant for agriculture, it is vital to monitor the levels of heavy metals in sediments of the La Villa river basin. Each Panamanian utilises 3 kilogramme of agrochemicals per year, which is more than six times the amount used in Central America. These soils are rich in copper, manganese, and arsenic due to their geological origins, the latter being related with iron oxides and sulphides, but there is also a strong influence of anthropogenic activity, agriculture, and industry. Lead and arsenic, for example, have a low solubility in water but a high concentration in sediments. Water is the source of chromium and cadmium in crops.

Author(S) Details

José Villarreal Núñez
Instituto de Innovación Agropecuaria de Panamá, CIA-Divisa, Panama.

Adolfo Santo Pineda
Instituto de Innovación Agropecuaria de Panamá, CIA-Divisa, Panama.

Jhon Villalaz Pérez
Instituto de Innovación Agropecuaria de Panamá, CIA-Divisa, Panama.

Iván Ramos Zachrisson
Instituto de Innovación Agropecuaria de Panamá, CIA-Divisa, Panama.

View Book:- https://stm.bookpi.org/RPPSR-V4/article/view/5196

Determination of Blood Serum Lead and Cadmium Level during Pregnancy in Gas Flaring Communities of Bayelsa State Nigeria | Chapter 4 | Recent Developments in Medicine and Medical Research Vol. 12

 The amount of serum lead and cadmium in pregnant and non-pregnant women living in selected gas flaring localities in Bayelsa State, Nigeria is determined and compared in this study. This study included 200 pregnant women who appeared to be in good health and 100 non-pregnant women who served as controls. In non-pregnant and pregnant subjects, the prevalence of elevated serum lead (>0.1ppm) beyond the World Health Organization permitted level was 2% and 5%, respectively, whereas the prevalence of elevated serum cadmium (>0.0012 ppm) was (11.33%) and (19.66%). However, the cumulative prevalence of increased heavy metals in non-pregnant and pregnant patients was 6.66 percent and 6.66 percent, respectively (12.33 percent ). The non-pregnant control group had a non-significant higher concentration of lead (0.07 ppm) than the pregnant (0.05 ppm) group, with no difference in their cadmium (0.01 ppm) levels. The study found a non-significant increase in the level of lead in the pregnant test group (0.06 ppm) during their third trimester as compared to those in their first and second trimesters (0.05 ppm), as well as a non-significant increase in cadmium blood levels (0.02 ppm) in the third trimester. The longer the period of exposure to gas flares in years, the higher the quantity of lead and cadmium in the blood of pregnant and non-pregnant women in Bayelsa state, Nigeria, according to this research.

Author(S) Details

Solomon M. Uvoh
Department of Human Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences University of port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria.

Arthur N. Chuemere
Department of Human Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences University of port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria.

Charles Nnamdi Ngaikedi
Department of Human Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences University of port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria.

E. Kiridi Emily Gabriel
Department of Human Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Niger Delta University, WILBERFORCE Island Bayelsa State, Nigeria.

View Book:- https://stm.bookpi.org/RDMMR-V12/article/view/4670

Cadmium-Resistant Fungi from Cocoa Crops: Isolation, Morphological Identification and Tolerance Assessment | Chapter 4 | New Visions in Biological Science Vol. 5

 The goal of this work is to extract and assess cadmium-tolerant native fungi from cocoa soils in order to use them in cadmium bioremediation in cocoa farms. The soil samples were taken in Peru's cocoa growing regions of Junn, Pucallpa, and Mazamari. The fungi were isolated from the colony and identified by their appearance on potato dextrose agar (PDA). All of the detected strains were grown on PDA agar with 87.64 ppm of cadmium to exclude out non-resistant or poorly resistant bacteria. The macroscopic and microscopic features of positive strains were used to identify them. To test cadmium tolerance, the diameter of the colony formed on PDA with 87.64, 175.29, and 350.59 ppm of cadmium was measured. A total of 100 fungal strains were identified, with 24 tolerant to 87.64 parts per million, 21 to 175.29 parts per million, and 16 to 350.59 parts per million. J2E2 (Acremonium sp.), MP4H1 (Curvularia sp.), HK6 (Not Described, ND), and JH3 (Fusarium sp.) were the fungus with the highest tolerance. HK6 (ND), H2 (Penicillium sp. ), AP3H4 (ND), and J2E2 were the strains with the best tolerance indices (Acremonium sp.). According to the findings, native fungi isolated from cocoa soils are tolerant of high cadmium concentrations, implying that they could be used as bioremediators in cocoa farms or other biotechnological processes.

Author(S) Details

Mario Alcarraz Curi
Laboratory of Industrial Bioprocesses, Faculty of Biological Sciences, National University of San Marcos, Lima, Peru.

Ana Maria Evangelio Gutierrez
Laboratory of Industrial Bioprocesses, Faculty of Biological Sciences, National University of San Marcos, Lima, Peru.

Mc. Kennet Yamel Enriquez Montesinos
Laboratory of Industrial Bioprocesses, Faculty of Biological Sciences, National University of San Marcos, Lima, Peru.

Jean Paul Julian Ibarra
Laboratory of Industrial Bioprocesses, Faculty of Biological Sciences, National University of San Marcos, Lima, Peru.

Deysi Damina Rendon Godoy
Laboratory of Industrial Bioprocesses, Faculty of Biological Sciences, National University of San Marcos, Lima, Peru.

Andres Stefano Sanchez Manrique
Laboratory of Industrial Bioprocesses, Faculty of Biological Sciences, National University of San Marcos, Lima, Peru.

Joselin Wendy Palomo Atanacio
Laboratory of Industrial Bioprocesses, Faculty of Biological Sciences, National University of San Marcos, Lima, Peru.

View Book:- https://stm.bookpi.org/NVBS-V5/article/view/4598

Focusing on the Quality of Potable Water Available to the Residents of Anambra State, Nigeria | Chapter 8 | Current Perspectives on Chemical Sciences Vol. 1

 

Public pipe-borne water system had collapsed in Anambra state of Nigeria, for over fifteen years,
challenging the residents of the state to resort to alternative sources of potable water, notably,
boreholes. In this work, two boreholes each in nineteen communities, one from Aguluzigbo, in three
local government areas (Anaocha, Awka-North, Awka-South) in the state were sampled, and tested
for pH, Conductivity, Hardness, Total Suspended Solids, Lead, Arsenic, Cadmium, Bacteria and
Yeast loads. The water samples were all soft and mostly acidic. The Lead, Arsenic and Cadmium
concentrations were above the tolerable limits in most communities in Anaocha and Awka-South.
Arsenic, Lead, Cadmium were absent in all the samples in Awka-North except in four communities
where Cadmium was present. Suspended solid contents were also high in all the Local Government
Areas. Overall, the quality of the water consumed by the people in the selected population calls to
question of the water and sanitation component of the public health system.

Author (s) Details

Dr.Chigozie John Onyinye Anarado
Department of Pure and Industrial Chemistry, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, P.M.B. 5025, Awka, Anambra State, Nigeria.

Charity Ebere Anarado
Department of Pure and Industrial Chemistry, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, P.M.B. 5025, Awka, Anambra State, Nigeria.

Benjamin Chimezie Izuagbachukwu
Department of Pure and Industrial Chemistry, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, P.M.B. 5025, Awka, Anambra State, Nigeria.

Uzorchukwu Michael Ogu

Department of Pure and Industrial Chemistry, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, P.M.B. 5025, Awka, Anambra State, Nigeria.

Amarachi Maduka
Department of Pure and Industrial Chemistry, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, P.M.B. 5025, Awka, Anambra State, Nigeria.

Dr. Chinyelu Ijeamaka Egwuatu
Department of Pure and Industrial Chemistry, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, P.M.B. 5025, Awka, Anambra State, Nigeria.

Dr. Valentine Ifenna Onwukeme
Department of Pure and Industrial Chemistry, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, P.M.B. 5025, Awka, Anambra State, Nigeria.

View Book :- https://bp.bookpi.org/index.php/bpi/catalog/book/253

Effect of Dietary Ingestion of Ca and Mg on Cd and PbCo-induced Liver Damage in Rats | Chapter 5 | Recent Advances in Science and Technology Research Vol.3

This study was designed to determine the hepatoprotective effect of the combined administration of
calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg) on cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) co-intoxicated rats. Wistar rats
were obtained from the animal House of Pharmacology Department, University of Jos, allowed to
acclimatized for seven days and then divided into five groups of four rats per group in metabolic
cages. Group one was fed with tap water only, while group two to five were fed with the combination
of 0.327 mg/L Pb and 0.079 mg/L Cd concurrently with graded concentrations of Mg and Ca. Their
food was mashed with the same water meant for each group. All the groups fed and freely drank from
the water for a period of fourteen (14) days. At the termination of the experiments, the rats were
humanely sacrificed under anaesthesia, sample of blood was obtained from each rat by decapitation.
Serum was obtained from clotted blood by centrifugation and kept frozen until required for the
measurement of liver biomarkers, while the liver was identified and fixed in 10% formal saline for
histopathological studies. The animal House of Pharmacology Department, Anatomy and
Biochemistry laboratories, University of Jos, Nigeria, were used for treatments, histochemical and
biochemical analyses respectively. Results showed that liver biomarkers in serum decreased as the
concentrations of Ca and Mg were elevated. There was no significant difference (p>0.05) in the liver
biomarkers concentrations of all the groups as compared with control. The histochemistry show that
there was mild damage to the liver integrity at the lower concentrations of Ca and Mg but as their
concentrations were elevated, there was no significant difference between the liver integrity of control
and the test groups. This suggests that as the concentrations of Ca and Mg were elevated, so also
the mitigation effect on the hepatotoxicities induced by Cd and Pb in the rats was increased.

Author (s) Details

Jonathan D. Dabak
Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Jos, P.M.B. 2084, Nigeria.

Dr.Samuel Y. Gazuwa
Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Jos, P.M.B. 2084, Nigeria.

Dr.Samuel Y. Gazuwa
Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Jos, P.M.B. 2084, Nigeria

View Book :- http://bp.bookpi.org/index.php/bpi/catalog/book/218