Thermodynamics of Ni-H System based on the Atomistic Calculations Combined with Measurements of X-ray Diffraction | Chapter 3 | Current Research Progress in Physical Science Vol. 8

The primary aim of the present study was to clarify thermodynamics of Ni-H system based on the atomistic calculations combined with measurements of X-ray diffraction and discuss the experimental data in terms of two possible precipitation reactions in solid solutions. The widespread concept of nickel hydride in the Ni-H system is discussed based on the first-principle atomic calculations and experimental X-ray diffraction data. The total cohesion energy in Ni-H solid solution has been determined using the density functional theory and program package Wien2k. Its dependence on hydrogen concentration is shown to be linear, which suggests the absence of any energy barrier for precipitation reaction. Moreover, the second derivative of the calculated solution enthalpy is negative within the hydrogen-to-nickel ratios, H/Ni, of 0.03 to 0.75, which is a sign of spinodal decomposition. These hydrogen concentrations are consistent with the measurements of X-ray diffraction, of which the results are traditionally interpreted in terms of Ni hydride. The density of electron states has been calculated, and its non-monotonous concentration dependence correlates with that of solution enthalpy, which is also expected for spinodal decomposition. The obtained results are interpreted as miscibility gap in the Ni-H system with spinodal decomposition having the electron origin. In addition, using mechanical spectroscopy, the strain dependent internal friction has been measured in the hydrogen-charged nickel in the comparison with that in titanium. This effect is controlled by irreversible plastic deformation, which is typical for solid solutions, not for brittle chemical compounds. Finally, the “hydrides” in a number of metals are discussed in terms of two Gibbs types of precipitation reactions. The analysis of a number of studies on “metal hydrides” apparently obtained under high gaseous hydrogen pressures leads to the conclusion that, in the majority, the formation of oversaturated solid solutions or the γ® ξ phase transformation between two solid solutions occurs.

 

Author (s) Details

 

S.M. Teus
G.V. Kurdyumov Institute for Metal Physics, Kiev 03680, Ukraine.

 

V.G. Gavriljuk
G.V. Kurdyumov Institute for Metal Physics, Kiev 03680, Ukraine.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/crpps/v8/4401

Analysis of Some Specific Elements and Speciated Compounds Commonly Found in Fishes in the New Calabar River of the Niger Delta Area, Nigeria | Chapter 2 | Contemporary Research and Perspectives in Biological Science Vol. 8

Elements like mercury, arsenic, lead and cadmium are well-known to have major human health problems. Elements exist in various forms. While some of these forms are toxic, others are not. The primary purpose of this work was to shed light on the concentrations of these toxic elements since people depend on this river for their source of fish and to also determine their speciated forms in these three fish species. The flesh of Guinean and blackchin tilapia, and mullet found in the New Calabar River (also called Choba River) were collected for elemental studies of mercury, cadmium, lead, arsenic, nickel and speciated forms. The analytical method of X-ray fluorescence (XRF) was used for the elemental studies while a Gas chromatography-mass spectrometer (GC-MS) was used for the speciated forms. The result revealed that 4.3 mg/kg was the highest concentration of cadmium observed in black chin tilapia. The three fish species all contained about 0.5 mg/kg of arsenic and 1 mg/ kg of mercury. 1.7 mg/kg of lead was detected in mullet while 7.3 mg/kg of nickel was detected in blackchin tilapia. Organometallic compounds found were nickel tetracarbonyl, borane carbonyl in Guinean tilapia, nickel tetracarbonyl, borane carbonyl and germanium(iv) pthalocyanine dichloride in blackchin tilapia and [µ-(ƞ6-benzene)] bis (ƞ5-2,4-cyclopentadien-yl) di-µ hydrodi-vanadium. Borane carbonyl was found in the mullet. The results showed that toxic elements are present and that the quantity of fish in this river that is consumed is important

 

Author (s) Details

 

Owhonda, Ndubuisi Kingsley
Nigerian Institute for Oceanography and Marine Research, Victoria Island, Lagos, Nigeria.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/crpbs/v8/3445

Advances and Challenges in High-temperature Electrochemical CO2 Conversion Technology | Chapter 9 | Advances and Challenges in Science and Technology Vol. 4

 During ancient times century, CO2 emissions about the world have stretch to grow at an astonishing rate. In current years, accompanying the proposal of the global aim of “carbon retaliation”, high-temperature CO2 electrolysis science based on solid group of chemical elements electrolysis cell (SOEC) has escorted in a rapid development event. SOECs operating at elevated hotnesses can not only make full use of environmental pollutant heat but also convert CO2 into hydrocarbon fuels or extreme-value-added synthetic products by way of electrochemical reactions. Currently, multiple nations around the world have redistributed various extreme-temperature electrochemical CO2 conversion projects. In 2017, Haldor Topsøe A/S (Denmark) stated the world’s first monetary CO2 electrolysis system, which can produce CO vapor through SOEC electrolysis of CO2, with a result capacity of up to 10 Nm3 CO2/h. In 2019, Sunfire GmbH (German) grown a high-temperature co-electrolysis parade system that can product syngas at 4 Nm3/h rate. In 2020, the University of Aarhus (Denmark) reported a CO2 methanation catalyst based on SOEC, that can upgrade biogas to pipeline bulk methane in a 10 Nm3/h exploratory device. Compared to the high-hotness water electrolysis for hydrogen production, the scale of the extreme-temperature CO2 electrolysis device is nearly small. With the increasing demand for strength density and capacity density of CO2 conversion tools in various new use fields, further research and development is necessary to overcome the challenges of extreme cost and low stamina in large-scale application and commercialization.

Author(s) Details:

Yifeng Li,
SINOPEC (Beijing) Research Institute of Chemical Industry Co. Ltd., Beijing 100013, China.

Longgui Zhang,
SINOPEC (Beijing) Research Institute of Chemical Industry Co. Ltd., Beijing 100013, China.

Bo Yu,
Tsinghua University, Institute of Nuclear and New Energy Technology, Beijing 100084, China.

Jianxin Zhu,
Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China.

Changjiang Wu,
SINOPEC (Beijing) Research Institute of Chemical Industry Co. Ltd., Beijing 100013, China.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/ACST-V4/article/view/12101

Assessment of Heavy Metals and Speciated Organometallic Compounds in Tilapia guineensis, Sarotherodon melanotheron and Liza falcipinnis Found in Choba River (New Calabar River), Rivers State, Nigeria | Chapter 2 | Newest Updates in Agriculture and Veterinary Science Vol. 4

 The overweight part of blackchin tilapia (Sarotherondon melanotheron), guinean tilapia (Tilapia guineensis), and mullet (Liza falcipinnis) in Choba waterway were collected and resolved for the presence of cadmium, planets orbiting sun, arsenic, lead, nickel and speciated organometallic compounds utilizing X-ray fluorescence (XRF) and Gas chromatography-bulk spectrometer (GC-MS) respectively. The results obtained demonstrated that of all the elements cadmium in Sarotherodon melanotheron had the best concentration (4.3mg/kg). The angle species all held about the same aggregation of arsenic (0.5mg/kg) and mercury (1mg/kg). The best concentration of lead was in the direction of mullet (1.7mg/kg) while the highest aggregation of nickel (7.3mg/kg) was in the direction of Sarotherodon melanotheron. The organometallic compounds detected were smaller currency in exchange for larger tetracarbonyl, borane carbonyl in Tilapia guineensis, nickel tetracarbonyl, borane carbonyl and germanium (iv) pthalocyanine dichloride in Sarotherodon melanotheron and [μ-(η6-benzene)] bis (η5-2,4-cyclopentadien-yl) di-µ-hydrodi-vanadium and borane carbonyl in mullet.

 Author(s) Details:

N. K. Owhonda,
Nigerian Institute for Oceanography and Marine Research, African Regional Aquaculture Centre, Aluu, P.M.B 5122, Port Harcourt, Nigeria.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/NUAVS-V4/article/view/10108

Estimation of Nickel Secretion in the Industrial City Bhilai (C.G.) | Chapter 9 | Research Aspects in Chemical and Materials Sciences Vol. 2

This chapter's objective is to estimate and track the levels of nickel in Bhilai's ambient air and rainwater throughout a predetermined period of time. At the sampling location Bhilai Institute of Technology in the Durg district of Chhattisgarh, India, samples of the air and rainwater were collected during the study period. The outcomes were compared to those of a 1998 study that had been carried out. It was discovered that the nickel content was higher than the report from 1998. The results showed that, while not above the legal limit, nickel was detected in substantial levels in both ambient air and rainfall. While the range of nickel in air was shown to be between 0.87 and 215.4 ng/m3, the range of nickel in rainwater was found to be between 312 and 584 ng/l.

 

Author (s) Details

Rekha Trivedi

Department of Chemistry, Shri Shankaracharya Technical Campus, Bhilai, 490020 C.G., India.

 

View Book :-  https://stm.bookpi.org/RACMS-V2/article/view/7633

Thermo Catalytic Decomposition of Methane over Cu - Al2O3 and 5 - 20wt% Ni - Cu - Al2O3 Catalysts to Produce Hydrogen and Carbon Nanofibers: Experimental Investigation | Chapter 4 | Recent Trends in Chemical and Material Sciences Vol. 4

 Hydrogen is an environmentally beneficial fuel with the potential to reduce the use of fossil fuels greatly; yet, it faces numerous important difficulties before it can be widely adopted. TCD (thermo catalytic decomposition of methane) is one of the most useful strategies for fulfilling future demand and, as a result, an appealing approach for COx-free hydrogen synthesis, which is necessary in fuel cells. The combustion of fossil fuels produces a large amount of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide, nitrogen oxides, and sulphur oxides. We attempted to create hydrogen utilising Cu-Al2O3 and 5, 10, 15, and 20% wt% Ni modified Ni/Cu-Al2O3 catalysts in this study. Cu-Al2O3 catalysts with 5 wt percent Ni/Cu-Al2O3 catalysts with 20 wt percent Ni/Cu-Al2O3 catalysts with 15 wt percent Ni/Cu-Al2O3 catalysts with 10 wt percent Ni/Cu-Al2O3 catalysts with 10 wt percent Ni/Cu-Al2O3 catalysts with 10 wt percent Ni/Cu-Al2O3 catalysts with 10 It has been discovered that increasing the nickel loadings in Ni/Cu-Al2O3 improves the efficiency of thermo catalytic methane breakdown. The 10wt% Ni/Cu-Al2O3 catalyst has the best catalytic activity of the five produced catalysts. Carbon nanofibers are seen in SEM pictures of catalysts after methane thermocatalytic breakdown. Cu-Al2O3 and 5,10,15, and 20% Ni/Cu-Al2O3 catalysts' XRD patterns exhibited highly crystalline peaks, which could explain the improved catalytic life and production of carbon nanofibers. With a 10wt% Ni/Cu-Al2O3 catalyst, a 70 percent hydrogen production rate was recorded, and hydrogen carbon fibres were discovered, which can be employed as catalyst support.

Author(S) Details

K. Srilatha
ACE Engineering College, Ankushapur, Ghatkesar, Medchal - Malkajgiri District, Hyderabad-501301, Telangana, India.

View Book:- https://stm.bookpi.org/RTCAMS-V4/article/view/4796

Advanced Processing of Lateritic Ore | Book Publisher International

 Nickel, cobalt, iron, silicon, aluminium, and chromium are among the metal components found in laterite ore, which is one of the mineral resources. It's found all over the equatorial region and is mostly used as a nickel supply. However, laterite with a high nickel content is the only laterite that can be used. Despite the large deposit, the nickel-free laterite ore has never been exploited properly, and it occasionally has a significant iron component. As high-grade iron ore deposits become scarcer each year, laterite's high iron concentration makes it an appealing iron resource. The introduction of a series of processes for using high iron content laterite ore as an iron resource. The process begins with comminution and agglomeration, followed by selective reduction of laterite ore using mixed gas, after which the physical and chemical features of laterite ore are described, including dehydration treatment. The nickel is extracted from the reduced laterite ore using a leaching method. The next stage is to use a magnetic separator to collect iron from the leached-laterite residue in the form of magnetite complex, which is then subjected to a reduction process for iron extraction.

Author(s) Details

Hadi Purwanto
International Islamic University Malaysia, Malaysia.

View Book:- https://stm.bookpi.org/APLO/article/view/2097