Assessment of Mercury and Arsenic Levels in Lemongrass at Kihonda and Mafisa in Morogoro, Tanzania | Chapter 3 | Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy and Physical Experiences in Morogoro, Tanzania

 

As urbanisation and industrialisation continue to expand, there is a growing concern about the potential contamination of crops with heavy metals from various sources, including industries, infrastructures, pollution and agricultural practices. For instance, the quality and safety of lemongrass can be compromised by environmental factors, including the presence of heavy metals such as mercury and arsenic. The study aims to assess the presence and concentration of heavy metals in lemon grasses. These could have implications for the safety and quality of the lemon for various uses, including culinary and medicinal purposes. The research employs analytical techniques such as atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) to determine the levels of mercury and arsenic in the lemon grass samples. The findings of the study provide valuable insights into the environmental conditions and potential health risks associated with the consumption of lemon from Kihonda and Mafisa in Morogoro. High levels of heavy metals in food can cause serious health risks to consumers. The analysis of the concentration of arsenic and mercury in Lemongrass from Kihonda and Mafisa is compared. The concentration of arsenic in Lemongrass from Kihonda is slightly lower than that from Mafisa by 0.00186mg/kg. On the other hand, the concentration of mercury in Lemongrass from Kihonda is higher than that from Mafisa by 0.00493 mg/kg. According to studies, resulting from chronic exposure to heavy metals through contaminated food can lead to various health issues, including neurological disorders, gastrointestinal and kidney problems. It is necessary to know the level of heavy metals for safety. The study enables the readers to know the quality of the lemongrass for various uses, including culinary and medicinal purposes. The findings underscore the importance of continuous monitoring and management of soil and crop practices to ensure food safety to be in compliance with health guidelines. Immediate actions should include enhanced soil management and the adoption of improved agricultural practices.

 

 

Author(s) Details

Yusuf Ismail Koleleni
Physics Department, Muslim University of Morogoro, P.O. Box 1031, Morogoro, Tanzania.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/mono/978-93-47485-78-7/CH3

Western Great Lakes Section of the St. Lawrence Seaway | Chapter 1 | St. Lawrence Seaway: Canada and United States Joint Lifeline

 

The St. Lawrence Seaway connects Lake Superior, Lake Huron, Lake Michigan, Lake Erie and Lake Ontario to the Atlantic Ocean. The lakes and connecting rivers, St. Mary’s, St. Claire, Detroit, Niagara and St. Lawrence, have been a major artery for transportation, migration and trade. The Great Lakes have been sailed for trading and commercial purposes since at least the 17th century. Approximately 6000 ships have sunk, killing more than 30,000 sailors and passengers. The linkage of Lake Michigan to the Mississippi River has allowed Chicago’s wastewater to be disposed of into the tributaries of the Illinois River and Mississippi River to avoid contaminating Lake Michigan, the source of Chicago’s drinking water. An unintended consequence of linking the Western Great Lakes basin with the Mississippi River basin was the creation of the wet pathway (Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal) through which the flying Asian carp is trying to use to get into the Great Lakes. An electric fish barrier was constructed on the Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal to prevent the carp from migrating into Lake Michigan, the Great Lakes basin and the St. Lawrence Seaway. The primary objective of this paper is to document the environmental threats to the Western Great Lakes basin, which has only one natural outlet, the Detroit River, which flows naturally into Lake Erie. These environmental challenges which are starting to requiring mitigation including the impact millions of people living in the Western Great Lakes basin, navigation on the St. Lawrence Seaway, thousands of shipwrecks at the bottoms of Lake Huron, Lake Superior and Lake Michigan, disposal of treated and untreated industrial and urban waste into the lakes, pollution of the sources of drinking water, land use change, shoreline erosion, building structures on the shoreline banks, underwater oil and gas pipelines, invasive species including Asian carp, and record high Western Great Lake water levels. The Western Great Lakes shorelines are actively eroding partly because of the high surface water levels. The high-risk erosion areas have been retreating at an average rate of 30 cm per year for the last 15 years.

 

 

Author(s) Details

 

Kenneth R. Olson
Department of Natural Resources, College of Agricultural, Consumer, and Environmental Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, USA.

 

Gerald A. Miller
College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/mono/978-93-88417-36-5/CH1

 

Assessment of the Arsenic Contamination and Toxicity Level in Rice Crop and Paddy Straw in Chhattisgarh, India | Chapter 1 | Geography, Earth Science and Environment: Research Highlights Vol. 10

Rice is a particularly efficient scavenger of arsenic. WHO set worldwide, guidelines for what it considers to be safe levels of arsenic in rice, suggesting a maximum of 200 micrograms per Kilogram for white Rice and 400 micrograms per Kg for brown rice. Rice as well as Straw (Paddy straw) contain high amounts of As due to Crop irrigated with high Arsenic content water or grown in soil having 0.01 ppm of arsenic even if grains cooked in water having high Arsenic content increase the arsenic toxicity in animals as well as human being when consumed it. The aim of the study is to explain how arsenic in plants hampers the food chain circle. Arsenic accumulation in rice straws could be a direct threat to their health via presumably contaminated bovine meat and milk. The present paper deals with the toxicity level of Arsenic in Rice and Paddy straw of the Rajnandgaon district of Chhattisgarh. Rice, Grain and Straw were collected from different fields after harvesting. A minimum of 6 samples from each village were collected for this study. Grain portions of the rice and straw were digested separately (heating block digestion procedure). As a result, it found that the As level in both Rice grain and Paddy straw is lower than 1 mg kg-1 (WHO), which is the permissible limit of arsenic toxicity in rice plants and paddy straw.

 

Author (s) Details

Kranti Sharma
Kamdhenu Panchgaya Reserch & Extension Centre, Anjora, Durg, India.

 

Mukesh Sharma
Daushree Vasudev Chandrakar Kamdhenu Visvavidhalaya Anjora, Durg, India.

 

Manoj Kumar Gendley
Daushree Vasudev Chandrakar Kamdhenu Visvavidhalaya Anjora, Durg, India.

 

Shraddha Nety
Daushree Vasudev Chandrakar Kamdhenu Visvavidhalaya Anjora, Durg, India.

 

Vandana Bhagat
Daushree Vasudev Chandrakar Kamdhenu Visvavidhalaya Anjora, Durg, India.

 

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/geserh/v10/4871

Analysis of Some Specific Elements and Speciated Compounds Commonly Found in Fishes in the New Calabar River of the Niger Delta Area, Nigeria | Chapter 2 | Contemporary Research and Perspectives in Biological Science Vol. 8

Elements like mercury, arsenic, lead and cadmium are well-known to have major human health problems. Elements exist in various forms. While some of these forms are toxic, others are not. The primary purpose of this work was to shed light on the concentrations of these toxic elements since people depend on this river for their source of fish and to also determine their speciated forms in these three fish species. The flesh of Guinean and blackchin tilapia, and mullet found in the New Calabar River (also called Choba River) were collected for elemental studies of mercury, cadmium, lead, arsenic, nickel and speciated forms. The analytical method of X-ray fluorescence (XRF) was used for the elemental studies while a Gas chromatography-mass spectrometer (GC-MS) was used for the speciated forms. The result revealed that 4.3 mg/kg was the highest concentration of cadmium observed in black chin tilapia. The three fish species all contained about 0.5 mg/kg of arsenic and 1 mg/ kg of mercury. 1.7 mg/kg of lead was detected in mullet while 7.3 mg/kg of nickel was detected in blackchin tilapia. Organometallic compounds found were nickel tetracarbonyl, borane carbonyl in Guinean tilapia, nickel tetracarbonyl, borane carbonyl and germanium(iv) pthalocyanine dichloride in blackchin tilapia and [µ-(ƞ6-benzene)] bis (ƞ5-2,4-cyclopentadien-yl) di-µ hydrodi-vanadium. Borane carbonyl was found in the mullet. The results showed that toxic elements are present and that the quantity of fish in this river that is consumed is important

 

Author (s) Details

 

Owhonda, Ndubuisi Kingsley
Nigerian Institute for Oceanography and Marine Research, Victoria Island, Lagos, Nigeria.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/crpbs/v8/3445

Effect of Exposure and Withdrawal of Disodium Arsenate Heptahydrate on Gills of Highly Nutritious Catfish Clarias batrachus.: A Histopathology and Histochemical Study | Chapter 2 | Contemporary Research and Perspectives in Biological Science Vol. 10

Gills, the main respiratory organs of Clarias batrachus; local name MANGUR are studied after long-term exposure (90 days) and withdrawal (90 days) of sublethal concentration (1 ppm; 1/10th of LC50 for 96 hours) of disodium arsenate heptahydrate using histopathological and histochemical techniques. Gills of C. batrachus are lodged in suprabranchial chamber located on either side of the head and hence always remain in direct touch with external aquatic stressors including the arsenic salts. Following exposure, extensive congestion and wear and tear in the blood channels of the secondary gill lamellae are noticed. Normal ladder like configuration of vascular component of the gills gets dismantled leading to haemorrhages and oozing of blood on the gill surface. Damaged gills often show the fusion of adjacent primary gill lamellae at certain places. Density and area occupancy and staining properties of mucous cells are altered and show extensive periodic fluctuations at various periods of exposures. The staining property of the mucous cells and their secretions on surface is however more inclined towards the sulphated glycoproteins indicating their requirements for metal binding and removal. Ninety (90) days of exposed fish when returned to normal tap water showed significant but incomplete recovery among the gill filaments. Epithelial cell hyperplasia still persists. Mucogenic properties of gills continued to remain altered.

 

Author (s) Details

 

Ajai Kumar Singh
Post Graduate Department of Zoology, R. K. Talreja College of Arts, Science & Commerce, Ulhasagar-421 003, Maharashtra, India.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/crpbs/v10/4149

Assessment of Heavy Metals and Speciated Organometallic Compounds in Tilapia guineensis, Sarotherodon melanotheron and Liza falcipinnis Found in Choba River (New Calabar River), Rivers State, Nigeria | Chapter 2 | Newest Updates in Agriculture and Veterinary Science Vol. 4

 The overweight part of blackchin tilapia (Sarotherondon melanotheron), guinean tilapia (Tilapia guineensis), and mullet (Liza falcipinnis) in Choba waterway were collected and resolved for the presence of cadmium, planets orbiting sun, arsenic, lead, nickel and speciated organometallic compounds utilizing X-ray fluorescence (XRF) and Gas chromatography-bulk spectrometer (GC-MS) respectively. The results obtained demonstrated that of all the elements cadmium in Sarotherodon melanotheron had the best concentration (4.3mg/kg). The angle species all held about the same aggregation of arsenic (0.5mg/kg) and mercury (1mg/kg). The best concentration of lead was in the direction of mullet (1.7mg/kg) while the highest aggregation of nickel (7.3mg/kg) was in the direction of Sarotherodon melanotheron. The organometallic compounds detected were smaller currency in exchange for larger tetracarbonyl, borane carbonyl in Tilapia guineensis, nickel tetracarbonyl, borane carbonyl and germanium (iv) pthalocyanine dichloride in Sarotherodon melanotheron and [μ-(η6-benzene)] bis (η5-2,4-cyclopentadien-yl) di-µ-hydrodi-vanadium and borane carbonyl in mullet.

 Author(s) Details:

N. K. Owhonda,
Nigerian Institute for Oceanography and Marine Research, African Regional Aquaculture Centre, Aluu, P.M.B 5122, Port Harcourt, Nigeria.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/NUAVS-V4/article/view/10108

Assessment of Heavy Metal Concentration in Water, Soils and Sediments of La Villa River Basin, Panama | Chapter 5 | Recent Progress in Plant and Soil Research Vol. 4

 The goal was to find out how much heavy metal was in the water, sediments, and crops in the La Villa river basin in the provinces of Herrera and Los Santos in Panama. In the wet season of 2016 (May to November) and the dry season of 2017, the La Villa river basin in Panama's south central region was photographed (December to April). Twenty-two sediment and water samples were taken in the upper, middle, and lower basins using the systematic method, which entails selecting sampling stations at uniform distances and crops. The sampling was restricted to a preferably rectangular area of 10.0 m x 30.0 m, on which 15 sub-samples were taken on each grid, at a depth of 0.20 m. A rod with a clean plastic bottle was introduced against the current of the river to gather water samples. The content of heavy metals (As, Pb, Cr, Ni, Cu, Mn, Zn, and Cd) in sediments and crops was determined using USEPA (25) technique (3051A) digestion (SW-846). Heavy metals such as lead, nickel, cadmium, and manganese, which can be found in irrigation water, are a hazard because they can build in agricultural soils. Cu (upper and lower basin) and Mn (all levels) values in the sediments were found to be above the USEPA Standards during the wet season. Mn was detected in significant concentrations in the middle and lower basins, Cr in the upper and lower basins, and As in all parts of the basin during the dry season. High quantities of Mn, Zn, Cr, Cd, and Pb were identified in the waters of the basin's rivers during both rainy and dry seasons. The primary crops at each elevation of the basin were examined, with high levels of As and Cr in the top basin, and Cr and Cd in the middle and lower basins. Because 90% of the agrochemicals entering the country are meant for agriculture, it is vital to monitor the levels of heavy metals in sediments of the La Villa river basin. Each Panamanian utilises 3 kilogramme of agrochemicals per year, which is more than six times the amount used in Central America. These soils are rich in copper, manganese, and arsenic due to their geological origins, the latter being related with iron oxides and sulphides, but there is also a strong influence of anthropogenic activity, agriculture, and industry. Lead and arsenic, for example, have a low solubility in water but a high concentration in sediments. Water is the source of chromium and cadmium in crops.

Author(S) Details

José Villarreal Núñez
Instituto de Innovación Agropecuaria de Panamá, CIA-Divisa, Panama.

Adolfo Santo Pineda
Instituto de Innovación Agropecuaria de Panamá, CIA-Divisa, Panama.

Jhon Villalaz Pérez
Instituto de Innovación Agropecuaria de Panamá, CIA-Divisa, Panama.

Iván Ramos Zachrisson
Instituto de Innovación Agropecuaria de Panamá, CIA-Divisa, Panama.

View Book:- https://stm.bookpi.org/RPPSR-V4/article/view/5196

Determining Effects of Ga and As Atom on the Optical Properties of Silicene: DFT Studies | Chapter 8 | Recent Trends in Chemical and Material Sciences Vol. 3

 These researches are looking at the effects of Ga and As dopants on the optical characteristics of silicene. Silicene, a silicon analogue of graphene, is projected to perform better in the electronics market than graphene, which is still dominated by silicon. Its qualities must be controllable in order for it to broaden its applicability. Doping or applying external electric fields and stress can be used to produce qualities. Silicon, like carbon, is a member of the periodic table's group IV. In silicene, Ga (group III elements) and As (group V elements) can act as dopant donors or acceptors. As a result, in order to examine the influence of Ga atoms and Al atoms on the optical characteristics of silicon dioxide, Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations were carried out using a generic gradient technique. Refraction, reflection, and absorption are among the optical qualities investigated. Ga doping, As doping, and Ga-As codoping all diminish the value of the linear optical characteristics, according to the findings. The ability to manipulate and exploit its optical properties has aided in the development of electrical and spintronic materials based on silicene.

Author (S) Details

Mauludi Ariesto Pamungkas

Lab Pemodelan dan Simulasi, Jurusan Fisika, Universitas Brawijaya, Indonesia.

Dessy Anggraeni Setyowati

Lab Pemodelan dan Simulasi, Jurusan Fisika, Universitas Brawijaya, Indonesia.

Abdurrouf .

Lab Pemodelan dan Simulasi, Jurusan Fisika, Universitas Brawijaya, Indonesia.

Muhammad Nurhuda

Lab Pemodelan dan Simulasi, Jurusan Fisika, Universitas Brawijaya, Indonesia

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/RTCAMS-V3/article/view/4131

Spectrophotometric Atomic Absorption Assessment of Trace Amounts of Arsenic and Some Heavy Metals in Their Treatment Technology by Iron Powder | Chapter 4 | Current Advances in Chemistry and Biochemistry Vol. 6

 The determination of arsenic and heavy metals in wastewater before and after adsorption column treatment is an important science in Vietnam. Pollution from arsenic and heavy metals is also one of the causes of some incurable diseases such as cancer and tuberculosis. In this analysis, we used powdered and Fe(0) yellow sand, MnO2 powder under the granules as adsorbent in the column. The survey samples were examined using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) (SEM). According to the findings, the material is made up of magnetite Fe3O4 (38.18%), hematite Fe2O3, and other elements. 12.73%, wuestiteFeO 16.36% of the beneficial minerals for the adsorption of heavy metals. The findings showed that the substance can eliminate As and other heavy metals from the atmosphere, with adsorption capacities of 169.65 mg/kg for arsenic and 6616.05, 6664.24, 426.07, 143.06 and 120.21 mg/kg for Mn, Fe, Cu, Pb, and Cd, respectively and maintained for a period of 4 days. This suggests that sand and iron powder Fe(0) may be useful in the treatment of heavy metal waste using the column adsorption method.

Author (s) Details

Dr. Pham Thi Kim Giang
Faculty of Education, University of Education, VNU HN, 144 XuanThuy Street, CauGiay District, Hanoi, Vietnam.

Dang Xuan Thu
Faculty of Chemistry, Hanoi National University of Education, 136 XuanThuy Street, CauGiay District, Hanoi, Vietnam.

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/CACB-V6/article/view/1436

Research on Separation of Heavy Metals by Utilizing Biomass for Environmental Remediation and 3R | Chapter 4 | Challenging Issues on Environment and Earth Science Vol. 4

 The creation of a recycling-oriented society that follows the 3Rs (Reduce, Reuse, and Recycle) has become a global necessity. To achieve the 3Rs, contamination must be reduced; specifically, material reuse is unsafe unless it is contaminated to a low level. Soil contaminated with heavy metals, for example, cannot be used as a base material for plant growth because the contamination level exceeds the standard value. Heavy metal-injected wood was once used in buildings due to its resistance to termite attack. It has degraded into construction waste in this day and age. If not treated, the disposal of this wood may endanger the environment. In this study, we first used rice husk charcoal to reduce the mercury content in mine soil and then confirmed its impact on plants. The chromium was then adsorbed and separated from an elution model solution of wood containing chromium-copper-arsenic food using carbonized grape peel as an adsorbent. The copper was then separated using a biopolymer made by saponifying the peel of a mandarin orange. Finally, arsenic was absorbed by a biopolymer derived from chemically modifying zirconia. This study discovered that using biomass charcoal (rice husks) to fix the amount of mercury in the soil has little effect on plants. Furthermore, the use of biomass charcoal (sulfuric acid heat treatment of grape peels), saponified biomass polymers (orange skins), and chemical modifications (zirconium) assisted in the separation of chromium, copper, and arsenic in the chromate copper arsenate-treated wood leachate.

Author (s) Details

Dr. Gusmini
Department of Soil Science, University of Andalas, Padang, Indonesia.

Endar Hidayat
Department of Environmental Science, Prefectural University of Hiroshima, Japan.

Hiroyuki Harada
Department of Environmental Science, Prefectural University of Hiroshima, Japan.

Katsutoshi Inoue
Department of Applied Chemistry, Saga University, Japan.

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/CIEES-V4/article/view/1623

Focusing on the Quality of Potable Water Available to the Residents of Anambra State, Nigeria | Chapter 8 | Current Perspectives on Chemical Sciences Vol. 1

 

Public pipe-borne water system had collapsed in Anambra state of Nigeria, for over fifteen years,
challenging the residents of the state to resort to alternative sources of potable water, notably,
boreholes. In this work, two boreholes each in nineteen communities, one from Aguluzigbo, in three
local government areas (Anaocha, Awka-North, Awka-South) in the state were sampled, and tested
for pH, Conductivity, Hardness, Total Suspended Solids, Lead, Arsenic, Cadmium, Bacteria and
Yeast loads. The water samples were all soft and mostly acidic. The Lead, Arsenic and Cadmium
concentrations were above the tolerable limits in most communities in Anaocha and Awka-South.
Arsenic, Lead, Cadmium were absent in all the samples in Awka-North except in four communities
where Cadmium was present. Suspended solid contents were also high in all the Local Government
Areas. Overall, the quality of the water consumed by the people in the selected population calls to
question of the water and sanitation component of the public health system.

Author (s) Details

Dr.Chigozie John Onyinye Anarado
Department of Pure and Industrial Chemistry, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, P.M.B. 5025, Awka, Anambra State, Nigeria.

Charity Ebere Anarado
Department of Pure and Industrial Chemistry, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, P.M.B. 5025, Awka, Anambra State, Nigeria.

Benjamin Chimezie Izuagbachukwu
Department of Pure and Industrial Chemistry, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, P.M.B. 5025, Awka, Anambra State, Nigeria.

Uzorchukwu Michael Ogu

Department of Pure and Industrial Chemistry, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, P.M.B. 5025, Awka, Anambra State, Nigeria.

Amarachi Maduka
Department of Pure and Industrial Chemistry, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, P.M.B. 5025, Awka, Anambra State, Nigeria.

Dr. Chinyelu Ijeamaka Egwuatu
Department of Pure and Industrial Chemistry, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, P.M.B. 5025, Awka, Anambra State, Nigeria.

Dr. Valentine Ifenna Onwukeme
Department of Pure and Industrial Chemistry, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, P.M.B. 5025, Awka, Anambra State, Nigeria.

View Book :- https://bp.bookpi.org/index.php/bpi/catalog/book/253