Assessment of Mercury and Arsenic Levels in Lemongrass at Kihonda and Mafisa in Morogoro, Tanzania | Chapter 3 | Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy and Physical Experiences in Morogoro, Tanzania

 

As urbanisation and industrialisation continue to expand, there is a growing concern about the potential contamination of crops with heavy metals from various sources, including industries, infrastructures, pollution and agricultural practices. For instance, the quality and safety of lemongrass can be compromised by environmental factors, including the presence of heavy metals such as mercury and arsenic. The study aims to assess the presence and concentration of heavy metals in lemon grasses. These could have implications for the safety and quality of the lemon for various uses, including culinary and medicinal purposes. The research employs analytical techniques such as atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) to determine the levels of mercury and arsenic in the lemon grass samples. The findings of the study provide valuable insights into the environmental conditions and potential health risks associated with the consumption of lemon from Kihonda and Mafisa in Morogoro. High levels of heavy metals in food can cause serious health risks to consumers. The analysis of the concentration of arsenic and mercury in Lemongrass from Kihonda and Mafisa is compared. The concentration of arsenic in Lemongrass from Kihonda is slightly lower than that from Mafisa by 0.00186mg/kg. On the other hand, the concentration of mercury in Lemongrass from Kihonda is higher than that from Mafisa by 0.00493 mg/kg. According to studies, resulting from chronic exposure to heavy metals through contaminated food can lead to various health issues, including neurological disorders, gastrointestinal and kidney problems. It is necessary to know the level of heavy metals for safety. The study enables the readers to know the quality of the lemongrass for various uses, including culinary and medicinal purposes. The findings underscore the importance of continuous monitoring and management of soil and crop practices to ensure food safety to be in compliance with health guidelines. Immediate actions should include enhanced soil management and the adoption of improved agricultural practices.

 

 

Author(s) Details

Yusuf Ismail Koleleni
Physics Department, Muslim University of Morogoro, P.O. Box 1031, Morogoro, Tanzania.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/mono/978-93-47485-78-7/CH3

Experimental Investigation and Modelling of the Angular Velocity as a Function of the Radius in Molten Ga75In25 Alloy and Mercury Stirred by Rotation Magnetic Field | Chapter 3 | Current Research Progress in Physical Science Vol. 9

The simulation of the solidification of alloys (like the steels or aluminium alloys) which calculates the melt flow induced by RMF, needs a correct angular velocity vs radius function of the melt. Because it is impossible to obtain information about the melt flow from industrial casting directly, this information can only be obtained from well-monitored experiments using low melting point metals or alloys (e.g., Hg, Ga, GaIn). In this work, the measuring methods suitable for determining this function and analysed for their advantages and disadvantages were first summarised. The angular velocity as a function of the radius was measured by two different methods.

The first one is the Pressure Compensation Method (PCM). In this case, closed TEFLON crucibles with 60 mm length and 12.5 mm radius and Ga75wt%In25wt% alloy were used. The angular velocity (ω) was calculated from the compensation pressure measured at r = 5, 7.5, 10, and 12.5 mm in the 0 – 90 mT range of magnetic induction.

In the case of the second one, a series of data from the literature was processed. The experiments were carried out with the Turbine Wheel Method (TWM), Hg flowing in a glass tube with a diameter of 60 mm, which can be considered practically infinitely long. The value of ω was determined as a function of the radius by an anemometer immersed in Hg. The maximum value of B was 25 mT. A Two-poles inductor with 50 Hz was used in both cases.

After processing the data, it was found that (i) the angular velocity varies significantly along the radius, growing from the wall to the centre of the crucible, contrary to the assumption often used in simulations that it is constant and (ii) at the wall of the crucible, the angular velocity is not zero, contrary to the generally accepted fact that it is definitely zero.

A physical model and two types of mathematical descriptions were developed based on the two ω (B, r) datasets. The two types of ω (B, r) functions could be suitable for the validation of the simulation of melt flow during the solidification of alloys produced by RMF.

 

Author (s) Details

Andras Roosz
Institute of Physical Metallurgy, Metalforming and Nanotechnology, University of Miskolc, 3515 Miskolc, Hungary and HUN-REN-ME Materials Science Research Group, 3515 Miskolc, Hungary.

 

Arnold Ronafoldi
Institute of Physical Metallurgy, Metalforming and Nanotechnology, University of Miskolc, 3515 Miskolc, Hungary and HUN-REN-ME Materials Science Research Group, 3515 Miskolc, Hungary.

 

Maria Sveda
Institute of Physical Metallurgy, Metalforming and Nanotechnology, University of Miskolc, 3515 Miskolc, Hungary and HUN-REN-ME Materials Science Research Group, 3515 Miskolc, Hungary.

 

Zsolt Veres
Institute of Physical Metallurgy, Metalforming and Nanotechnology, University of Miskolc, 3515 Miskolc, Hungary and HUN-REN-ME Materials Science Research Group, 3515 Miskolc, Hungary.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/crpps/v9/4705

Analysis of Some Specific Elements and Speciated Compounds Commonly Found in Fishes in the New Calabar River of the Niger Delta Area, Nigeria | Chapter 2 | Contemporary Research and Perspectives in Biological Science Vol. 8

Elements like mercury, arsenic, lead and cadmium are well-known to have major human health problems. Elements exist in various forms. While some of these forms are toxic, others are not. The primary purpose of this work was to shed light on the concentrations of these toxic elements since people depend on this river for their source of fish and to also determine their speciated forms in these three fish species. The flesh of Guinean and blackchin tilapia, and mullet found in the New Calabar River (also called Choba River) were collected for elemental studies of mercury, cadmium, lead, arsenic, nickel and speciated forms. The analytical method of X-ray fluorescence (XRF) was used for the elemental studies while a Gas chromatography-mass spectrometer (GC-MS) was used for the speciated forms. The result revealed that 4.3 mg/kg was the highest concentration of cadmium observed in black chin tilapia. The three fish species all contained about 0.5 mg/kg of arsenic and 1 mg/ kg of mercury. 1.7 mg/kg of lead was detected in mullet while 7.3 mg/kg of nickel was detected in blackchin tilapia. Organometallic compounds found were nickel tetracarbonyl, borane carbonyl in Guinean tilapia, nickel tetracarbonyl, borane carbonyl and germanium(iv) pthalocyanine dichloride in blackchin tilapia and [µ-(ƞ6-benzene)] bis (ƞ5-2,4-cyclopentadien-yl) di-µ hydrodi-vanadium. Borane carbonyl was found in the mullet. The results showed that toxic elements are present and that the quantity of fish in this river that is consumed is important

 

Author (s) Details

 

Owhonda, Ndubuisi Kingsley
Nigerian Institute for Oceanography and Marine Research, Victoria Island, Lagos, Nigeria.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/crpbs/v8/3445

Assessment of Heavy Metals and Speciated Organometallic Compounds in Tilapia guineensis, Sarotherodon melanotheron and Liza falcipinnis Found in Choba River (New Calabar River), Rivers State, Nigeria | Chapter 2 | Newest Updates in Agriculture and Veterinary Science Vol. 4

 The overweight part of blackchin tilapia (Sarotherondon melanotheron), guinean tilapia (Tilapia guineensis), and mullet (Liza falcipinnis) in Choba waterway were collected and resolved for the presence of cadmium, planets orbiting sun, arsenic, lead, nickel and speciated organometallic compounds utilizing X-ray fluorescence (XRF) and Gas chromatography-bulk spectrometer (GC-MS) respectively. The results obtained demonstrated that of all the elements cadmium in Sarotherodon melanotheron had the best concentration (4.3mg/kg). The angle species all held about the same aggregation of arsenic (0.5mg/kg) and mercury (1mg/kg). The best concentration of lead was in the direction of mullet (1.7mg/kg) while the highest aggregation of nickel (7.3mg/kg) was in the direction of Sarotherodon melanotheron. The organometallic compounds detected were smaller currency in exchange for larger tetracarbonyl, borane carbonyl in Tilapia guineensis, nickel tetracarbonyl, borane carbonyl and germanium (iv) pthalocyanine dichloride in Sarotherodon melanotheron and [μ-(η6-benzene)] bis (η5-2,4-cyclopentadien-yl) di-µ-hydrodi-vanadium and borane carbonyl in mullet.

 Author(s) Details:

N. K. Owhonda,
Nigerian Institute for Oceanography and Marine Research, African Regional Aquaculture Centre, Aluu, P.M.B 5122, Port Harcourt, Nigeria.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/NUAVS-V4/article/view/10108

Role of Mitochondrial Respiratory Chain in Neurotoxic Action of Heavy Metals: Comparison of Cd2+, Hg2+ and Cu2+| Chapter 11 | Cutting Edge Research in Biology Vol. 2

 The aim of the work was to elucidate the duty of mitochondrial electron transport chain (mtETC) in neurotoxicity of severe metals, such as Cd2+, Hg2+ and Cu2+. In particular, the effects of these bivalent harmonized ions on cell being, intracellular reactive oxygen species era, respiration and mitochondrial sheet potential of rat neuron-like PC12 cell line were intentional in the absence and in the demeanor of various antioxidants and mitochondrial function modulators. As revealed, the metals substitute caused, even though in a different way, dose- and opportunity-dependent changes of all earlier parameters. Noteworthy, beginning from 10 µM and once at short incubation period (3 h), Cd2+ significantly inhibited rates of maximally uncoupled container respiration. In addition, nearly complete suppression of cellular breathing was achieved following in position or time 3 h of incubation with 50 µM Hg2+ or 500 µM Cd2+, inasmuch as even after 48 h of exposure to 500 µM Cu2+, only 50% abolition of respiration accepted place. It has been established that not only differing antioxidants (N-acetylcysteine, butylhydroxytoluene, mannitol, vitamin E, tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl) and inhibitors of mitochondrial permeability change (MPT) pores (cyclosporin A, bongkrekic acid, ruthenium red), but also specific mtETC modulators as FCCP (a widely used pretended uncoupler) and stigmatellin (a complex III inhibitor), partially look after from cell damage presented by Cd2+. However, all used mtETC modulators did not look after against Hg2+- or Cu2+-induced container injury. Importantly, stigmatellin was shown expected one of the most powerful protectors against Cd2+-induced container damage, producing a 15-20% increase in container viability. Molecular mechanisms of the difficulty of mtETC in heavy metal-inferred mitochondrial membrane permeabilization and cell cessation are discussed. As a result, the friendship between mtETC and MPT pore has become more transparent.

Author(s) Details:

Elena A. Belyaeva,
Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Thorez pr. 44, 194223, St.-Petersburg, Russia.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/CERB-V2/article/view/8893

Evidence Mercury May Be an Etiological Factor in Multiple Sclerosis | Chapter 2 | New Innovations in Chemistry and Biochemistry Vol.8

 

 Mercury is one of the most hazardous metals, with the potential to cause a wide range of health problems. The researchers wanted to see if mercury was the cause of multiple sclerosis (MS) by comparing 88 MS-related features to mercury levels. All but five factors were found to be associated to mercury, with the remaining five factors having insufficient evidence to be linked to mercury in some way.

MS is characterised by nerve demyelination, and mercury is known to cause nerve demyelination. The basal ganglia, Bell's palsy, brain atrophy and shrinkage, brain scarring, dysmetria, myelin basic protein, myelin oliodendrocytes, glycoprotein, oligoclonal bands, oligodendrocytes, ciliary neutrophil factor, white matter, axon and myelin damage, electroencephlography, and brainstem auditory evoked potentials are all involved in Autoimmunity, cytokine alterations, gamma globulins, Epstein Barr virus, T cells, herpes virus, and urinary infections are all examples of immune system abnormalities.

Hormones and biochemistry such myelin basic protein, myelin oliodendrocytes, glycoprotein, estriol, free radicals, glial cells, glucosteroids, female hormones, and inrerferon undergo similar changes.

Mercury exposure was revealed to be responsible for all 32 physical symptoms of MS, as well as all 7 mental health symptoms and all 11 ocular symptoms, according to the study.

The researchers hypothesised that people living in southern latitudes are more exposed to the sun, and that the higher levels of vitamin D, an anti-inflammatory, may assist to mitigate mercury-induced inflammation.

According to studies, there is a link between MS and dental caries and dental amalgams. Dental amalgams are the most prevalent source of mercury, according to the WHO. According to the study, mercury is most likely an etiological factor in multiple sclerosis.

Author(s) Details:

Robert Siblerud,
Rocky Mountain Research Institute, USA.


Joachim Mutter,
Environmental Medicine, 784467 Konstance Germany.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/NICB-V8/article/view/6281

Research on Separation of Heavy Metals by Utilizing Biomass for Environmental Remediation and 3R | Chapter 4 | Challenging Issues on Environment and Earth Science Vol. 4

 The creation of a recycling-oriented society that follows the 3Rs (Reduce, Reuse, and Recycle) has become a global necessity. To achieve the 3Rs, contamination must be reduced; specifically, material reuse is unsafe unless it is contaminated to a low level. Soil contaminated with heavy metals, for example, cannot be used as a base material for plant growth because the contamination level exceeds the standard value. Heavy metal-injected wood was once used in buildings due to its resistance to termite attack. It has degraded into construction waste in this day and age. If not treated, the disposal of this wood may endanger the environment. In this study, we first used rice husk charcoal to reduce the mercury content in mine soil and then confirmed its impact on plants. The chromium was then adsorbed and separated from an elution model solution of wood containing chromium-copper-arsenic food using carbonized grape peel as an adsorbent. The copper was then separated using a biopolymer made by saponifying the peel of a mandarin orange. Finally, arsenic was absorbed by a biopolymer derived from chemically modifying zirconia. This study discovered that using biomass charcoal (rice husks) to fix the amount of mercury in the soil has little effect on plants. Furthermore, the use of biomass charcoal (sulfuric acid heat treatment of grape peels), saponified biomass polymers (orange skins), and chemical modifications (zirconium) assisted in the separation of chromium, copper, and arsenic in the chromate copper arsenate-treated wood leachate.

Author (s) Details

Dr. Gusmini
Department of Soil Science, University of Andalas, Padang, Indonesia.

Endar Hidayat
Department of Environmental Science, Prefectural University of Hiroshima, Japan.

Hiroyuki Harada
Department of Environmental Science, Prefectural University of Hiroshima, Japan.

Katsutoshi Inoue
Department of Applied Chemistry, Saga University, Japan.

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/CIEES-V4/article/view/1623

A Detailed Review of Literature on Mercury Toxicity and Treatment | Chapter 12 | Current Topics in Medicine and Medical Research Vol. 9

 Mercury is a poisonous heavy metal that in nature, is widely spread. Fish consumption or dental amalgam results in most human exposure. Mercury appears in many chemical types, with pharmacokinetics that are complex. A broad range of clinical presentations can be induced by Mercury. Mercury toxicity diagnosis can be complicated but can be achieved with fair reliability. Successful clinical toxicity therapies have been defined. No consensus guidelines are currently in place for the diagnosis of mercury excess or overload of other toxic metals. A provoked urine metal production of more than 2 standard deviations above the NHANES reference range is usually considered a positive result by clinicians who specialise in this field. To explain the relationship between provoked urine outcomes and clinical disease and to record clinical outcomes, further research is required.

Author(s) Details

Robin A. Bernhoft
Bernhoft Center for Advanced Medicine, Suite A, 1200 Maricopa Highway, Ojai, California, USA and Los Angeles Center for Advanced Medicine, 2128 Pico Boulevard, Santa Monica, California 90405, USA.

View Book :- https://bp.bookpi.org/index.php/bpi/catalog/book/322