Chemical Composition of the Essential Oil of Salvia freyniana Bornm. Ex Freyn (Endemic Species) and the Significance of its Major Constituents | Chapter 6 | New Horizons of Science, Technology and Culture Vol. 7

 

Lamiaceae, one of the world's richest plant families in terms of diversity, encompasses a significant portion of plant taxa endemic to the Mediterranean region. Salvia L., among the largest and most widespread genera of this family, comprises approximately 1.000 species in Central America, Southwest Asia, and Central Asia. In the Flora of Türkiye, the Salvia genus is represented by 100 species and 114 taxa, with a very high endemism rate of 50.88%. Taxa belonging to the Salvia genus have a very wide range of uses, primarily in the medical, pharmaceutical, food, perfumery, cosmetic, and cleaning product industries. Generally herbaceous, semi-shrub, or shrubby perennial plants, Salvia species rarely exhibit biennial or annual life forms and are characteristically strongly aromatic. These aromatic properties are due to the essential oils contained within the plants. Salvia freyniana Bornm. Ex Freyn, a species endemic to the Flora of Türkiye, is a perennial plant that can grow to a height of 15–35 cm and has clusters of lilac-blue flowers. The species flowers in May–June and is distributed at altitudes between 900 and 1200 m. The composition of the essential oil obtained from the flowering parts of S. freyniana collected from its natural distribution areas during full flowering was determined by GC-MS analysis. According to the analysis results, among the 30 components identified in essential oil, camphor (16.6%), eucalyptol (15.9%), and spathulenol (11.1%) stood out as the main components. When the component groups were evaluated, it was determined that oxygenated sesquiterpenes constituted the most dominant fraction and represent the main component group of S. freyniana essential oil. Camphor has particular importance due to its versatile potential for use in medicinal, cosmetic, and industrial fields. Eucalyptol (1,8-cineol) is a monoterpene widely used in pharmaceutical and industrial applications. Spathulenol, on the other hand, is an important biologically active component known for its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and antiproliferative effects. Consequently, S. freyniana essential oil, with its high camphor, eucalyptol, and spathulenol content, reveals that this endemic species is a valuable natural resource from a pharmaceutical and industrial perspective.

 

 

Author(s) Details

BELGİN COŞGE ŞENKAL
Yozgat Bozok University, Türkiye.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/nhstc/v7/7045

Development and Validation of Sensitive GC and GC-MS Methods for the Detection and Quantification of Alkyl Mesylates in Pharmaceutical Active Ingredients | Chapter 8 | Recent Developments in Chemistry and Biochemistry Research Vol. 6

Methyl, ethyl, isopropyl, and hexyl mesylates were determined at trace levels in various active pharmaceutical ingredients by the capillary gas chromatographic method using flame ionization and mass spectrometers as detectors because of their mutagenic, carcinogenic, and teratogenic potential health risks in the medicines consumed by humans. A wide-bore gas chromatographic capillary column, the DB-WAX column (30 m × 0.53 mm × 1.0 µ m), was used for method development and validation. The carrier gas is helium for GC and GCMS methods with an injection volume of 4 µ L. Standard and sample solutions were prepared in a non-polar solvent such as n-hexane with the help of the solid-liquid extraction technique. The detection and quantitation limits were 0.02 and 0.05 ppm for methyl, ethyl, isopropyl, and hexyl mesylates for the GC and GCMS methods were achieved at very low levels by enhancing the analyte concentration up to 1 g quantity. The method was validated as per the procedures provided by the International Council for Harmonization of Technical Requirements for Pharmaceuticals for Human Use (ICH) and the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) of the United States of America. The %RSD for methyl, ethyl, isopropyl, and hexyl mesylates were less than 2.5%. The linearity of the method was demonstrated from 0.02 ppm to 5 ppm with respect to the analyte concentration, and it afforded correlation coefficients exceeding 0.99. The recoveries of methyl mesylate, ethyl mesylate, isopropyl mesylate, and hexyl mesylate were in the range of 97.1 to 107.1%. Hence, this is a robust method for the determination of alkyl mesylates in these APIs. Also, this method has been verified by a gas chromatograph equipped with mass spectrometry (GC-MS) for the detection of alkyl mesylates.

 

Author (s) Details

N Balaji
Analytical Development Laboratory, Apicore LLC, New Jersey, USA.

 

Sayeeda Sultana
Department of Chemistry, St. Peter’s University, Avadi, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/rdcbr/v6/2320

 

Application of Chromatography Methods for the Separation and Detection of Certain Benzodiazepine Drugs in Forensic Sample |Chapter 6 | Pharmaceutical Research: Recent Advances and Trends Vol. 7

Benzodiazepines (BZDs) are widely used in pharmacotherapy as antiepileptic, muscle relaxant, hypnotic, and anesthetic inductors. These drugs were once an occasional problem, today they have become much more common. Due to the structural similarity of the specimens encountered by the forensic laboratory, an array of instruments is needed to correctly identify these substances. Any of the BZDs can be identified by combining the results obtained with different mobile phases. For pharmaceutical sample preparation, each type of BZD tablet was accurately weighed and powdered in a mortar. Ten milligrams were taken and dissolved in 10 mL of methanol and sonicated for five minutes. Forensic Scientists are required to identify an ever-increasing and more complex assortment of drugs and related compounds. Rapid, sensitive, and specific thin-layer chromatography (TLC), high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) methods were utilized for the analysis of certain benzodiazepines (BZDs). HPLC proposes a cost-efficient method with the ruggedness and consistency necessary for forensic testing and consequently is widely used in forensic laboratories today. GC-MS is one of the most commonly used techniques for the identification and quantitation of forensic drug samples. As a “hyphenated” technique, it combines the separation power of a GC with the analyte specificity of a spectroscopic technique, provided that vastly specific spectral data on individual compounds in a complex mixture often devoid of prior separation. We succeeded in the separation of the encountered BZD drug diazepam in the forensic sample. The method was validated for linearity, accuracy, precision, and limit of detection. This method could be potentially applied in the analysis of forensic samples from drug-facilitated sexual assault cases. A competent forensic toxicologist relies on their own case experience as well as the unique state of affairs of each case under assessment.

 

Author (s) Details

Karuppasamy Gurusamy
Regional Forensic Science Laboratory, Government of Tamil Nadu, Madurai – 20, India and Department of Chemistry, Raja Doraisingam Government Arts College, Government of Tamil Nadu, Sivagangai, India.

A. Cyril
Department of Chemistry, Raja Doraisingam Government Arts College, Government of Tamil Nadu, Sivagangai, India.

Subbiah Thangadurai
Department of Chemistry, Government Arts and Science College, Government of Tamil Nadu, Sivakasi – 24, India..

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/prrat/v7/1627

Bio-Glycerol Synthesis and Characterisation from Palm Kernel Seed Oil of Cameroon | Chapter 3 | Chemistry and Biochemistry: Research Progress Vol. 6

A good fraction of glycerol used for industrial and research applications is produced from fossil fuel sources through various synthetic routes. Owing to the fact that petroleum is a nonrenewable source of energy and fossil fuels are gradually undergoing extinction, more research is tilted towards renewable energy sources, which have greater technological, environmental and health advantages. Hence, in this study, bio-glycerol was synthesised from Cameroon palm kernel oil (PKO) through the transesterification procedure. Some essential materials in this study included palm kernel seeds obtained from the Widikum sub-division of the North West region of Cameroon, a mechanical press for vegetable oil extraction, Soxhlet extractor used for more efficient oil extraction of palm kernel oil from seeds. Palm kernel oil was extracted from palm kernel seeds by employing a mechanical expeller and solvent extraction. The Soxhlet apparatus was used to extract palm kernel seed oil, targeting a more accurate percentage oil content determination of palm kernel seeds. Using the mechanical press, the oil, and the percentage oil content shall be less accurate as the press-cake contains non-zero quantities of palm kernel seed oil. The palm kernel oil was purified and characterised by physico-chemical methods and used in the transesterification process to give biodiesel and bio-glycerol. The biodiesel was purified and characterised as reported in previous study in this research series. Our focus in this study is on glycerol, an important by-product of the transesterification process, which has potential pharmaceutical, cosmetic and engineering applications. The bio-glycerol was purified by acidification, and the purified glycerol was subjected to physical and chemical characterisation. The specific gravity of glycerol was obtained as 1.2 kg/L, viscosity at 40oC gave 1500 cSt and 500 cSt at 100oC; pH was 7.4; the flash point was 160oC, and the ASTM colour was 2.0 before purification and zero after purification. The sulfur content was 0.016%w/v. This sulfur content is low, thus posing no environmental threat. The chemical composition of the synthesised bio-glycerol, determined using IR spectroscopy and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), confirmed the known chemical structure of glycerol. Some impurity molecules present in the bio-glycerol synthetic mixture may come from glycerol fragments and other molecular fragments in the transesterification medium due to oxidative and slight polymerisation processes in the reaction medium. The purification and analysis of bio-glycerol is important as it can find applications in the pharmaceutical, cosmetic and food industries inter alia. Apart from the existing industries that currently make use of glycerol, the development of more innovative technologies for the conversion of crude glycerol to new products needs to be encouraged. Hence, obtaining bio-glycerol from palm kernel seed oil further enhances industrial waste minimisation, environmental sanitisation, and cost-effective manufacturing in Africa in general and Cameroon in particular.

 

Author (s) Details

Michael Bong Alang
Department of Applied Chemistry, National School of Agro-Industrial Sciences (ENSAI), University of Ngaoundéré, Ngaoundéré, Cameroon.

 

Ndikontar Maurice Kor
Department of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon.

 

Peter T. Ndifon
Department of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/cbrp/v6/5269

Analysis of Some Specific Elements and Speciated Compounds Commonly Found in Fishes in the New Calabar River of the Niger Delta Area, Nigeria | Chapter 2 | Contemporary Research and Perspectives in Biological Science Vol. 8

Elements like mercury, arsenic, lead and cadmium are well-known to have major human health problems. Elements exist in various forms. While some of these forms are toxic, others are not. The primary purpose of this work was to shed light on the concentrations of these toxic elements since people depend on this river for their source of fish and to also determine their speciated forms in these three fish species. The flesh of Guinean and blackchin tilapia, and mullet found in the New Calabar River (also called Choba River) were collected for elemental studies of mercury, cadmium, lead, arsenic, nickel and speciated forms. The analytical method of X-ray fluorescence (XRF) was used for the elemental studies while a Gas chromatography-mass spectrometer (GC-MS) was used for the speciated forms. The result revealed that 4.3 mg/kg was the highest concentration of cadmium observed in black chin tilapia. The three fish species all contained about 0.5 mg/kg of arsenic and 1 mg/ kg of mercury. 1.7 mg/kg of lead was detected in mullet while 7.3 mg/kg of nickel was detected in blackchin tilapia. Organometallic compounds found were nickel tetracarbonyl, borane carbonyl in Guinean tilapia, nickel tetracarbonyl, borane carbonyl and germanium(iv) pthalocyanine dichloride in blackchin tilapia and [µ-(ƞ6-benzene)] bis (ƞ5-2,4-cyclopentadien-yl) di-µ hydrodi-vanadium. Borane carbonyl was found in the mullet. The results showed that toxic elements are present and that the quantity of fish in this river that is consumed is important

 

Author (s) Details

 

Owhonda, Ndubuisi Kingsley
Nigerian Institute for Oceanography and Marine Research, Victoria Island, Lagos, Nigeria.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/crpbs/v8/3445

Goat Margarine: Nutritional Composition and Antibacterial Properties for a Healthier Choice | Chapter 4 | Research Perspectives of Microbiology and Biotechnology Vol. 9

Traditional goat margarine can be made by separating the fat from butter. The structure of margarine contains carbon, hydrogen and oxygen, those atoms are bonded together (saturated and unsaturated). Goat milk collected from domesticated goats, pieces of cloth, yogurt, refrigerator and milk pudding machine, and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). The aim of the study is to evaluate the chemical constituents of goat margarine and its antibacterial activity against bacterial pathogens. In this study, 2g of the goat margarine was mixed thoroughly with 7 ml of alcoholic sodium hydroxide. The margarine constituents were examined by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS), it contained 41 compounds, fifteen of which were identified as the major compound, Hexadecanoic acid, methyl ester (22.39%), Methyl stearate (14.92%), methyl elaidate (13.80%), Methyl tetradecanoate (10.74%), Capric acid, methyl ester (8.34%) Lauric acid (4.52%) methyl octanoate (2.70%), linoleic acid methyl ester (2.57%), Methyl 11-octadecenoate (1.90%), methyl caproate (1.77%), Methyl pentadecanoate (1.72%), Methyl (8E,11E)-8,11-octadecadienoate (1.70%), Heptadecanoic acid, methyl ester, (1.46%),trans-13-Octadecenoic acid, methyl ester (Oleic acid) (1.20%), Methyl palmioleate (1.00%). For microbial sensitivity test using the paper disc diffusion method, to screen the antibacterial activity of goat margarine and performed by using Muller Hinton agar. The effect of goat margarine, against four different pathogenic bacteria Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhimurium, and Bacillus cereus, were carried out by using a disc diffusion technique, the antibacterial activity was detected against Salmonella typhimurium. With the least effect on Escherichia coli. The antibacterial activity of the antibiotics, (Ciprofloxacin, Tetracycline Ceftriaxone, Chloramphenicol and Gentamycin), were tested by the disc diffusion technique, and by measuring zones of inhibition, shows that there were differences, among all antibiotics the highest activity of antibiotic against bacteria was due to the action of ciprofloxacin. Ceftriaxone and Tetracycline antibiotics give the lowest activity. Among the bacteria the highest inhibition zone by antibiotic against Salmonella typhimurium, and the lowest one against Escherichia coli. This study concludes that goat margarine contains non-polar components that have potent antibacterial activity against pathogen bacteria.

 

Author (s) Details

 

Rasha Khalid Abbas
Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Applied and Industrial Science, University of Bahri, Sudan and Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Arts in Mukhwa, University of Albaha, 65931, Al Bahah, Saudi Arabia.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/rpmab/v9/4067

Antiplasmodial Potentials and GC-MS Analysis of Bioactive Compounds in Methanol and Ethanol Leaf Extracts of Daniellia oliveri | Chapter 7 | Research Advances in Microbiology and Biotechnology Vol. 7

 The aim of the study was to resolve D. oliveri utilizing qualitative, all-inclusive, and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectroscopy (GC-MS) analytical systems to screen for phytochemical components and determine bioactive essences. The information concerning phytochemical compounds are not only supportive for finding of therapeutic potential, but also have an alive contribution towards finding of new semi-synthetic and artificial compounds. The identification of bioactive details required for evaluating the antiplasmodial potentials of flammable liquid and ethanol leaf extracts of Daniellia oliveri (D. oliveri) concede possibility be accomplished by subjective, quantitative, and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) analyses. The leaves were composed in Anyigba, Kogi state from which intoxicating and ethanol extracts were prepared, phytochemical parts detected and bioactive compounds driven using GC-MS. Results demonstrated the presence of alkaloid, tannin, reducing carbohydrate, saponin, terpenoid, phenol, cardiac glycosides and flavonoid in the extracts. Phenol showed the maximal concentration (46.14 and 43.09 mg/100g) while terpenoid showed hostile concentration (10.63 and 9.97 mg/100g) in intoxicating and ethanol extracts respectively. GC-MS study revealed the closeness of higher elements (57) in methanol extract compared to intoxicating extract (27). This study provides controlled evidence that methanol may be a better ancestry solvent for GC-MS reasoning of D. oliveri leaves meant expected used for the determination of antiplasmodial endeavor than ethanol on account of higher components discovered in methanol extract distinguished to ethanol extract.

Author(s) Details:

Muhammed Muazu,
Pharmacology Laboratory, College of Health Sciences, Kogi State University, Anyigba, Nigeria.

Abdulsalami Mohammed Sani,
Department of Biotechnology, Nigerian Defence Academy, PMB 2109, Kaduna, Nigeria.

Karderam Bukar Dikwa,
Department of Biological Sciences, Nigerian Defence Academy Kaduna, Nigeria.

Deborah Madi Dibal,
Department of Biological Sciences, Nigerian Defence Academy Kaduna, Nigeria.

Kokori Bajeh Tijani,
Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Basic Clinical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Kogi State University, Anyigba, Nigeria.

Junaidu Yahaya,
Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Kogi State University, Anyigba, Nigeria.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/RAMB-V7/article/view/12177

Chemical Composition and Biological Activities of Tunisian Wild Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) Essential Oils | Chapter 2 | Novel Aspects on Chemistry and Biochemistry Vol. 6

This study was ventured with the aim to distinguish the phytochemical composition and to evaluate the antioxidant, the uncontaminated and the anti-biofilm ventures of Tunisian wild rosemary essential oils (REOs). The synthetic composition of REOs was resolved by GC-MS and its antioxidant activity was driven using 2, 2- diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging arrangement. The antibacterial project, evaluated by plate diffusion and micro-something for dunking method, and the antagonistic-biofilm activity, evaluated using a crystal lilac test, were tested against two Gram-beneficial bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis) and two Gram-negative strains (Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium). Thirty-individual compounds were identified in REOs that represent 95.64-97.43% of the oil. The main parts of the REOs that define the chemotype were eucalyptol (40.77-55.47%), camphor (5.42-18.65%) and α-pinene (9.88- 13.83%). REOs revealed antiradical activity by restricting DPPH radical with IC50 principles ranging from 397.51 to 792.53μL/mL. The inhibition district diameter principles were determined and the results accompanied that all the tested REOs showed a forceful activity against all bacterial strains. The minimum inhibitory aggregation (MIC) varied 'tween <0.97 and 1.95 except MIC of S. typhimurium that reached 3.9μL/mL and the minimum uncontaminated concentration (MBC) ranged from 0.97 to 15.62 μL/mL. Furthermore, the intentional REOs showed potential antagonistic-biofilm activities. The percentages of restriction varied from >50% to as well 90% except for KS and KMS against Salmonella typhimurium, where the restriction rates did not beat the 37%. Similarly, in the eradication venture, the majority of the tested REOs were capable to eradicate the bacterial preinstalled biofilms accompanying rates attending the 92%. Rosemary EOs shown interesting organic activities that explain the established uses of bioactive molecules concerning this plant that could be further investigated for food and drug industries as a potential source of normal antioxidant and antibacterial bioactive compounds.

Author(s) Details:

Kheiria Hcini,
Biodiversity, Biotechnology and Climate Change Laboratory (LR11ES09), Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, 2092, Tunisia and University of Gafsa, Faculty of Sciences of Gafsa, Department of Life Sciences, University Campus, Sidi Ahmed Zarroug, 2112 Gafsa, Tunisia.

Abir Bahi,
Department of Food Science, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, United Arab Emarates University, P.O. Box No 15551, Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates, and Laboratory of Bioressources: Integrative Biology and Valorization (LR14 ES06), Superior Institute of Biotechnology of Monatsir, Tunisia.

Mounir Abidi,
Laboratory of Biotechnology and Biomonitoring of the Environment and Oasis Ecosystems (LR21ES26), University of Gafsa, Faculty of Sciences of Gafsa, Department of Life Sciences, University Campus, Sidi Ahmed Zarroug, 2112 Gafsa, Tunisia.

Monia Bendhifi Zarroug,
Biodiversity, Biotechnology and Climate Change Laboratory (LR11ES09), Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, 2092, Tunisia and University of Gafsa, Faculty of Sciences of Gafsa, Department of Life Sciences, University Campus, Sidi Ahmed Zarroug, 2112 Gafsa, Tunisia.

Samiha Kahlaoui,
Biodiversity, Biotechnology and Climate Change Laboratory (LR11ES09), Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, 2092, Tunisia.

Maria Quílez,
Departamento de Desarrollo Rural, Enología y Agricultura Sostenible, Instituto Murciano de Investigación y DesarrolloAgrario y Medioambiental (IMIDA), La Alberca (Murcia), 30150, Spain.

Maria José Jordan,
Departamento de Desarrollo Rural, Enología y Agricultura Sostenible, Instituto Murciano de Investigación y DesarrolloAgrario y Medioambiental (IMIDA), La Alberca (Murcia), 30150, Spain.

Sondes Stambouli-Essassi,
Biodiversity, Biotechnology and Climate Change Laboratory (LR11ES09), Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, 2092, Tunisia.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/NACB-V6/article/view/11714

Assessment of Heavy Metals and Speciated Organometallic Compounds in Tilapia guineensis, Sarotherodon melanotheron and Liza falcipinnis Found in Choba River (New Calabar River), Rivers State, Nigeria | Chapter 2 | Newest Updates in Agriculture and Veterinary Science Vol. 4

 The overweight part of blackchin tilapia (Sarotherondon melanotheron), guinean tilapia (Tilapia guineensis), and mullet (Liza falcipinnis) in Choba waterway were collected and resolved for the presence of cadmium, planets orbiting sun, arsenic, lead, nickel and speciated organometallic compounds utilizing X-ray fluorescence (XRF) and Gas chromatography-bulk spectrometer (GC-MS) respectively. The results obtained demonstrated that of all the elements cadmium in Sarotherodon melanotheron had the best concentration (4.3mg/kg). The angle species all held about the same aggregation of arsenic (0.5mg/kg) and mercury (1mg/kg). The best concentration of lead was in the direction of mullet (1.7mg/kg) while the highest aggregation of nickel (7.3mg/kg) was in the direction of Sarotherodon melanotheron. The organometallic compounds detected were smaller currency in exchange for larger tetracarbonyl, borane carbonyl in Tilapia guineensis, nickel tetracarbonyl, borane carbonyl and germanium (iv) pthalocyanine dichloride in Sarotherodon melanotheron and [μ-(η6-benzene)] bis (η5-2,4-cyclopentadien-yl) di-µ-hydrodi-vanadium and borane carbonyl in mullet.

 Author(s) Details:

N. K. Owhonda,
Nigerian Institute for Oceanography and Marine Research, African Regional Aquaculture Centre, Aluu, P.M.B 5122, Port Harcourt, Nigeria.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/NUAVS-V4/article/view/10108

Prorifling of Elusive Organic Alalgam from Post-mortem Microbes: A Review Study| Chapter 1 | Cutting Edge Research in Biology Vol. 3

 Atomization of comfortable cadaver decomposition frequently results in evolution of a variety of chemical compounds which are planned responsible for formed scent by decomposed body; called as Volatile organic compounds. VOCs are customarily blended with breakdown and cater potential to study the profile of synthetic compounds which are produced from various microbes. Researchers have captured many initiatives to study about VOCs from mainly 3 after death microbes of pig cadaver. The species were immunized using standard nutrient agar in head room vials. This study was initiated to catch VOC profiling form post-mortem bacteria and to impel occasion since death. By this time, no study has happened initiated on human being, thus, we tried to study the VOC produced by informer and pig skeleton from post-mortem microbes by utilizing GC-MS using SPME arrow system. It was observed that each microbial species produces various profile and result of VOC’s increase along with the time break and can be used for perseverance of death from human remnant’s bacteria.

Author(s) Details:

Amit Chauhan,
Department of Life Sciences, School of Sciences, CHRIST (Deemed to be University) Bangalore, Karnataka-560029, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/CERB-V3/article/view/9192

Molecular Docking Studies of Active Phytochemicals from Leaf Extracts of Pseuderanthemum bicolor (SIMS) Radik with Alpha-amylase Inhibition Potential| Chapter 6 | Cutting Edge Research in Biology Vol. 2

 Pseuderanthemum bicolor usually called limang-sugat owned by the family Acanthaceae. Leaves of P.bicolor were extracted accompanying methanol, kill and ethyl acetate. The extracts were subjected for beginning-amylase inhibition assay and hooking up study using GC-MS analysis result. Leaf extracts were willing by decoction arrangement and have been judged for alpha-amylase restriction assay and protein-ligand docking study against alpha-amylase protein. Among the three various extracts most significant substance causing chemicals to split into simpler substances inhibition was accompanied by ethyl acetate extract with maximal inhibition of 43.1% at 1mg/ml concentration. The remark drug acarbose revealed 96% hindrance at 0.5mg/ml concentration. The big bioactive compounds obtained from intoxicating, chloroform and ethyl acetate extracts were 1,6;2,3-Dianhydro-4-Deoxy-Beta-D-Ribo-Hexopyranose, Pseduosarsasapogenin-5,20-Dien,Methyl Ether/ Hexatriacontane, Di-N-Decylsulfone/Octadecanal, Squalene respectively. A total of 19 subordinate metabolites were tested for protein-ligand berthing against alpha-amylase protein, accompanying the reference drug acarbose professed a binding energy of -7.8 Kcal/mol and forming 20 hydrogen bonds accompanying the enzyme. Among the 19 test ligands, ‘2,2-Dibromocholestanone’from ethyl acetate extract personified highest separation energy of -9.3 Kcal/mol. The next highest extraordinary inhibition was showed by ‘Pseduosarsasapogenin-5,20-Dien Methyl Ether’ present in the intoxicating extract, with a separation energy of -9.3 Kcal/mol with the establishment of 2 hydrogen bonds. From the result it could be decided  that  the P. bicolor contain effective  bioactive  compounds, needs further research on pharmacological facets to develop a novel drugs.

Author(s) Details:

B. S. Ramesh,
Department of Botany, Nrupathunga University, Bengaluru, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/CERB-V2/article/view/8888

Investigation of Hypolipidemic Activity of Nanoparticles Containing Ethanolic Extract of Cocculus pendulus in High Fat Fed Rats | Chapter 2 | Challenges and Advances in Pharmaceutical Research Vol. 2

Cardiovascular disease is caused by an abnormal presence of lipids in the circulation (CVD). The major goal of this work was to make nanoparticles from an ethanolic extract of Cocculus pendulus and test their hypolipidemic efficacy in rats fed a high-fat diet. Preliminary phytochemical examination of the complete plant of Cocculus pendulus indicated the presence of alkaloids, phytosterols, flavonoids, triterpenes, and volatile oils, among other phytoconstituents. HPTLC fingerprinting of an ethanolic extract of the plant Cocculus pendulus displays 13 peaks at 256 nm and 10 peaks at 366 nm, respectively, while GC-MS analysis demonstrates the presence of -Sitosterol as a marker component. The use of nanotechnology to improve the bioavailability of herbal medicines is a promising strategy. The optimal nanoformulation revealed a mean particle size, polydispersity index, and zeta potential of 536 nm, 0.256, and 16.4 mV, respectively, of ethanolic extract of Cocculus pendulus nanoparticles prepared using the Solvent evaporation approach. On male Wistar rats, antiatherogenic efficacy was tested using ethanolic extract dosages of 200, 400 mg/kg and optimised nanoparticles doses of 40, 80 mg/kg. The effects of two different dosages of ethanolic extract of Cocculus pendulus and nano formulations on an 8-week high-fat diet were investigated. Finally, results show that when Cocculus pendulus and Nano formulations were administered orally at two dose levels, there was a significant reduction in body weight, total cholesterol, low density lipoprotein, phospholipids, triglycerides, and VLDL levels, as well as a similarly significant increase in high density lipoprotein levels. Cocculus pendulus nanoparticles with doses of 40 mg/kg and 80 mg/kg had better hypolipidemic action than the ethanolic extract of Cocculus pendulus with doses of 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg.

Author(s) Details:

Sampath Kumar Ramala,
Department of Pharmacy, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar-608002, Tamil Nadu, India.

G. Alagumanivasagam,
Department of Pharmacy, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar-608002, Tamil Nadu, India.

A. Kottai Muthu,
Department of Pharmacy, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar-608002, Tamil Nadu, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/CAPR-V2/article/view/6574

Exploring the Biological Potentials of Cissus quadrangularis Linn. with Special Reference Exploiting the Anticancer and Antibacterial Activities| Chapter 6 |Innovations in Microbiology and Biotechnology Vol.4

The work's main goal was to unzip the constructional usage of Cissus quadrangularis Linn's biopotentials, which could lead to the discovery of new medication leads for life-threatening and difficult-to-treat disorders. The plant was obtained in the Shenbagathoppu Reserved Forest, which is located in Tamil Nadu, India's southernmost state. For extraction, three different solvents were used: ethyl acetate, hexane, and water. GC-MS was used to examine the extracts' phytochemical fingerprint. The decoctions of aqueous, ethyl acetate, and hexane extracts yielded 37, 43, and 38 diverse chemicals, respectively. The biological potentials of chemicals separated from Cissus quadrangularis Linn were evaluated in this work for anticancer and antibacterial purposes. The IC50 value of ethyl acetate extract was determined to be the lowest of the three extracts, at 1.27 g/ml. Hexane extract and aqueous had IC50 values of 4.12 g/ml and 4.46 g/ml, respectively. The greatest zone of inhibition was 14 mm against Escherichia coli in ethyl acetate extract and 9 mm against Escherichia coli in hexane extract, indicating that increasing the concentration of extract increased the zone of inhibition.

Author(s) Details:

P. Samuel,
Ayya Nadar Janaki Ammal College (Autonomous), Sivakasi, Tamilnadu, India.


J. Augostriena,
Department of Biotechnology, Ayya Nadar Janaki Ammal College (Autonomous), Sivakasi, Tamilnadu, India.


T. Selvarathinam,
Ayya Nadar Janaki Ammal College (Autonomous), Sivakasi, Tamilnadu, India.


D. N. P. Sudarmani,
Ayya Nadar Janaki Ammal College (Autonomous), Sivakasi, Tamilnadu, India.


Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/IMB-V4/article/view/6226

Determination of Bioactivity and Therapeutic Potential of Beta vulgaris (L.) Ethanolic Leaf Extracts | Chapter 3 | Current Aspects in Pharmaceutical Research and Development Vol. 5

 Humans have been demonstrated to benefit from the health benefits of plants, animals, and microorganisms. Plant remedies are still utilised by 80 percent of the world's population in developing countries, according to the World Health Organization. Secondary metabolites generated from plants are macromolecules that have a variety of biological properties that are useful to humans, such as antiallergic, anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, and antioxidant capabilities. Using Gas Chromatography – Mass Spectrometry, the bioactive components and therapeutic potential of Beta vulgaris (L.) leaf extracts were determined in this chapter (GC-MS). Perkin-Elmer Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry was used to determine the bioactive chemicals present in Beta vulgaris (L.) leaves powder, and the mass spectra of the compounds obtained in the extract matched the NIST library. The existence of 25 bioactive chemicals with varied area percentages and structural features was discovered using GC-MS analysis of an ethanolic extract of Beta vulgaris (L.). 1,3,5,7-Tetroxane (73.1%), Decane (83.1%), and Azulene (83.1%) are the primary bioactive chemicals (73.8 percent ), 4-Hepten-2-one, 5-ethyl-3,3,4-trimethyl-(71.1%), 6-Amino-1,3,5-triazine-2,4 (1H, 3H)-dione(65.1%), Phthalic acid, 4-bromophenyl ethyl ester(83.7%), Neophtadiene(93.1%), Neophytadiene(93.1%), Neophytadiene(93.1%) (88.2 percent ) Hexadecanoic acid, methyl ester (84.8%), n-Hexadecanoic acid (84.3%), Phytol (86.0%), 9-octadecenoic acid, (E)(88.6%), 2-Hexadecen-1-ol,3,7,11,15-tetramethyl-acetate,[R-[R*,R*-(E)]] - (64.0%), 1-Tricosene (72.3%), and 17-Pentatriacontene (17.3%). (65.6 percent ). The majority of identified compounds have bioactivities such as Antimalaria, Anti-inflammatory, Antibacterial, Antifungal, Antiviral, Antidiabetic, Antioxidant, Anticancer, Analgesic, Anti-hyperlipidemic, Hypocholesterolemic, Hepatoprotective, and Anti-androgenic, making them suitable for use as a phytopharmaceutical plant. As a result, ethanol extract of Beta vulgaris (L.) leaves shows promise as a source of pharmacologically important bioactive chemicals.

Author(S) Details

J. Harine Sargunam
Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Jamal Mohamed College (Autonomous), Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, India.

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Study on Volatile Constituents, Cytotoxic Activity and Antioxidant Potential of Fixed Extracts of Copaifera luetzelburgii Harms | Chapter 2 | Current Aspects in Pharmaceutical Research and Development Vol.2

 Copaibas (Leguminosae - Caesalpinoideae) are native to Latin America's tropical regions and West Africa. Their stem barks are employed as a cicatrizing, anti-inflammatory, antiseptic, and anticancer agent in folk medicine. As a result, a phytochemical research of the qualitative and quantitative chemical composition of the volatile and fixed elements of the Copaifera luetzelburgii stem's leaves and bark is required, as well as their cytotoxicity, antioxidant capacity, and total phenol content. The goal of this study was to determine the chemical composition of volatile compounds, cytotoxic activity, and antioxidant potential of C. luetzelburgii Harms, which is abundantly spread in the Quilombola Community, municipality of So Miguel do Tapuio, State of Piau, Brazil. Hydrodistillation was used to extract the volatile components, which were then evaluated by GC-MS. LC-ESI-TOF-MS was also used to examine the ethanolic stem extract (EECC). The leaf and stem bark extracts (SBE) were screened for phytochemicals, with the SBE showing the most promise. While germacrene D (27.12 percent), -caryophilylene (16.43 percent), and germacrene B (12.58 percent) were found to be the major constituents in the essential oil from leaves (EOL), the oil of the stem bark contained -selinene (26.79 percent), 7-epi—selinene (24.73 percent), and -selinene (14.63 percent). Toxicity testing was carried out in Artemia salina, with inactive results (LC50 >1000g mL-1). The EECC had the highest total phenol content of 31.41 3.07, as well as the best antioxidant activity against the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH) with CE50 value of 40.11 2.31, while the ethanolic extract of copaiba leaves (EEFC) had CE50 value of 74.13 6.05, all ready for the test 2,2'-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulf As a result, we believe that this work will contribute greatly to future phytochemistry and pharmacology studies on the species.

Author(s) Details

Sidney Goncalo de Lima
Organic Geochemistry Laboratory, Graduate Program in Chemistry, Federal University of Piauí, 64049-550, Teresina-PI, Brazil.

Juliana de Sousa Figueredo
Organic Geochemistry Laboratory, Graduate Program in Chemistry, Federal University of Piauí, 64049-550, Teresina-PI, Brazil.

Marcelo Costa dos Santos
Organic Geochemistry Laboratory, Graduate Program in Chemistry, Federal University of Piauí, 64049-550, Teresina-PI, Brazil.

Allan Kayk Sales Meneses
Organic Geochemistry Laboratory, Graduate Program in Chemistry, Federal University of Piauí, 64049-550, Teresina-PI, Brazil.

Marcio dos Santos Rocha
Organic Geochemistry Laboratory, Graduate Program in Chemistry, Federal University of Piauí, 64049-550, Teresina-PI, Brazil.

José Galberto Martins da Costa
Graduate Program in Molecular Bioprospection, Laboratory of Natural Products Research, URCA, Crato-CE, Brazil.

Rozeverter Moreno Fernandes
Federal University of Piauí, Department of Veterinary Morphophysiology, University Campus Minister Petronio Portella, 64049-550, Teresina-PI, Brazil.

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Study on Isolation and Characterization of Crude oil Degrading Bacteria from Oil Spill Sites of Ennore Port | Chapter 7 | New Visions in Biological Science Vol. 1

 The goal of this study was to isolate and identify bacterial strains as well as assess their crude oil biodegradation capacity in vitro. Oil spills are a major cause of pollution and a constant threat to the maritime environment. Crude oil degrading microbes were isolated and identified using 16S rRNA gene sequencing to solve the problem. Under in vitro settings, a preliminary investigation was conducted to assess the potential of local bacterial strains to use crude oils as the sole carbon source. The oil breakdown efficiency of seven isolated bacterial strains from the oil spill impacted areas was tested. Using selected bacterial cultures, biodegradation studies were carried out in 1% crude oil for 12 days. Only three of the seven isolates, P. aeruginosa (AMETOS02), P. stuartii (AMETOS01 & AMETOS03), showed the highest oil degradation potential. P. stuartii (AMETOS03) shown potential biosurfactant activity, and the kind of hydrocarbon degraded was investigated further using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Our findings suggest that P. stuartii (AMETOS03) is a viable candidate for bioremediation of crude oil (hydrocarbon).

Author (S) Details

Gokulalakshmi Elayaperumal
Human Genetics Laboratory, Sree Balaji Dental College and Hospital, Bharath Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.

M. Vanitha Chinnathambi
Department of Biotechnology, Guru Nanak College Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.

K. Ramalingam
Centre for Marine Exploration, Department of Marine Biotechnology, AMET University, Kanathur, Chennai-603112, India.

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Study on Isolation and Characterization of Crude oil Degrading Bacteria from Oil Spill Sites of Ennore Port | Chapter 7 | New Visions in Biological Science Vol. 1

 The goal of this study was to isolate and identify bacterial strains as well as assess their crude oil biodegradation capacity in vitro. Oil spills are a major cause of pollution and a constant threat to the maritime environment. Crude oil degrading microbes were isolated and identified using 16S rRNA gene sequencing to solve the problem. Under in vitro settings, a preliminary investigation was conducted to assess the potential of local bacterial strains to use crude oils as the sole carbon source. The oil breakdown efficiency of seven isolated bacterial strains from the oil spill impacted areas was tested. Using selected bacterial cultures, biodegradation studies were carried out in 1% crude oil for 12 days. Only three of the seven isolates, P. aeruginosa (AMETOS02), P. stuartii (AMETOS01 & AMETOS03), showed the highest oil degradation potential. P. stuartii (AMETOS03) shown potential biosurfactant activity, and the kind of hydrocarbon degraded was investigated further using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Our findings suggest that P. stuartii (AMETOS03) is a viable candidate for bioremediation of crude oil (hydrocarbon).

Author (S) Details

Gokulalakshmi Elayaperumal
Human Genetics Laboratory, Sree Balaji Dental College and Hospital, Bharath Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.

M. Vanitha Chinnathambi
Department of Biotechnology, Guru Nanak College Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.

K. Ramalingam
Centre for Marine Exploration, Department of Marine Biotechnology, AMET University, Kanathur, Chennai-603112, India.

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Phytochemical Analysis of the Flower Buds, Pedicels and Leaves of Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Merril and Perry | Chapter 10 | Technological Innovation in Pharmaceutical Research Vol. 5

 The goal of this work was to use Gas-Chromatography Mass Spectrometry to examine the principal chemical components of Syzygium aromaticum flower buds, pedicels, and leaves. Eugenol is the main ingredient in all pedicels (79.75 percent), buds (74.12 percent), and leaves (51.03 percent ). Acetyleugenol, Caryophyllene, Humulene, and Caryophyllene oxide are also significant components in addition to eugenol. Eugenol's therapeutic properties include antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, anticancer, anti-diabetic, anesthetic, and antioxidant properties.

Author (s) Details

V. S. Rajalekshmy
Department of Botany, Sri Parasakthi College for Women, Courtallam, India.

V. Manimekalai
Department of Botany, Sri Parasakthi College for Women, Courtallam, India.

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