Application of Chromatography Methods for the Separation and Detection of Certain Benzodiazepine Drugs in Forensic Sample |Chapter 6 | Pharmaceutical Research: Recent Advances and Trends Vol. 7

Benzodiazepines (BZDs) are widely used in pharmacotherapy as antiepileptic, muscle relaxant, hypnotic, and anesthetic inductors. These drugs were once an occasional problem, today they have become much more common. Due to the structural similarity of the specimens encountered by the forensic laboratory, an array of instruments is needed to correctly identify these substances. Any of the BZDs can be identified by combining the results obtained with different mobile phases. For pharmaceutical sample preparation, each type of BZD tablet was accurately weighed and powdered in a mortar. Ten milligrams were taken and dissolved in 10 mL of methanol and sonicated for five minutes. Forensic Scientists are required to identify an ever-increasing and more complex assortment of drugs and related compounds. Rapid, sensitive, and specific thin-layer chromatography (TLC), high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) methods were utilized for the analysis of certain benzodiazepines (BZDs). HPLC proposes a cost-efficient method with the ruggedness and consistency necessary for forensic testing and consequently is widely used in forensic laboratories today. GC-MS is one of the most commonly used techniques for the identification and quantitation of forensic drug samples. As a “hyphenated” technique, it combines the separation power of a GC with the analyte specificity of a spectroscopic technique, provided that vastly specific spectral data on individual compounds in a complex mixture often devoid of prior separation. We succeeded in the separation of the encountered BZD drug diazepam in the forensic sample. The method was validated for linearity, accuracy, precision, and limit of detection. This method could be potentially applied in the analysis of forensic samples from drug-facilitated sexual assault cases. A competent forensic toxicologist relies on their own case experience as well as the unique state of affairs of each case under assessment.

 

Author (s) Details

Karuppasamy Gurusamy
Regional Forensic Science Laboratory, Government of Tamil Nadu, Madurai – 20, India and Department of Chemistry, Raja Doraisingam Government Arts College, Government of Tamil Nadu, Sivagangai, India.

A. Cyril
Department of Chemistry, Raja Doraisingam Government Arts College, Government of Tamil Nadu, Sivagangai, India.

Subbiah Thangadurai
Department of Chemistry, Government Arts and Science College, Government of Tamil Nadu, Sivakasi – 24, India..

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/prrat/v7/1627

A Novel TLC-IA Approach for Forensic Differentiation of Fountain Pen Inks Using RGB Profiling | Chapter 9 | Science and Technology: Developments and Applications Vol. 10

Forensic science uses scientific methods or expertise to investigate criminal activities or analyse evidence that may be presented in a court of law. This article intends to present a novel and rapid technique for distinguishing inks on disputed papers. Ten blue fountain pen inks of two different types(bottle and refill) in differentbrands were acquired from the local market to create the collection and to beanalysed in the study. The separation of ink components was conducted using thin-layer chromatography (TLC). TLC investigations were conducted with Merck (Darmstadt, Germany) 20 cm x 20 cm silica gel 60 TLC plates without fluorescent indicators. The data was acquired by developing specialised image analysis software to assess thin-layer chromatograms (TLC-IA). This study marks Turkey’s inaugural application of TLC-IA to analyse fountain pen inks, employing RGB profiles for ink differentiation. This work represents the inaugural investigation into fountain pen inks, employing TLC-IA with RGB analysis for ink differentiation. The ink spot was removed from the document with methanol and isolated by thin-layer chromatography utilising a plastic sheet coated with silica gel 60, devoid of fluorescent indicator, employing a mobile phase composed of ethyl acetate, ethanol, and water in a ratio of 70:35:30 (v/v/v). A novel software was developed to differentiate fountain pen inks based following the development of the chromatogram, the chromatograms were digitised using a standard office scanner, and the intensity profiles of RGB attributes along the development line of each sample were generated and analysed with bespoke software. The RGB profiles of fountain pen inks from different manufacturers exhibited markedly varied patterns in most instances. Normalising RGB profiles facilitates a uniform comparison of colour values among various ink samples. Standardising RGB values to a range of 0–1 enhances the distinction among ink formulations.. In this analysis, darker colours on the heatmap represented higher similarity values between the samples. The study revealed that b 06, b 07, and b 08 were highly like one another across all visual methods—similarity matrix, normalised RGB profiles, and 3D scatter plots—while b 10 exhibited consistently low similarity to other samples, particularly b 04 and b 05. In conclusion, the importance of thin-layer chromatography (TLC) with RGB detection in forensic science lies in its ability to efficiently separate and visually analyse complex mixtures, such as inks or drugs, providing valuable evidence in investigations.

 

This pioneering work in Turkey facilitates the forensic utilisation of TLC-IA for ink

analysis, notably focussing on fountain pen inks for the first time.

 

 

Author (s) Details

Ozlem Simsek
Chemical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Uskudar University, Istanbul, Turkey and Graduate School of Addiction and Forensic Sciences, Uskudar University, Istanbul, Turkey.

 

S. Selim Seker
Electrical-Electronics Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Uskudar University, Istanbul, Turkey and Electrical and Electronics Engineering Department, Bogazici University, Istanbul, Turkey.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/stda/v10/5132

 

Evaluating the Antioxidant Potential and High Performance Thin Layer Chromatography Profiling of Siddha Formulation Veppampoo Mathirai | Chapter 7 | Medical Science: Trends and Innovations Vol. 7

In today’s world, herbals play a significant role in boosting immunity and preventing diseases. In some parts of the world, they are the primary required materials for healthcare system. In herbal formulation, some plants or specific combinations of herbs may act as antioxidants by exerting superoxide scavenging activity or by increasing superoxide dismutase activity in various tissue sites. Plant antioxidants play a vital role in the battle against cellular damage and disease. The present study aimed to study the antioxidant potential and basic TLC, HPTLC fingerprinting profile of poly herbal Siddha formulation Veppampoo Mathirai used for hypertension to regulate blood pressure in the Siddha system of medicine. The antioxidant action was measured by ABTS free radical scavenging assay, lipid peroxidation and nitric oxide scavenging measure. The common modern techniques that help to evaluate the quality control of complex herbal medicine are thin layer chromatography (TLC) and High performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC). World Health Organization also indicated the above as a valuable tool to ensure the quality of medicinal plant products. Analysis of TLC was done by silica gel 60F254, 7X6 cm (Merck) and HPTLC by CAMAG Twin trough chambers. All outcomes of the sample were communicated as mean ± standard deviation compared with control. The study revealed the presence of a prominent peak at 366 nm in TLC analysis and twelve prominent peaks in HPTLC analysis with Retention factor (Rf) value ranging from 0.02 to 0.86. ABTS scavenging assay, lipid peroxidation and nitric oxide scavenging showed EC₅₀ values of aqueous extract of Veppampoo mathirai at 55.32 μg/mL, 51.3 μg/mL and 51.31 μg/mL, separately. The above results revealed that the aqueous extract of Veppampoo mathirai has solid antioxidant possibilities and is also a good source of natural antioxidants. It is concluded that Siddha formulation Veppampoo mathirai is a good source of natural antioxidants that can be utilized for age-related diseases like blood pressure as therapeutic.

 

Author (s) Details

S M Chitra
Department of Post Graduate Maruthuvam, Government Siddha Medical College, Arumbakkam, Chennai-106, Tamil Nadu, India.

 

N Anbu
Department of Post Graduate Maruthuvam, Government Siddha Medical College, Arumbakkam, Chennai-106, Tamil Nadu, India.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/msti/v7/4442

Evaluating Haematological Status of Karan Fries Cows during Transition Period in Hot Humid Condition | Chapter 6 | Newest Updates in Agriculture and Veterinary Science Vol. 3

 The changes in the haematological (haemoglobin, PCV, TEC, erythrocytic indications, TLC and DLC parameters of Karan Fries (KF) cows all along the transition ending in hot moist conditions were intentional. During transition period a important change occur in blood corpuscle parameters as creamery cows undergo a huge set of metabolic adaptations from late gestation  to  early  lactation.  Blood samples were captured from the jugular veins of the picked animals in the first glance (6.00 am to 7.00 am) on -30, -15, 0, +15, +30 days before the wonted date of calving. Day ‘0’ Represented the day of calving from all animals. The concentrations of haemoglobin, PCV, and TEC raised significantly (p<0.05) superior to calving and then curtailed in the days following calving. TLC, neutrophils, and monocytes levels increased, while lymphocyte numbers sagged substantially (p<0.05) on the epoch of calving and then raised after calving. There was no conspicuous impact on the limits of the erythrocytic indices.

Author(s) Details:

Brijesh Patel,
Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/NUAVS-V3/article/view/9672

Prediction of Anastomotic Leakage in Colorectal Surgeries Using Biomarkers | Chapter 16 | Recent Developments in Medicine and Medical Research Vol. 9

 Patients with colon illness are recovering more quickly after surgery because to minimum access surgery and standardised recovery methods. Despite these advancements, anastomotic leaking remains one of the most feared consequences after colorectal surgery, with rates ranging from 3-27 percent depending on risk factors. Clinical indications of peritonitis and/or clinical evidence of free faecal fluid within the belly or emerging from the drain site are both examples of anastomotic leakage. Biomarkers including lactate/pyruvate ratio and cytokines like IL-6, IL-10, and TNF-alpha were shown to be elevated in patients who developed symptomatic anastomotic leakage before clinical symptoms appeared in some investigations.

The following are the goals and objectives:

1. To determine the sensitivity and specificity of systemic (CRP, leukocytes, procalcitonin) and peritoneal drain-fluid biomarkers interleukin-6, interleukin-10, tumour necrosis factor- (IL-6, IL-10, TNF-) in the early detection of anastomotic leak after colo-rectal surgery.

2. To see if there's a link between rising biomarker levels and the severity of clinical symptoms in people who've had colo-rectal surgery.

After getting sufficient ethical permission, the current study was a prospective observational study done on 60 patients over a two-year period in the Postgraduate Department of Surgery, Government Medical College, Srinagar. All patients who had various colo-rectal surgeries for various purposes were thoroughly monitored in the post-operative period, and their systemic and drain fluid markers were sent for estimation on days 1-7 post-operatively, with the data analysed using SPSS V 22.

The average age of the patients was 54.8711.901 years, with 44 patients (73.3%) being males and 16 patients (26.7%) being females. The average CRP level was 2.78000.500 mg/L, the average total leukocyte count was 10.7830.940 thousands, and the average serum procalcitonin level was 0.3650.1385 ng/ml among systemic producers. The mean IL-6 level was 3551.0661311.965 pg/ml, the mean IL-10 level was 628.533460.358 pg/ml, and the mean TNF-a level was 16.3916.736 pg/ml among peritoneal fluid drain bio-makers. In 16 individuals, anastomotic leak following colorectal surgery was discovered (26.7 percent ). In our study, there was a significant correlation between the rise in levels of peritoneal drain fluid biomarkers and the severity of clinical symptoms in patients who had colo-rectal surgeries, but no such correlation existed between the rise in levels of systemic markers and the severity of clinical symptoms.

Conclusion: Systemic biomarkers are poor predictors of anastomotic leak following colorectal surgery. Peritoneal fluid drain biomarkers, on the other hand, show a high sensitivity and specificity when it comes to predicting anastomotic leak.

Author(S) Details

Ferkhand Mohi Ud Din
Department of Surgery, Govt. Medical College, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India.

Ashiq Hussain Raina
Department of Surgery, Govt. Medical College, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India.

Irshad Ahmad Kumar
Department of Surgery, Govt. Medical College, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India.

Mumtaz Din wani
Department of Surgery, Govt. Medical College, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India.

Aabid Rasool Bhat
Department of Surgery, Govt. Medical College, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India.

Zubair Gul
Department of Surgery, Govt. Medical College, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India.

View Book:- https://stm.bookpi.org/RDMMR-V9/article/view/4599