Evidence-based Approaches to Male Infertility: Current Standards and Future Directions | Chapter 2 | Newer Frontiers in Urology, Volume III

 

About 13–15% of couples have male infertility, a multifactorial condition that contributes to roughly half of all reported cases of infertility globally. Its aetiologies include genetic, endocrine, anatomical, infectious, immunological, environmental, and idiopathic causes. Genetic abnormalities, dysregulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis, varicocele-associated oxidative stress, previous cryptorchidism, genital tract infections, and antisperm reactions are the main causes of its pathogenesis, which disrupts spermatogenesis and sperm transport.

 

Oxidative stress and hormonal imbalance are common routes shared by environmental pollutants, obesity, heat exposure, and lifestyle variables. Dopamine agonists for hyperprolactinemia; gonadotropin therapy with hCG and FSH in hypogonadotropic hypogonadism; varicocele repair in men with palpable varicoceles and abnormal semen parameters; avoidance of exogenous testosterone or anabolic steroids in men pursuing fertility; and selective oestrogen receptor modulators like clomiphene and tamoxifen in idiopathic oligozoospermia with suboptimal testosterone.

 

Although there is still little data based on guidelines, antioxidants, including CoQ10, L-carnitine, and vitamins C and E, may lessen oxidative stress. The results of severe oligozoospermia and azoospermia have been transformed by assisted reproductive technologies like IVF and intracytoplasmic sperm injection, which are complemented by surgical methods, including orchiopexy, repair for blockage, and sperm retrieval procedures. Probiotic manipulation of the gut-testis axis, stem cell transplantation, immunomodulators, and nutraceuticals are emerging topics that hold promise for the future. To maximise reproductive results for men and couples, management ultimately calls for a customised, evidence-based, multidisciplinary approach that incorporates established therapies, emerging research, and guideline recommendations.

 

 

Author(s) Details

Roshan Reddy
Department of Urology and Renal Transplantation, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education & Research Chennai, India.

 

Rajan Ravichandran
Department of Urology and Renal Transplantation, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education & Research Chennai, India.

 

Vivek Meyyappan
Department of Urology and Renal Transplantation, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education & Research Chennai, India.

 

Velmurugan Palaniyandi
Department of Urology and Renal Transplantation, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education & Research Chennai, India.

 

Hariharasudhan Sekar
Department of Urology and Renal Transplantation, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education & Research Chennai, India.

 

Sriram Krishnamoorthy
Department of Urology and Renal Transplantation, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education & Research Chennai, India.

 

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/mono/978-93-47485-93-0/CH2

 

Unveiling the Bioactive Potential of Ipomoea biloba: An Integrated Approach to Phytochemistry and Bioactivity | Chapter 2 | Chemical and Materials Sciences: Research Findings Vol. 6

 

Ipomoea biloba (Convolvulaceae) is a water-loving creeping plant and is esteemed in traditional medicine for its different types of therapeutic applications in various diseases like asthma, rheumatism, and burns. Despite it has been used historical use, a comprehensive scientific validation of its bioactivity is essential. This chapter explores the detailed systematic investigation of the phytochemical constituents and pharmacological activity of the potential of a methanol extract of Ipomoea biloba leaves (MEIB). The Methanol was used as an extraction solvent to accomplish a wide different ranging recovery of phytoconstituents because of its well-balanced polarity. The preliminary phytochemical profiling of MEIB confirmed the presence of a variety of secondary metabolites, including alkaloids, flavonoids, phenols, terpenoids, saponins, steroids, carbohydrates, and amino acids. The in vitro antioxidant capacity of MEIB was assessed using standard assays, revealing significant, dose-dependent free radical scavenging activity comparable to ascorbic acid, thereby underscoring its potential to ameliorate oxidative stress. Furthermore, the cytotoxic efficacy of MEIB was assessed against the human breast adenocarcinoma (MCF-7) cell line. The extract demonstrated a potent and dose-dependent inhibition of cell proliferation, suggesting notable anticancer properties. This cytotoxic activity may be mechanistically linked to the presence of phytoestrogenic compounds, like estradiol precursors, known to interact with estrogen receptors in the cytoplasm of target cells. The collective study findings from this robust position Ipomoea biloba as a promising reservoir of bioactive compounds. The findings not only validate its ethnomedicinal uses but also highlight its significant potential as a source for the development of natural antioxidant and anticancer agents. Further research is needed to isolate, characterise, and confirm the specific molecules responsible for these observed biological activities.

 

Author(s) Details

 

Geetha Rani Kumar
Department of Biochemistry, Muthayammal College of Arts and Science (A), Rasipuram, Namakkal, India.

 

Shobana Devi Paulraj
Department of Biochemistry, Shrimati Indira Gandhi College, Thiruchirapalli, India.

 

Vallipriya Rajendran
Department of Biochemistry & Biotechnology, Pavendar Bharathidasan College of Arts and Science (PBCAS), (Bharathidasan University) Thiruchirapalli, India.

 

Kiruthika Natarajan
School of Allied Health Science, Vinayaka Missions Research Foundation, Deemed to be University, Salem, India.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/cmsrf/v6/6704

Bamboo Shoots as an Alternative Source of Functional Food | Chapter 10 | Food Science and Agriculture: Research Highlights Vol. 4

 

Bamboo shoots, the young sprouts of bamboo plants, have long been consumed as traditional food in many Asian countries. Beyond their culinary appeal, they are rich in essential nutrients such as dietary fiber, protein, vitamins, and minerals and are increasingly recognized as a promising source of functional food. This book chapter explores the nutritional composition, bioactive compounds, and health benefits of bamboo shoots, particularly their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and hypocholesterolemic properties. It also addresses the presence of cyanogenic compounds in raw shoots and emphasizes the importance of proper processing methods, such as boiling, soaking, and fermentation, to ensure food safety. The chapter discusses the future potential of bamboo shoots in functional food innovation, highlighting their applications in ready-to-eat meals, supplements, probiotic beverages, and healthy snacks. Case studies from India and Japan illustrate the real-world development of bamboo shoot-based products, demonstrating their commercial and health-promoting value. From a multidimensional perspective, the sustainable utilization of bamboo shoots aligns with goals in nutrition, economic empowerment of local communities, and ecological conservation. This review aims to bridge scientific insight and practical development pathways to support bamboo shoots as a viable component of the functional food industry.

 

 

Author(s) Details

Noer Rahmi Ardiarini
Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Brawijaya University, Malang-65145, Indonesia.

 

Nanang Wahyu Prajaka
Study Program of Horticultural Crop Production Technology, Department of Food Crop Cultivation, Lampung State Polytechnic, Lampung-35141, Indonesia.

 

Agus Susilo
Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Animal Science, Brawijaya University, Malang-65145, Indonesia.

 

Indha Fitria Pangesti
Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Animal Science, Brawijaya University, Malang-65145, Indonesia.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/fsarh/v4/6399

Effect of Trans-Resveratrol on Sickle Cell Disease during Pregnancy: Implications for Maternal and Fetal Health | Chapter 9 | An Overview of Disease and Health Research Vol. 5

 

The application of natural products has long been used in the treatment of illness and disease, many of which formed the industrial inspiration to develop from pharmacognosy into active pharmaceuticals. Resveratrol is a common phytochemical found in abundance in nutritious and wholesome foods and thus has likely been part of the human diet for many centuries. As such, resveratrol may contribute to the success of the French Paradox, where the inclusion of red wines is a familiar dietary addition and is associated with reduced incidence of cardiovascular disease. The primary metabolic action of resveratrol and related phenolic compounds likely rests in its potential antioxidant activity, being able to quench reactive free radicals (ROS) and other inflammatory activities in peripheral tissues. Resveratrol has been suggested as an adjunct in the clinical management of numerous metabolic disorders, including diabetes, obesity, hypertension, pre-eclampsia, and sickle cell disease, among others associated with chronic inflammation. Thus, the purpose of this review is to examine the safety and efficacy of resveratrol in pregnancy. This review also discusses the biochemical, pharmacologic and potential toxicologic aspects of trans-resveratrol administration as an adjunct in the treatment of hemoglobinopathies, including Sickle cell disease (SCD), during pregnancy. SCD represents a serious complication of normal pregnancy with few successful treatments, as the change in amino acid charge alters the protein’s hydrophobic structure and function. When present, it can result in the abnormal polymerisation to form deoxy-HbS and sickling, particularly during physiologic processes that incur high oxygen demand, including later stages of gestation and parturition.  The results indicate that resveratrol is likely a safe and effective adjunct in treating the hypoxia and chronic inflammation of pregnancy, in addition to its applications in various hemoglobinopathies, including sickle cell disease, by inducing increased production of sickle-resistant fetal haemoglobin (HbF) in addition to reducing the magnitude of chronic inflammation, while enhancing oxygen delivery to peripheral tissues via actions of fetal haemoglobin. Thus, RSV may also be able to partially correct the effects linked to the globin chain imbalance in SCD patients, while at the same time facilitating oxygen transport to myoglobin in peripheral tissues due to a more favourable oxygen-delivering capacity than is observed in adult haemoglobin.

 

 

Author(s) Details

Orien L Tulp
University of Science Arts and Technology, Montserrat, Colleges of Medicine and Graduate Studies, Spain, The Einstein Medical Institute, North Palm Beach, Florida, USA, East West College of Natural Medicine, Sarasota, FL, USA and Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain.

 

Frantz Sainvil
University of Science Arts and Technology, Montserrat, Colleges of Medicine and Graduate Studies, Spain, The Einstein Medical Institute, North Palm Beach, Florida, USA and Broward College, Davie, FL, USA.

 

Uzoamaka Nwokorie
University of Science Arts and Technology, Montserrat, Colleges of Medicine and Graduate Studies, Spain.

 

George P Einstein
University of Science Arts and Technology, Montserrat, Colleges of Medicine and Graduate Studies, Spain and The Einstein Medical Institute, North Palm Beach, Florida, USA

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/aodhr/v5/6062

 

Investigating the Effect of Time of Collection on the Antioxidant Values of Mistletoes (Viscum album) Grown on Orange Tree | Chapter 2 | Pharmaceutical Research - Recent Advances and Trends Vol. 4

 

Background and Aim: Viscum album (mistletoe) is a hemi-parasitic shrub, frequently globular in shape. Viscum album is well recognized as a medicinal plant due to its beneficial effects, including anti-tumor activity, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-hepatotoxic, hypoglycemic, and antimicrobial properties as well as for lowering blood pressure. This study aims to investigate the effect of time of collection on the antioxidant values of mistletoes (Viscum album) grown on orange trees.

 

Methods: Aqueous leaf extracts of different times of harvest of Viscum album were prepared and standard methods were used to determine quantitatively the antioxidants values in the plant extracts. The fresh leaves of the mistletoe plant (Viscum album) from the host plant Orange tree were obtained from a research farm of Adeyemi College of Education, Ondo, Ondo State, Nigeria. The total phenolic content was determined using the Folin-Ciocalteau reagent. The free radical scavenging activities of aqueous extract were measured with stable 1, 1-diphenyl- 2-picryl hydrazyl radical (DPPH) spectrophotometrically.

 

Results: In the experiments, the total phenol content in aqueous leaves extracts of Viscum album was 19.5840 mg/g, at 6: 00 am, 55.4061 mg/g at 1:00 pm and the value 86.3682 mg/g recorded at 7:00 pm. The value of 0.344 mg/g was recorded for flavonoids at 6:00 am while the value of 0.676 mg/g was observed at 1:00 pm and at 7:00 pm it was 1.458 mg/g. The % of inhibition of DPPH content in aqueous leaves extracts of Viscum album was 36.819 mg/g, at 6: 00 am, 49.213 mg/g at 1:00 pm and the value of 61.203 mg/g was recorded at 7:00 pm. The antioxidants values were significant (P =0.05) when compared time of plant collection.

 

Conclusion: The results showed that the antioxidant values depend on the time of collection which was maximum when the leaves were obtained at dawn. It is therefore advisable that the use of this extract in herbal medicine should be encouraged and the plant should be plucked at dawn to maximise the antioxidant potential of the mistletoes.

 

Author(s) Details

Akinlami O. Omokehinde
Department of Chemistry, Adeyemi Federal University of Education, Ondo, Nigeria.

Hammed O. Oloyede
Department of Chemistry, Adeyemi Federal University of Education, Ondo, Nigeria.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/prrat/v4/276

Assessment of Metoprolol-Induced Liver Injury and Vitamin E’s Hepatoprotective Role in Rabbits | Chapter 7 | Pharmaceutical Research: Recent Advances and Trends Vol. 5

 Background: Drug-induced liver injury is a well-known adverse effect of numerous medications, with clinical presentation ranging from an elevation of asymptomatic liver enzymes to liver failure. Metoprolol has been linked to some clinical cases of drug-induced liver injury, with the first case report of metoprolol hepatotoxicity being reported in 1989.

 

Objective: This study aims to investigate the hepatotoxicity of metoprolol and find a prophylactic way to protect the liver through the use of Vitamin E.

 

Methods: A total of 18 male rabbits were divided randomly into three groups, with six in each group. An accurate dose of 20 mg/kg was administered orally for each rabbit through a stainless-steel feeding tube. Group I (control) received corn oil, Group II was treated with metoprolol (20 mg/kg), and Group III was treated with Vitamin E (175 mg/kg) 30 min before metoprolol treatment. All treatments were given orally and daily for 14 days; animals were sacrificed on day 15. Biochemical parameters were estimated, and the liver was used for histopathological examinations. The data were statistically evaluated using ordinary one-way analysis of variance followed by Tukey’s multiple comparisons test using GraphPad Prism 8 computer software.

 

Results: The results of the current study revealed that metoprolol (20 mg/kg/d for 14 days) caused lipid peroxidation, significant elevation in the serum liver enzymes, and histopathological changes in the liver. Histopathological changes of liver injury were found in all metoprolol-treated rabbits, while these changes were minimized in all rabbits who were given Vitamin E. Serum liver function tests and malondialdehyde (MDA) were significantly elevated after metoprolol treatment and returned close to the control value on prior treatment with Vitamin E. Serum MDA, aspartate aminotransferase, and alanine aminotransferase were significantly decreased following treatment with Vitamin E.

 

Conclusion: Vitamin E may have a hepatoprotective effect against metoprolol-induced liver injury in rabbits.

 

Author(s) Details

Maysaa Banay Zubairi
Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Basra, Basra, Iraq.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/prrat/v5/1612    

Understanding the Pathogenesis of Xenobiotic-Induced Oxidative Stress in the Cardiac Microenvironment | Chapter 5 | Contemporary Research and Perspectives in Biological Science Vol. 1

The heart functions to ensure optimal perfusion of every organ while maintaining elasticity and compliance. Maintenance of cardiac output to ensure adequate perfusion of the heart itself and every organ in the body is the ultimate function of the heart. Mainly composed of cardiac myocytes, fibroblasts, endothelial and vascular cells, the heart has the highest energy demand of all organs. Thus, it requires a high rate of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production to maintain normal physiological function. Using oxidative phosphorylation, the heart produces ATP and concomitantly produces reactive oxidative species (ROS). Therefore, normal homeostasis and mitochondrial metabolism make the heart extremely susceptible to intrinsic and extrinsic oxidative stress. Exogenous foreign agents or aberrantly expressed endogenous molecules are characterized as cardiac xenobiotics (CX) which promote cardiac-specific toxicity. CX enters the body via nutritional and drug intake or environmental exposure and causes an imbalance in ROS production and antioxidant protection within the cardiac microenvironment. The inhalation of toxic particles extends its damage to cardiovascular tissue promoting cardiac arrhythmia, altering cardiac repolarization, and increasing blood pressure. Chronic ROS exposure alters the cellular and molecular physiology of key detoxifying enzymes that modify cardiovascular structure and function. The heart has a tightly controlled antioxidant system that manages ROS and maintains homeostasis within the cardiac microenvironment. This strictly regulated system consists of endogenous enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and exogenous antioxidants such as vitamins, minerals, polyphenols and carotenoids derived from nutritional sources. Sustained levels of cardiac xenobiotics can result in chronically imbalanced ROS production that outpaces the antioxidant system. Over time this imbalanced system results in irreversible cellular and subcellular damage, altering cardiac structure and function and increasing the risk of cardiac dysfunctions such as maladaptive left ventricular hypertrophy, cardiac fibrosis, and heart failure. Thus, it remains essential to clearly characterize the endogenous and exogenous antioxidants responsible for managing cardiac oxidative stress; determine the role of dietary intervention on ROS production; and provide alternative strategies for maintaining optimal protection against CX-induced oxidative stress.

 

Author (s) Details

Thomas S. H.
Department of Biology, Tuskegee University, United States of America and Department of Food & Nutritional Sciences, Tuskegee University, United States of America.

 

Gipson N.
Department of Biology, Tuskegee University, United States of America.

 

Vaughn J.
Department of Agricultural & Environmental Sciences, Tuskegee University, United States of America.

 

Omeler C.
Department of Biology, Oakwood University, United States of America.

 

Dawkins N. L.
Department of Food & Nutritional Sciences, Tuskegee University, United States of America.

 

Bradford C. N.
Department of Biology, Tuskegee University, United States of America.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/crpbs/v1

Antioxidants: Chemistry, Natural Sources and Health Benefits | Chapter 8 | Disease and Health: Research Developments Vol. 8

Antioxidants are a class of compounds that play a crucial role in maintaining human health and preventing diseases. They are found in a wide range of natural sources, including fruits, vegetables, nuts, and seeds. Antioxidants are also synthesized in the human body, where they help to protect cells from damage caused by free radicals. Chemically, antioxidants are a diverse group of compounds that share the ability to neutralize or mop up free radicals. Free radicals are highly reactive molecules that are formed in the body as a result of normal metabolic processes, exposure to environmental stressors, and other factors. If left unchecked, free radicals can cause oxidative stress, which can lead to cell damage, inflammation, and a range of chronic diseases. Antioxidants work by donating electrons to free radicals, thereby neutralizing their reactivity and preventing them from causing harm to cells and tissues. Different antioxidants have different mechanisms of action, and some may be more effective than others in preventing specific types of cell damage. The health effects of antioxidants are numerous and well-documented. A diet rich in antioxidants has been shown to reduce the risk of chronic diseases such as heart disease, cancer, and cognitive decline. Antioxidants may also help to improve immune function, reduce inflammation, and promote healthy aging. Some of the most well-known antioxidants include vitamins C and E, beta-carotene, and other carotenoids, as well as polyphenols such as flavonoids and phenolic acids. Other antioxidants, such as selenium and zinc, are important minerals that play a crucial role in maintaining antioxidant defenses in the body.

Author (s) Details

 

Oluranti Olagoke Ogunmola
Department of Chemistry, Emmanuel Alayande University of Education, Oyo, Nigeria.

 

Mumini Adekunle Amusat
Department of Biology, Emmanuel Alayande University of Education, Oyo, Nigeria.

 

Kingsley Oyediran Oke
Department of Biology, Emmanuel Alayande University of Education, Oyo, Nigeria

Sodamade A.
Department of Chemistry, Emmanuel Alayande University of Education, Oyo, Nigeria.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/dhrd/v8/4877

Detection of Phytochemicals and Antioxidant Activity in the Leaf Extracts of Aegle marmelos L. Correa (Rutaceae) | Chapter 4 | Research Perspectives of Microbiology and Biotechnology Vol. 8

Aegle marmelos L. Corr., popularly known as ‘bael’ is an important medicinal plant used in ayurvedic preparations. In this study, the phytochemical constituents and antioxidant activity of extracts from the leaves of A. marmelos were investigated by the standard methods. The mature leaves were collected during the month of February 2022. The sample was shade-dried, powdered and extracted with hexane, methanol and water according to the standard procedure. The extracts were subjected to preliminary phytochemical tests, and tested for the total phenolic content by Folin-Ciocalteau (FC) method and radical scavenging activities by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) method. The methanolic leaf extract was subjected to Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) for the detection of phenolic and terpenoid compounds. Phytochemical tests revealed the presence of terpenoids, steroids, cardiac glycosides and alkaloids among the three solvent extracts. The phenolic content of the extracts was estimated with Gallic acid as standard. The aqueous and methanol extract of leaves recorded a high total phenolic content of 298.27µg GAE/g and 299.35 µg GAE/g.  High radical scavenging activity was detected in the aqueous extract (IC₅₀= 40.95 µg/mL).  Further, the methanolic leaf extract was subjected to Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) for the detection of phenolic and terpenoid compounds with the spraying reagents which showed the presence of several bands with Rf values.

 

Author (s) Details

 

Anusha B.K
Department of Biotechnology & Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Shivarathrishwara Nagar, Mysore-570 015, Karnataka, India.

 

Sowmya, T.N.
Department of Biotechnology & Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Shivarathrishwara Nagar, Mysore-570 015, Karnataka, India.

 

Monnanda Somaiah Nalini
Department of Studies in Botany, University of Mysore, Manasagangotri, Mysore-570 006, Karnataka, India.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/rpmab/v8/3155

Evaluating the Antioxidant Potential and High Performance Thin Layer Chromatography Profiling of Siddha Formulation Veppampoo Mathirai | Chapter 7 | Medical Science: Trends and Innovations Vol. 7

In today’s world, herbals play a significant role in boosting immunity and preventing diseases. In some parts of the world, they are the primary required materials for healthcare system. In herbal formulation, some plants or specific combinations of herbs may act as antioxidants by exerting superoxide scavenging activity or by increasing superoxide dismutase activity in various tissue sites. Plant antioxidants play a vital role in the battle against cellular damage and disease. The present study aimed to study the antioxidant potential and basic TLC, HPTLC fingerprinting profile of poly herbal Siddha formulation Veppampoo Mathirai used for hypertension to regulate blood pressure in the Siddha system of medicine. The antioxidant action was measured by ABTS free radical scavenging assay, lipid peroxidation and nitric oxide scavenging measure. The common modern techniques that help to evaluate the quality control of complex herbal medicine are thin layer chromatography (TLC) and High performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC). World Health Organization also indicated the above as a valuable tool to ensure the quality of medicinal plant products. Analysis of TLC was done by silica gel 60F254, 7X6 cm (Merck) and HPTLC by CAMAG Twin trough chambers. All outcomes of the sample were communicated as mean ± standard deviation compared with control. The study revealed the presence of a prominent peak at 366 nm in TLC analysis and twelve prominent peaks in HPTLC analysis with Retention factor (Rf) value ranging from 0.02 to 0.86. ABTS scavenging assay, lipid peroxidation and nitric oxide scavenging showed EC₅₀ values of aqueous extract of Veppampoo mathirai at 55.32 μg/mL, 51.3 μg/mL and 51.31 μg/mL, separately. The above results revealed that the aqueous extract of Veppampoo mathirai has solid antioxidant possibilities and is also a good source of natural antioxidants. It is concluded that Siddha formulation Veppampoo mathirai is a good source of natural antioxidants that can be utilized for age-related diseases like blood pressure as therapeutic.

 

Author (s) Details

S M Chitra
Department of Post Graduate Maruthuvam, Government Siddha Medical College, Arumbakkam, Chennai-106, Tamil Nadu, India.

 

N Anbu
Department of Post Graduate Maruthuvam, Government Siddha Medical College, Arumbakkam, Chennai-106, Tamil Nadu, India.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/msti/v7/4442

Phytochemical Analysis, Antioxidant Potential, and TLC Profiling of Citrullus colocynthis (L.) Schard Extracts from Bullapur, Karnataka, India | Chapter 5 | Contemporary Research and Perspectives in Biological Science Vol. 10

Citrullus colocynthis (L.)  Schrad., known as bitter apple is a medicinal plant associated with folkloric medicinal practice. In this study, the bitter apple plant parts such as the leaves, fruits and seeds collected from the Raichur district of Karnataka were subjected to solvent extractions and the extracts were tested for total phenolic contents, radical scavenging potentials and thin layer chromatography for the separation of phytochemicals. Phytochemical tests revealed the presence of terpenoids in all leaf and fruit extracts, whereas cardiac glycosides were present in the leaf methanolic and fruit extracts. The leaf aqueous extract depicted a total phenolic content of 213.80 µg GAE/g, followed by methanol (7.5 µg GAE/g) and hexane extracts (12.39 µg GAE/g). The aqueous extract of fruit pulp and seeds showed a total phenolic content of 135.76 µg GAE/g) and 130.65 µg GAE/g respectively. High phenolic content was detected in the aqueous extract of the leaf compared to other solvent extracts. The IC₅₀ values of DPPH radical scavenging potentials in the aqueous leaf, fruit pulp and seed extract, hexane, and methanolic extracts were found to range from 93.88 to 186.70µg/mL respectively. The separation of phytochemicals by thin layer chromatography for phenolic compounds in the hexane extract of leaf revealed the presence of three bands having Rf values of 0.08, 0.13 and 0.17. The methanolic extract of leaf showed the presence of three compounds having value Rf values of 0.79, 0.5 and 0.38 for the separation of terpenoids. The results obtained in the present study indicate the presence of several phenolic and terpenoids compounds which could be further characterized by spectroscopy techniques to unravel the pharmaceutical potential of C. colocynthes extracts.

 

Author (s) Details

Nalini M.S
Department of Studies in Botany, University of Mysore, Manasagangotri, Mysore-570 006, Karnataka, India.

 

Maheshwari K
Department of Studies in Botany, University of Mysore, Manasagangotri, Mysore-570 006, Karnataka, India.

 

Sowmya T.N
Department of Biotechnology & Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Shivarathrishwaranagar, Mysore-570 015, Karnataka, India.

 

Devika M
Department of Botany, Sarada Vilas College, Krishnamurthypuram, Mysore-570 004, Karnataka, India.

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/crpbs/v10/4230

Release Profiles of Natural Antioxidant Microcapsules from Hard Gelatin Capsules | Chapter 6 | Pharmaceutical Science: New Insights and Developments Vol. 2

Microencapsulation is a process of coating droplets or particles with specific materials to provide lightweight capsules used in food ingredients, bioactive compounds, enzymes, live cells, or other materials at a micrometric level. Moreover, this technology in product development of the food, beverage, and health sectors provides innovative products with better stability, functionality, and prolonged releases. This study aims to microencapsulate a natural antioxidant of Cantigi, formulate it into gelatin hard capsules, and evaluate the release profiles. The Cantigi extract was microencapsulated using ethyl cellulose polymer into three microcapsule formulations (MC1, MC2, and MC3), made by solvent evaporation. The characterization of ethyl cellulose microcapsules included color, odor, particle size, shape, recovery, moisture content, encapsulation efficiency, drug loading, density, and antioxidant activities. Then, three hard-gelatin capsules, HGC1, HGC2, and HGC3, were formulated containing the microcapsule with the most potent antioxidant activity, microcrystalline cellulose, and colloidal silicon dioxide. The results showed that the MC1 was the most potent microcapsules, while the HGC3 was the highly potent hard-gelatin capsule dosage form. The HGC3 showed the slowest release compared with HGC1 and HGC2. By analyzing the kinetics of HGC3 using zero-order, first-order, Higuchi, and Kosmeyer-Peppas models, the release profile of HGC3 showed best fit with the first-order model kinetics, consistent with a previous study. Moreover, all hard gelatin capsule dosage forms show a biphasic slow-release profile within 60 minutes. The conclusion is that this study can formulate microcapsules and hard gelatin capsules with antioxidant-potent activities (IC50 < 50 ppm). Then, the Cantigi releases from the hard-gelatin capsule formulation follow the first-order and biphasic slow-release profiles.

 

Author (s) Details

Kosasih Kosasih
Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Pancasila, Jakarta, Indonesia.

 

Fitri Weningtyas
Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Pancasila, Jakarta, Indonesia.

 

Please see the book here:-https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/psnid/v2/4174 

Impact of Cooking and Frying on Retention of Antioxidants in Sweet Potato (Ipomoea batatas) | Chapter 8 | Current Perspectives in Agriculture and Food Science Vol. 7

 Free radicals are chemicals that damage cells and cell membranes and are associated with the development of conditions like atherosclerosis, diabetic heart disease, and colon cancer. It is known that heat treatment can lead to physical and chemical changes that can decrease or alter the properties of food. This study determines the impact of cooking and frying on the antioxidants (vitamin A, vitamin C and vitamin E) present in sweet potato. The variety of sweet potato used is the orange type that was free from diseases and defects. Two of the commonest ways of processing sweet potatoes for consumption are cooking and frying. These methods of processing sweet potato for consumption make sweet potato palatable but they also have adverse impact on the proximate compositions of the sweet potato. Portions of prepared orange sweet potato samples were fried under a regulated temperature of 70oC for different time intervals of 10 minutes and 15 minutes while some other portions were cooked at 100oC for 10 minutes, 15 minutes and 20 minutes. Analysis of vitamin A, vitamin C and vitamin E contents was carried out on raw, fried and cooked sweet potato samples using the nutritional guidelines of Association of Official Analytical Chemists. Differences between the mean values of the treatments were determined by the least significant difference (LSD) test at 5% level of significance. There were significant differences in vitamin A, vitamin C and vitamin E contents of cooked and fried orange sweet potato. Both frying and boiling treatments resulted in a significant increase in vitamin A contents of orange sweet potato. In particular, the boiling process caused the higher reduction in the vitamin A contents of orange sweet potato. More of the nutritional contents, especially vitamins A and C were retained in cooked sweet potato than in fried one. Cooked sweet potato is recommended for the elderly and small children since it contains more vitamin A which enhances good eyesight. Consequently, boiling rather than frying may be recommended as a preferred processing option for orange sweet potato for human consumption.

Author(s) Details:

Ogbonnaya Chukwu,
Department of Agricultural & Bioresources Engineering, Federal University of Technology, Minna, PMB 65, Minna, Niger State, Nigeria.

Ndidiamaka G. Nwachukwu,
Department of Agricultural & Bioresources Engineering, Federal University of Technology, Minna, PMB 65, Minna, Niger State, Nigeria.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/CPAFS-V7/article/view/13750

Oxidative Stress-Role of Exogenous Antioxidant Defenses: Compounds Derived from the Diet | Chapter 11 | Socio-Scientific Interaction in Diabetes and Cancer and Its Management

 Socio-scientific issues offer a platform for constructive community participation where both society and science play pivotal roles. Food exerts a profound influence on physiological, social, and mental health. Nutraceutical and functional benefits can enhance health outcomes in today's pressured world. Cellular damage may arise from increased oxidative burden due to external stimuli or excessive endogenous ROS generation. Excessive oxidants can harm cells, tissues, and organs, triggering apoptosis or necrosis. Reactive oxidant imbalances play a significant role in diseases like cancer, arteriosclerosis, diabetes, hypertension, and Alzheimer's. A defense network, comprising enzymes and antioxidants like dietary polyphenols, acts against oxidative stress. Micronutrients, as antioxidants, provide primary and secondary defense, supporting oxidative balance. Studies show antioxidant-rich dietary supplements enhance the body's defense against oxidative stress, crucial for conditions linked with it. Numerous studies have demonstrated that dietary supplements with antioxidants improve the body's defence and support the maintenance of oxidative dynamic balance. Since they may control the redox state, which is linked to cell and organ function, exogenous antioxidants are regarded as crucial treatment strategies for conditions related with oxidative stress. Numerous studies imply that these antioxidant activities may be able to regulate the cellular antioxidant response and prevent onset of these diseases.

Author(s) Details:

Jyoti Sinha,
Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Nalanda, Bihar Agricultural University, Sabour, Bhagalpur (Bihar), India.

Chanchila Kumari,
Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Koderma, ICAR-NRRI, Cuttack, Odisha, India.

Kumari Vibha Rani,
Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Nalanda, Bihar Agricultural University, Sabour, Bhagalpur (Bihar), India.

Punam Pallavi,
Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Nalanda, Bihar Agricultural University, Sabour, Bhagalpur (Bihar), India.

Priyam Vandana,
Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Nalanda, Bihar Agricultural University, Sabour, Bhagalpur (Bihar), India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/SSIDCIM/article/view/12729

An Overview on Natural Antioxidants Derived from Food Sources | Chapter 11 | Advanced Concepts in Pharmaceutical Research Vol. 2

 As per current reports, our human cellsbelong to aerobic environments are exposed to damage from reactive oxygen metabolites (ROMs) that are efficiently neutralized by the robust antioxidant scheme present in the human body. Antioxidants are chemical compound that exhibit the ability to adjourn or reduce oxidative damage to a particular molecule. Antioxidants are abundantly present in unrefined sources to a degree plants, food matters, etc. Several such beginnings of antioxidants include Vitamin E, Vitamin C, carotenoids, glutathione, and polyphenols (thymol, eugenol, vanillin, guaiacol, menthol, sesamol, and umbelliferon). In the review article, it was thoroughly examined for those antioxidants using for administration of various human ailments. Recently, many efforts are in preparation by scientists to identify those antioxidants that grant permission be proven as potential drug agents for the situation of various disorders. In this framework, phenolic and polyphenolic substances have happened commonly utilized for the pronounced purposes. This article established a literature survey interprets many natural antioxidants that were took advantage of for anti-aging belongings, immunity boosters, reconstructing nerve function as well as preservatives in many cases.

Author(s) Details:

Manoj Kumar Sahoo,
Department of Pharmacy, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya, Bilaspur (C.G.) - 495009, India.

Nidhi Agrawal,
Department of Pharmacy, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya, Bilaspur (C.G.) - 495009, India.

Meenakshi Jaiswal,
Department of Pharmacy, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya, Bilaspur (C.G.) - 495009, India.

S. K. Lanjhiyana,
Department of Pharmacy, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya, Bilaspur (C.G.) - 495009, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/ACPR-V2/article/view/12444

Proton-Coupled Electron Transfer by Pyrogallol in N,N-Dimethylformamide through Superoxide Scavenging | Chapter 6 | Novel Aspects on Pharmaceutical Research Vol. 9

 This member explains a mechanistic intuitiveness into the scavenging of superoxide radical anion (O2.-) by benzene-1,2,3-triol (pyrogallol) in N,N-dimethylformamide on the basis of cyclic voltammetry and in seated position electrolytic electron spin reverberation spectrum by way of density functional hypothesis (DFT) calculations. The closeness of pyrogallol altered the almost-reversible dioxygen/O2.- redox pair, signifying that O2.- was scavenged by pyrogallol by proton-coupled electron transfer (PCET), that involves two proton transfers and individual electron transfer. According to DFT computations, the superior kinetics of O2.- scavenging by pyrogallol as demonstrated for one electrochemical results can be related by the pre-sensitive formation of a hydrogen-bond (HB) complex and the subsequent coordinated two-proton-coupled power transfer (2PCET) characterized by the catechol subdivision in pyrogallol. Furthermore, comparative tests engaging related compounds revealed that the three hydroxyl groups of pyrogallol increase the establishment of HB complex even if individual of them is not complicated in the 2PCET mechanism, leading to the publicity of O2.- scavenging.

Author(s) Details:

Tatsushi Nakayama,
Department of Pharmacy, Gifu Pharmaceutical University; Daigaku-Nishi, Gifu 501-1196, Japan.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/NAPR-V9/article/view/11899

Potential Role of Punica Granatum (Pomegranate) in Management of COVID-19: A Review | Chapter 8 | Novel Aspects on Pharmaceutical Research Vol. 3

 Viral contaminations suppress invulnerable system of the host. SARS-CoV-2, Just like other energetic infections diminish the host immunity. A powerful immune system is the key to care from virus and additional pathogens. Severe cases admitted to the icu showed high level of supporting-inflammatory cytokines that enhanced the disease asperity. Antioxidant medications are submitted as a current course of treatment for subjects who have the SARS-CoV-2 virus.It raises glutathione and oxygen levels, that strengthens the immune reaction. The results include a decrease in the amount momentary required for mechanical airing, the prevention of diversified organ dysfunctions, a smaller hospital stay, and a lower mortality rate.  Immune timbre is the only way of managing of the immune structure. Punica Granatum has been used as a usual medicine for point in time. The components of this plant are famous for its rich invulnerable-regulation, antagonistic-inflammatory, and antioxidant benefits in specially in respiring disorders. Many of the study results are based on artificial and cell-located assays. It necessitates further confirmation of in vivo productiveness through human clinical tests.

Author(s) Details:

Rabiea Bilal,
Department of Pharmacology, CMH LMC & IOD, NUMS, Pakistan.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/NAPR-V3/article/view/10883

Emerging Role of Free Radicals and Therapeutic Approach towards Antioxidants in Childhood Disorders| Chapter 2 | Current Overview on Disease and Health Research Vol. 11

 Antioxidants are understanding to aid in the guardianship of the physique against the hurtful belongings of free radicals. According to this item, skilled grant permission be an partnership 'tween oxidative stress and anaemia shaking condition, nephrotic condition, infection (TB), hunger, and infant questions.  The latest dossier from continuous studies will be usable in the imminent age and will educate the part of antioxidants in the aetiology and administration of many period of being young disorders. In comparison to term neonates, skilled were reduced cell with hemoglobin superoxide dismutase (SOD) endeavor levels in preterm neonates. Total antioxidant exercise (TAA) levels in term neonates have a better equating at beginning weights of 2500–3000 g. The TAA level of preterm neonates increases as their beginning pressure increases. The mean TAA level in stage III hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) was considerably inferior that administrative neonates (p<0.5). This depreciated TAA level in harsh HIE cases could be on account of a sapped physiologic answer and overpowering result of free radicals on account of anoxemic stress and healing that power have drank existent antioxidants. It is an principle that seizures in HIE are guide weak consequences. It is a field for further research to decide either the occupancy of seizures leads to lower antioxidant endeavor or either lower TAA maybe a creative determinant for these seizures. It is premature to inform this, and further studies are wanted to learn this connection. The adding of antioxidants to the healing design of HIE neonates is urged. Malnutrition and a inadequacy of source of nourishment A and metallic mineral dispose to the incident of alive infection. It is projected that all along situation of infection, secondary antioxidants endure be deliberate together accompanying antagonistic-consumptive drugs. The aims concerning this study involve the retaliation of free radicals through the serviceableness of antioxidants in infancy disorders.

Author(s) Details:

Sharique Ahmad,
Department of Pathology, Era's Lucknow Medical College and Hospital, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh-226003, India.

Pushpendra D. Pratap,
Department of Biochemistry, Era's Lucknow Medical College and Hospital, Era University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh-226003, India.

Alina Kazmi,
Department of Pathology, Era's Lucknow Medical College and Hospital, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh-226003, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/CODHR-V11/article/view/9285

Review on Indian Medicinal Plants/Herbs as Sources of Antioxidants| Chapter 8 | Current Overview on Pharmaceutical Science Vol. 3

 Antioxidant particles are pharmacologically active and have few or no unfavorable effects. These are currently being wanted for application in safeguard medicine and drink industry about the world. The plants produce a lot of antioxidants to cover themselves from the oxidative stress induced by photons and oxygen, then they could be a good beginning of novel antioxidant molecules. Traditional herbal remedies play an essential duty in India's healthcare system. Ayurveda, the globe's oldest curative system, may hold the key to finding active and therapeutically beneficial chemicals in plants. In light of the raised interest in determining the antioxidant potential of herbaceous medicine, we addressed 20 no. of plants that have existed found to have antioxidant characteristics in this review. Some of the plants checked are used in combination accompanying other herbs, while possible choice are used unique. Certain herbs such as Aerva lanata, Amaranthus paniculatus, Coriandrum sativum and Coccinia indica are resorted to as vegetables, implying that these plants grant permission provide digestive antioxidants.

Author(s) Details:

Satish Kanhar,
School of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Centurion University of Technology and Management, Odisha, India.

Ashirbad Nanda,
School of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Centurion University of Technology and Management, Odisha, India.

Biswajit Samantaray,
School of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Centurion University of Technology and Management, Odisha, India

Satyaprakash Dehury,
School of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Centurion University of Technology and Management, Odisha, India.

Priyanka Priyadarsini,
School of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Centurion University of Technology and Management, Odisha, India.

Jyotirmaya Nayak,
Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utkal University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/COPS-V3/article/view/9113

Ripe Papaya: Nutrition and Health Benefits | Chapter 3 | Emerging Challenges in Agriculture and Food Science Vol. 6

The foundation of good health is proper nutrition and medical attention. In contrast, poor nutrition now will guarantee poor health with numerous ailments in the years to come. Good nutrition today will guarantee good health for the next thirty to fifty years. So readers should concentrate on consuming nutrient-dense meals like fruits and vegetables to maintain proper nutrition. Around the world, papayas are grown in tropical and subtropical climates. They are exceptional fruits with health advantages beyond those of basic nutrition. It is commonly known that the world's population is increasing, which keeps most people busier working than they are cooking and consuming healthy meals. They switched from their regular diets to junk food and street food as a result. These meals are high in saturated fat, salt, sugar, and preservatives, all of which cause the body to create free radicals. The cell-damaging effects of free radicals can result in inflammation and degenerative illnesses including cancer, Alzheimer's, overweight and obesity, ageing, osteoporosis, etc. if they are not managed. Vitamin C and B-carotene from papaya fruits are effective dietary antioxidants that work in conjunction with glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, catalase, and other body enzyme antioxidants to prevent or quench free radicals from entering body cells. Numerous non-communicable illnesses can be avoided by regularly consuming papaya fruits. Papaya is the highest source of various nutrients, vitamins, and minerals in addition to having antioxidant capabilities. The writers advised papaya fruits as a result for a stronger and healthier physique.

Author(s) Details:

Caresma Chuwa,
Department of Food Science and Technology, Dr. Y. S. Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan HP-173230, India.

Anju K. Dhiman,
Department of Food Science and Technology, Dr. Y. S. Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan HP-173230, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/ECAFS-V6/article/view/7562