The Role of Essential Trace Elements in Cancer |Book Publisher International

Trace elements influence several key biological events including cell cycle regulation, processes involved in replication or transcription, inhibition or activation of enzymic reactions, immunocompetence, antioxidant effects, cellular mutations, generation of free radicals, DNA damage, DNA repair inhibition, and modulation of nuclear transcription factors. Thus, trace minerals are involved in all major metabolic pathways and are of fundamental importance in human physiology. The extremely low concentrations of trace elements and their diversity imply that their molecular effect is very specific and that they may not be substituted for one another.

Trace elements undoubtedly play an essential role in a number of biological processes, but even more important is the fact that their functional forms and their characteristic concentrations must be maintained within narrow limits. With changing lifestyle patterns and environmental conditions human beings have become vulnerable to either a deficit or an excess of available trace elements. This trace elemental imbalance is postulated to exert action, directly or indirectly, on the carcinogenic process. This book provides insights into the role played by trace elements in the initiation, promotion and inhibition of cancer. The metabolic roles of these trace elements in humans and the mechanisms by which they influence the carcinogenic process are presented and discussed in this textbook. 

 

Author (s) Details

Dr. G. J. Naga Raju
JNTU-GV CEV, Vizianagaram 535 003, India.

 

Dr. P. Sarita
GITAM University, Visakhapatnam 530 045, India.

 

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/mono/978-93-49729-10-0

Emerging Role of Free Radicals and Therapeutic Approach towards Antioxidants in Childhood Disorders| Chapter 2 | Current Overview on Disease and Health Research Vol. 11

 Antioxidants are understanding to aid in the guardianship of the physique against the hurtful belongings of free radicals. According to this item, skilled grant permission be an partnership 'tween oxidative stress and anaemia shaking condition, nephrotic condition, infection (TB), hunger, and infant questions.  The latest dossier from continuous studies will be usable in the imminent age and will educate the part of antioxidants in the aetiology and administration of many period of being young disorders. In comparison to term neonates, skilled were reduced cell with hemoglobin superoxide dismutase (SOD) endeavor levels in preterm neonates. Total antioxidant exercise (TAA) levels in term neonates have a better equating at beginning weights of 2500–3000 g. The TAA level of preterm neonates increases as their beginning pressure increases. The mean TAA level in stage III hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) was considerably inferior that administrative neonates (p<0.5). This depreciated TAA level in harsh HIE cases could be on account of a sapped physiologic answer and overpowering result of free radicals on account of anoxemic stress and healing that power have drank existent antioxidants. It is an principle that seizures in HIE are guide weak consequences. It is a field for further research to decide either the occupancy of seizures leads to lower antioxidant endeavor or either lower TAA maybe a creative determinant for these seizures. It is premature to inform this, and further studies are wanted to learn this connection. The adding of antioxidants to the healing design of HIE neonates is urged. Malnutrition and a inadequacy of source of nourishment A and metallic mineral dispose to the incident of alive infection. It is projected that all along situation of infection, secondary antioxidants endure be deliberate together accompanying antagonistic-consumptive drugs. The aims concerning this study involve the retaliation of free radicals through the serviceableness of antioxidants in infancy disorders.

Author(s) Details:

Sharique Ahmad,
Department of Pathology, Era's Lucknow Medical College and Hospital, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh-226003, India.

Pushpendra D. Pratap,
Department of Biochemistry, Era's Lucknow Medical College and Hospital, Era University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh-226003, India.

Alina Kazmi,
Department of Pathology, Era's Lucknow Medical College and Hospital, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh-226003, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/CODHR-V11/article/view/9285

Ripe Papaya: Nutrition and Health Benefits | Chapter 3 | Emerging Challenges in Agriculture and Food Science Vol. 6

The foundation of good health is proper nutrition and medical attention. In contrast, poor nutrition now will guarantee poor health with numerous ailments in the years to come. Good nutrition today will guarantee good health for the next thirty to fifty years. So readers should concentrate on consuming nutrient-dense meals like fruits and vegetables to maintain proper nutrition. Around the world, papayas are grown in tropical and subtropical climates. They are exceptional fruits with health advantages beyond those of basic nutrition. It is commonly known that the world's population is increasing, which keeps most people busier working than they are cooking and consuming healthy meals. They switched from their regular diets to junk food and street food as a result. These meals are high in saturated fat, salt, sugar, and preservatives, all of which cause the body to create free radicals. The cell-damaging effects of free radicals can result in inflammation and degenerative illnesses including cancer, Alzheimer's, overweight and obesity, ageing, osteoporosis, etc. if they are not managed. Vitamin C and B-carotene from papaya fruits are effective dietary antioxidants that work in conjunction with glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, catalase, and other body enzyme antioxidants to prevent or quench free radicals from entering body cells. Numerous non-communicable illnesses can be avoided by regularly consuming papaya fruits. Papaya is the highest source of various nutrients, vitamins, and minerals in addition to having antioxidant capabilities. The writers advised papaya fruits as a result for a stronger and healthier physique.

Author(s) Details:

Caresma Chuwa,
Department of Food Science and Technology, Dr. Y. S. Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan HP-173230, India.

Anju K. Dhiman,
Department of Food Science and Technology, Dr. Y. S. Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan HP-173230, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/ECAFS-V6/article/view/7562

Considering Multiple Modes of Blood Coagulation | Chapter 6 | Issues and Developments in Medicine and Medical Research Vol.10

 Every creature's blood is its life: its blood is its life.

9:4 in the Bible.
For all blooded creatures, blood coagulation is a vital process that prevents essential blood loss due to injury. The traditional model of blood coagulation is based on a cascade process in which a series of enzymatic clotting factors (factors XIII, XII, IX, X, IX, VIII, VII, V) produce thrombin (II), which enzymatically changes soluble fibrinogen (I) into an insoluble fibrin clot.
A new clotting process based on the transformation of fibrinogen into an insoluble matrix by free radicals has recently been discovered (sic. clot). A Fenton-type reaction, such as that involving ascorbate (Vit C) and Cu+2, could produce the OH. free radicals. Alternatively, UVC or g-irradiation interacting with protein could produce them.
We explore both mechanistic approaches and discuss some clinical consequences for thrombotic patients on the ground and astronauts in space.

Author(s) Details:

Dr. Gerard Marx,
 MX Biotech Ltd., Jerusalem 9574109, Israel.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/IDMMR-V10/article/view/5818

Determination of Antioxidant Activities in Four Dominant Species of Trentepohlia (Trentepohliales, Chlorophyta) from East Khasi Hills, Meghalaya, India | Chapter 01 | Current Aspects in Pharmaceutical Research and Development Vol. 8

 In addition to the well-known carotenoids, the current study investigates the antioxidant activity of the four major species and the involvement of other antioxidant chemicals such as phenolics. In vitro antioxidant capabilities of four Trentepohlia species (T. abietina, T. arborum, T. diffracta, and T. umbrina) were assessed, and all four species were found to be high in phenolic compounds, which was a surprise discovery. On the other hand, T. abietina extract had the largest total phenolic component and flavonoid content, as well as the strongest scavenging action and the lowest IC50. In the order T. abietina >T. arborum>T. diffracta>T. umbrina, the scavenging activity of the four Trentepohlia species extracts decreased. Furthermore, the DPPH radical scavenging activity and superoxide anion radical scavenging activity of the four species differed significantly. When it came to reducing power, extracts from all four species were concentration dependent, with high reducing power at higher concentrations and gradually decreasing as the concentration of the extracts fell. When comparing the species, T. abietina once again shown the strongest reducing power at all concentrations. The study revealed a favourable link between increased flavonoids content and increased scavenging activity. The presence of predominantly flavonoids constituents could be linked to the scavenging effect displayed by the extract of four species of Trentepohlia, primarily the DPPH scavenging activity. This clearly suggested that the DPPH scavenging action exhibited by the extract of all four Trentepohlia species may be linked to the presence of primarily flavonoids constituents in this case.

Author(S) Details

Diana Kharkongor
Department of Botany, School of Life Sciences, North-Eastern Hill University, India.

Papiya Ramanujam
Department of Botany, School of Life Sciences, North-Eastern Hill University, India.

View Book:- https://stm.bookpi.org/CAPRD-V8/article/view/5641

Determining the Role of the Ethanolic Leaf Extract of Diodia sarmentosa as a Free Radical Scavenger, and an Antioxidant in High Fat Diet Fed Wistar Rats | Chapter 12 | New Visions in Biological Science Vol. 5

 Diodia sarmentosa (Sw) is a straggling or procumbent perennial herb that grows in evergreen forest, riverine vegetation, and bushland. It has been traditionally used to cure a variety of diseases, including ulcers and diabetes. The role of Diodia sarmentosa ethanolic leaf extract as a free radical scavenger and antioxidant in high fat diet-fed wistar rats was examined in this study. The researchers want to see if the plant extract can scavenge free radicals in vitro and if it may improve antioxidant activity and minimise lipid peroxidation in vivo. Thirty (30) male wistar rats (150 g-200 g) were divided into five (5) groups: negative control rats, positive control rats, low dose extract rats treated with 250 mg/kg, high dose extract rats treated with 500 mg/kg of the extract, and standard antihyperlipidaemic drug rats treated with 5 mg/kg of Simvastatin in this study. For six (6) weeks, the rats were fed a high-fat diet containing Ghee and Coconut oil in a 3:1 ratio, and treatments began after the third week and continued until the sixth week. The role of Diodia sarmentosa as a free radical scavenger and antioxidant was determined by measuring nitric oxide radical, hydroxyl radical, malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and glutathione S-transferase (GST) in the test rats' serum. In vitro, Diodia sarmentosa scavenged free radicals by blocking nitric oxide and hydroxyl radicals in a concentration-dependent manner, resulting in IC50 values of 907.17 g/ml 45.36 and 2173.44 g/ml 100.11, respectively. When compared to the PC group, antioxidant enzymes such as SOD, GPx, and CAT in the test rats' serum were significantly elevated (p0.05) by both doses of the extract, and its effect was similar to that of the standard medicine (Simvastatin). Both doses of the extract reduced GST activity in the test rats' serum, although the difference was not statistically significant (p>0.05). Finally, both doses of the extract in the serum of the test rats considerably reduced the measure of lipid peroxidation, i.e. malondialdehyde level (p0.05). To summarise, Diodia sarmentosa possesses antioxidant properties due to its ability to scavenge free radicals, replenish antioxidant enzymes, and minimise lipid peroxidation.

Author(S) Details

Stephen Chinedumije Korie
Department of Biotechnology, Federal University of Technology, Owerri, Nigeria.

Tobias I. Ndubuisi Ezejiofor
Department of Biotechnology, Federal University of Technology, Owerri, Nigeria.

View Book:- https://stm.bookpi.org/NVBS-V5/article/view/4611

The True Cause of Coronary Artery Disease; Cholesterol is Irrelevant | Chapter 10 | New Frontiers in Medicine and Medical Research Vol. 4

 This report is a compilation of 22 studies that concludes that free radical damage to tumour suppressor genes causes coronary artery disease. This mutation allows cells to proliferate out of control, resulting in benign mini tumours between the endothelium lining and the smooth muscle walls of arteries. These tumours generate microscopic tears in the endothelium, which are patched with interlacing fibrin filaments as they expand. Minerals (particularly calcium), heavy metals, macrophages, and cellular detritus are trapped in this tough scar tissue. The last smooth layer of cholesterol that coats this vascular plaque has little bearing on its progression. According to current national cholesterol standards, over 75 percent of patients hospitalised for a heart attack had cholesterol levels that indicated they were not at high risk for a cardiovascular event. As a result, there is no link between cholesterol levels in the blood and coronary artery disease.

Author (S) Details

David Rowland
Independent Researcher Registered with ORCID, Canada.

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/NFMMR-V4/article/view/2889

Advanced Study on Antioxidant Properties of Silver Nanoparticles Biosynthesized from Methanolic Leaf Extract of Blighia sapida | Chapter 7 | New Approaches in Engineering Research Vol. 4

 The use of microorganisms, enzymes, or plant extracts in the synthesis of nanoparticles has been proposed as an ecofriendly alternative to chemical and physical methods that involve the use of harmful reducing agents. Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were synthesized using a green approach from methanolic leaf extract of Blighia sapida in the current study. UV-visible (UV-vis) spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and Scanning Electron Microscopy were used to characterize the synthesized AgNPs (SEM). The antioxidant activity of the synthesized AgNPs was assessed using the DPPH radical scavenging assay, total reductive potential, total phenolics content (TPC), and total flavonoids content (TFC). The size of the synthesized silver nanoparticles ranged from 50 to 70 nm, with maximum UV-vis absorbance at 413 nm, according to SEM analysis. Radical scavenging activity of DPPH, reducing power, total phenolic and total flavonoid content When compared to ascorbic acid, the standard reference, the content of the synthesized AgNPs increased in a dose-dependent manner. This finding confirmed that Blighia sapida is a viable biomaterial for the production of AgNPs, which can then be used to boost antioxidant activity. This study sheds light on the use of Blighia sapida leaf as a good source of naturally occurring antioxidants, which could be useful as a therapeutic agent in the prevention or treatment of oxidative stress-related diseases.

Author (S) Details

Dr. A. O. Akintola
Department of Science Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, Ogbomoso, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Nigeria.

Mr. B. D. Kehinde
Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Nigeria.

Dr. P. B. Ayoola
Department of Science Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, Ogbomoso, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Nigeria.

Dr. A. G. Adewoyin
Department of Science Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, Ogbomoso, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Nigeria.

O. T. Adedosu
Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Nigeria.

J. F. Ajayi
Department of Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Nigeria.

Mr. S. B. Ogunsona
Department of Science Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, Ogbomoso, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Nigeria.

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/NAER-V4/article/view/1883

The Role of Nutrition in Fighting Free Radicals: A Brief Review | Chapter 10 | Research Trends and Challenges in Medical Science Vol. 10

 This paper aims to review the key mechanisms of oxidative stress in the literature, highlighting the major formed metabolites, cell harm mechanisms, and major antioxidants. Human existence depends on the presence of oxygen. The formation of free radicals (FR) is linked to oxygen intake, a process that occurs when this molecule is incompletely reduced. Free radicals foster reactions with biological substrates, which can destroy biomolecules and, as a result, cause health problems in humans. The oxidative stress mechanism, which is characterised by an imbalance between FR formation and antioxidant action in the body, can result in a variety of cellular damage linked to injuries such as cancer, atherosclerosis, hypertension, and emphysema, to name a few. Antioxidants are critical in combating harm in the body, which may come from extrinsic or intrinsic sources.

Author (s) Details

Tatiani Cavalli Boehm
Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Parana, Brazil

M. G. Santos
Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Parana, Brazil

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/RTCMS-V10/article/view/713