Plant-Based Activated Carbons for Cobalt and Strontium Removal: Insights into Adsorption Mechanisms | Chapter 8 | Chemical and Materials Sciences: Research Findings Vol. 2

Aims: To investigate the adsorption behavior of Co(II) and Sr(II) ions on the surface of plant-based activated carbons (obtained from walnut shells (CA-N) and apple wood (CA-M), and modified by oxidation with nitric acid and nitric acid/urea mixture).

Methodology: Activated carbons were chemically modified using nitric acid (sample CA-Mox) and a nitric acid/urea mixture (samples CA-Mox-u, CA-Nox-u). Their physicochemical properties were characterized through nitrogen adsorption isotherms, SEM-EDX, FTIR spectroscopy, pH metric titrations, Boehm titration, and elemental analysis. Batch adsorption experiments were conducted to evaluate the removal efficiency of Co(II) and Sr(II) ions over a pH range of 2–10. Kinetic models (pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order, intraparticle diffusion) and isotherm models (Langmuir, Freundlich, Dubinin–Radushkevich, Temkin-Pyzhev) were applied to study adsorption mechanisms and estimate maximum adsorption capacities.

Results: On the surface of activated carbons the following functional groups have been identified: strongly acidic groups (CA-Mox, 0.95 meq/g; CA-Mox-u, 0.44 meq/g; CA-Nox-u, 0.32 meq/g) and weakly acidic and phenolic groups, while the pH_pzc value of the studied activated carbons increase as follows:
CA-Mox (2.3) < CA-Mox-u (3.3) < CA-Nox-u (3.9) < CA-M (6.9) < CA-N (8.3).

The results of batch experiments indicate that maximum adsorption can be achieved in broad pH ranges: 4–8 for Co(II) and 4–10 for Sr(II). The maximum adsorption capacities of Co(II) and Sr(II) on oxidized activated carbons at pH = 4 are: CA-Mox, 0.085 and 0.076 mmol/g; CA-Mox-u, 0.056 and 0.041 mmol/g; and CA-Nox-u, 0.041 and 0.034 mmol/g, respectively.

The experimental data are best described by the pseudo-second kinetic model, suggesting that the adsorption of metal ions (cobalt(II) and strontium(II)) onto oxidized activated carbons is based on chemisorption. The constants determined for the Freundlich and Langmuir models and the energy values estimated by Dubinin–Radushkevich demonstrate that the adsorption process of strontium(II) and cobalt(II) ions onto oxidized activated carbons is favorable and dominated by chemisorption of the energetically homogenous surface in the modeled system.

Conclusion: The investigations highlight the important role of the solution pH, of the activated carbons' functional groups, and the pH_pzc value for the adsorption process of cobalt(II) and strontium(II) ions. By summarizing the obtained results, the adsorption mechanisms of toxic metal ions on activated carbons were proposed.

 

 

Author (s) Details

Raisa Nastas
Institute of Chemistry of Moldova State University, 3, Academiei Str. Chisinau, MD-2028, Republic of Moldova.

 

Irina Ceban
Institute of Chemistry of Moldova State University, 3, Academiei Str. Chisinau, MD-2028, Republic of Moldova.

 

Tudor Lupascu
Institute of Chemistry of Moldova State University, 3, Academiei Str. Chisinau, MD-2028, Republic of Moldova.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/cmsrf/v2/5160

 

Considering Multiple Modes of Blood Coagulation | Chapter 6 | Issues and Developments in Medicine and Medical Research Vol.10

 Every creature's blood is its life: its blood is its life.

9:4 in the Bible.
For all blooded creatures, blood coagulation is a vital process that prevents essential blood loss due to injury. The traditional model of blood coagulation is based on a cascade process in which a series of enzymatic clotting factors (factors XIII, XII, IX, X, IX, VIII, VII, V) produce thrombin (II), which enzymatically changes soluble fibrinogen (I) into an insoluble fibrin clot.
A new clotting process based on the transformation of fibrinogen into an insoluble matrix by free radicals has recently been discovered (sic. clot). A Fenton-type reaction, such as that involving ascorbate (Vit C) and Cu+2, could produce the OH. free radicals. Alternatively, UVC or g-irradiation interacting with protein could produce them.
We explore both mechanistic approaches and discuss some clinical consequences for thrombotic patients on the ground and astronauts in space.

Author(s) Details:

Dr. Gerard Marx,
 MX Biotech Ltd., Jerusalem 9574109, Israel.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/IDMMR-V10/article/view/5818

Development of Oral Herbal Male Contraceptive | Chapter 08 | Current Aspects in Pharmaceutical Research and Development Vol. 8

 

Background: More study on male contraception is encouraged since population management is seen as a key step toward global health. Despite the fact that there are many synthetic contraceptives available, they all have different negative effects. When compared to condoms, several male contraceptive treatments, such as hormonal, pharmacological, and immunological therapies, were researched over a long period of time and found to have good antifertility efficacy with low failure rates.

The idea of herbal contraceptives, which are an effective technique to limit animal and human reproduction, is the emphasis of this chapter. The focus of this review was on herbal medicinal plants and plant extracts that have been found to have antifertility effects in men. Plants having reported animal research and some with human studies for antifertility effects, as well as their dosages, chemical contents, and mechanism of action for the antifertility impact of the plants, are all considered in the review. This chapter also covers the stages of sperm formation, hormone production, and the mechanism of male contraceptives.

Conclusion: In terms of the current review's applicability, it might be extremely useful in the development of plant monographs and recommendations for their use. Many of the plants listed here could be used as alternative oral fertility regulators in males. As a result, greater research into the chemical and biological characteristics of these less-explored plants is needed to evaluate their contraceptive efficacy as well as any negative effects, so that these compounds can be utilised reliably to manage male fertility. New inventions are needed in this field to focus on more current, more potent pharmaceuticals with less toxic components that are self-administerable, less expensive, and entirely reversible.

Author(S) Details

Akash Yadav
IEC University, Baddi, Himachal Pradesh-174103, India.

Shivangi Sharma
Saraswati College of Pharmacy, Gharuan, Mohali, Punjab-140413, India.

Shahid Nazir Wani
IEC University, Baddi, Himachal Pradesh-174103, India.

Kirti Kaushal
IEC University, Baddi, Himachal Pradesh-174103, India.

Priya Sharma
IEC University, Baddi, Himachal Pradesh-174103, India.

View Book:- https://stm.bookpi.org/CAPRD-V8/article/view/5649

Study on Connecting Rod Curves Generated by Mechanisms with three Dyads of the Same Type | Chapter 5 | New Approaches in Engineering Research Vol. 6

 We begin with the kinematic scheme of a mechanism with three dyads, all of the RRR type, connected as follows: the first dyad is connected to the driving element R and the base, the second dyad is connected to the connecting rod of the first dyad in the mechanism and its rocker, and the third dyad is connected to the connecting rods of the second dyad. This method of binding allows for the creation of increasingly complex connecting rod curves. The closed – loops method is used to write analytical relations. On this mechanism, we draw the connecting rod curves formed by the locations of interest. The connecting rod curves drawn by a mechanism with three RPP-type dyads and another mechanism with three RPR-type dyads are also investigated. There were several different-shaped connecting rod curves, as well as open curves, because the mechanisms were not designed to allow the driving element to complete entire revolutions (conditions like Grashof). These connecting rod curves can be found on packing machines, in toys, and in a variety of other applications.

Author(s) Details

Dr. Eng.  Iulian Popescu
Member of the Romanian Academy of Technical Sciences, Romania.

Liliana Luca
Constantin Brancuşi, University of Targu-Jiu, Romania.

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/NAER-V6/article/view/2489

Biochemical and Molecular Pathogenetic Mechanisms behind Causation of Parkinson’s Disease | Chapter 16 | Research Trends and Challenges in Medical Science Vol.4

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is an age-related neurodegenerative disorder that affects approximately 1 million persons in the United States. It is characterized by resting tremor, rigidity, bradykinesia, gait disturbance and postural instability. Its pathological features include degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta coupled with intracytoplasmic inclusions known as Lewy bodies. Neurodegeneration and Lewy bodies can also be found in locus ceruleus, nucleus basalis, hypothalamus, cerebral cortex, cranial nerve motor nuclei, and central & peripheral components of autonomic nervous system. The appearance of Lewy-body-like inclusions in nigrostriatal terminals might be followed by retrograde degeneration, further accumulation of aggregated proteins in nigral cell bodies and, finally, reactive gliosis and cell death. In familial forms of Parkinson’s disease, linked to mutations in α-synuclein, it is proposed that a loss of normal function of this protein, as well as a toxic effect of altered forms of the mutant protein, promote the accumulation of dopamine in cytoplasm. This would result in oxidative stress, leading to the onset of neurodegenerative changes mentioned above. Finally, we review evidence for a role of α-synuclein in synaptic vesicle recycling& suggest that impaired function of this protein might lead to accumulation of dopamine in cytoplasm. This could be the final deleterious event that triggers the death of nigral dopaminergic neurons in PD. In addition to prevailing pharmacologic therapies and surgical procedures,Yoga can be one of the most beneficial complementary therapies for PD patients, which canact at molecular level to reduce oxidative stress, improve neuro-cognition, boost their mood, enhance sensory-motor performance, increase dopamine & serotonin secretion and reduce cortisol secretion, thereby collectively enhancing quality of life of PD patients & their care-takers.

Author (s) Details

 C. S. Nagalakshmi
Professor and Head, Department of Biochemistry, Sri Siddhartha Institute of Medical Sciences & Research Centre, T Begur, Bangalore Rural, Karnataka, India.

N. U. Santhosh
Consultant Neurosurgoen, Aster CMI Hospital, Sahakaranagar, Hebbal, Bangalore, Karnataka, India

View Book :- http://bp.bookpi.org/index.php/bpi/catalog/book/212