Nano-Biocatalysts for the Removal of Heavy Metals from Wastewater and Sustainability | Chapter 3 | Chemical and Materials Sciences - Developments and Innovations Vol. 4

Biochemical and Physicochemical technology in water and wastewater treatment engineering is essential in the field of water treatment. Water is the source of life. Almost 70% of an adult's weight is composed of water 20% of the loss of water is life threatening. In our daily lives, about 2500 mL of water would be discharged. through breathing, sweating, and other vital activities. Wastewater is rich in heavy metals from the electroplating industry. A microbial fuel cell is a technique for producing electricity while treating wastewater. Eliminating heavy metals and other pollutants from wastewater has grown to be a major global issue. To address this issue, numerous technologies have been developed. Because of the exceptional qualities that come with nanotechnology, heavy metals may now be removed from contaminated water. As a result, several Nanomaterials have been developed to address this issue. The current chapter focuses on innovative Nanomaterials, such as those based on carbon, zero-valet metals, metal-oxide bases, and nanocomposites, and how these can be used to remove heavy metal ions from wastewater. The combined efforts of chemists, engineers, and material scientists are required to address these issues. In recent years, as Nanomaterials have gained popularity worldwide in the field of water and wastewater purification, nanotechnology, Biochemical and physic-chemical Technology have also brought modernity to the treatment of wastewater and water. This chapter mainly focuses on different ways to remove heavy metals, and the mechanisms responsible for their removal and environmental Sustainability.

 

Author(s) Details

P. Sateesh

Department of Physics, St Peter’s Engineering College, Hyderabad-500100, India.

K. Gopinath

Department of Chemistry, St Peter’s Engineering College, Hyderabad-500100, India.

A. Rajesh

Department of Physics, St Peter’s Engineering College, Hyderabad-500100, India.

N. Maramu

Department of Physical Science, Kakatiya Institute of Technology and Science Warangal-506015, India.

N. Hemanth

Department of Physics, St Peter’s Engineering College, Hyderabad-500100, India.

V. Sunilkumar

Department of Physical Science, Kakatiya Institute of Technology and Science Warangal-506015, India.

P. Sivakumar

Department of Physics, St Peter’s Engineering College, Hyderabad-500100, India.

S. Rajyalakshmi

Department of Chemistry, St Peter’s Engineering College, Hyderabad-500100, India.

M. Rajesh

Department of Physics, St Peter’s Engineering College, Hyderabad-500100, India.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/cmsdi/v4/887

Berlinia grandiflora Hutch and Dalz Ethanol Stem Bark Extract Ameliorates the Effect of CCl4 Induced Liver Damage in Rats | Chapter 4 | Pharmaceutical Research: Recent Advances and Trends Vol. 10

The largest organ in the body, the liver, serves as the final organ in biological processes like metabolism, excretion, and detoxification. Hepatocytes are destroyed throughout the procedure, which might lead to problems or liver damage. The objective of the present study was to provide empirical support for the folkloric assertion that the stem bark of Berlinia grandiflora is utilized in the treatment of hepatic disorders. This was achieved by evaluating the effect of the ethanol extract on liver maker enzymes in vivo. Six groups of six Wistar albino rats were selected and each was subjected to different treatments with carbon tetrachloride (CCl4), followed by ethanol stem bark Berlinia grandiflora extract (ESBG) for seven days. At the conclusion of the treatment period, serum biochemical parameters were evaluated to determine the health of the liver. Treatment of rats with ESBG (at doses 100, 300 and 900 mg/kg b.w., orally) reduced the impact of CCl4-induced hepatotoxicity on liver maker enzymes Alanine aminotransferase (ALT), Aspartate aminotransferase (AST), Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and Total Bilirubin (TB), with the 900 mg/kg b.w. showing a significant reduction (p < 0.05) compared to the group treated with only CCl4. Serum Total protein (TP) and albumin (ALB) increased in rats treated with the extracts, with the 900 mg/kg b.w. dose showing a significant increment (p<0.05) compared to the group treated with only CCl4. The study revealed that the ethanol extract of Berlinia grandiflora stem bark was able to ameliorate the effect of CCl4-induced liver damage, thus supporting the traditional usage of the plant in treating liver-related disorders.

 

Author (s) Details

 

Martin Ntiamoah Donkor
Department of Biochemistry and Forensic Sciences, School of Chemical and Biochemical Sciences, C. K. Tedam University of Technology and Applied Sciences, Navrongo, Ghana.

 

Addai-Mensah Donkor
Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University for Development Studies, Tamale, Ghana and Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University for Development Studies, Tamale, Ghana.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/prrat/v10/3137

Insights into Basketball Player Conditioning: Analyzing Pre-season Training's Impact on Physiological and Biochemical Indices- A Systematic Review | Chapter 3 | Contemporary Perspective on Science, Technology and Research Vol. 4

Basketball is one of the most popular team sports in the world, and many sport scientists are intensely studying many different aspects and factors that affect or explain players’ performance in this specific sport. The pre-season period in basketball includes all the physiological attributes that the players need to work on and develop, in order to sustain a full season workload. The monitoring of the effectiveness of pre-season training is based on a variety of biochemical and physiological indices; however, it is still unclear how pre-season training affects those markers. Therefore, this study aimed to analyze the effects of pre-season training on biochemical and physiological markers. A search was performed in five large scientific databases (Pubmed (Medline), Scopus, Science-Direct, Sport- Discus (EBSCO), Semantic Scholar) and produced 7081 results, which after removing duplicates and applying inclusion and exclusion criteria, resulted in 28 published scientific articles being included in this review. The most important findings suggested that the majority of the studies used a 6- or an 8-week pre-season training protocol, because these protocols have shown significant positive effects over the years. In addition, the plyometric training protocols that were used by many studies have been found to be beneficial for basketball athletes for many physiological parameters. Furthermore, the evaluation of biochemical markers can be a very useful tool in monitoring and managing fatigue, which is an essential part of modifying the training process, in order to maximize performance. Conclusively, our research tried to help the community around the sport of basketball, by demonstrating some new perspectives and providing some scientific insights about basketball player conditioning.

Author(s) Details:

Dimitrios Mexis,
School of Physical Education and Sport Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 17237 Athens, Greece.

Tzortzis Nomikos,
Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Health Sciences and Education, Harokopio University, 17676 Athens, Greece.

Nikolaos Kostopoulos,
School of Physical Education and Sport Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 17237 Athens, Greece.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/CPSTR-V4/article/view/13136

Aetiology of Anaemia among Pregnant Women in Northern Ghana | Chapter 13 | Advanced Concepts in Medicine and Medical Research Vol. 5

 This phase evaluated the aetiology of anaemia in significant women in Northern Ghana. Maternal anaemia has significant antagonistic effects on two together mothers and babies. The risk of death with pregnant women accompanying severe anaemia has happened reported expected twice that of mothers outside severe anaemia. This clinic-based cross-divided case-control study was conducted in the Obstetrics and Gynecology Department of the Regional Hospital Bolgatanga (RHB), Ghana, West Africa, from May 2013 to May 2014. A total of 400 meaningful women, comprising 253 anaemic and 147 non-anaemic meaningful women accompanying the antenatal clinic at the Bolgatanga Regional Hospital, Ghana, were picked for the study. Venous blood was collected and haemoglobin genotype, complete blood count and biochemical limits [ferritin, iron, total iron binding capacity (TIBC), transferrin satiation (TfS), C-reactive protein (CRP) and bilirubin] were driven. Per the manufacturer's commands, daily quality control checks were gossip control specimens inside specified limits. Thick ancestry films were prepared for malaria parasitemia, while first glance stool and midstream excretion samples were examined for pertaining to the stomach and urogenital parasites, individually. Anaemic pregnant women had a considerably lower mean HGB, HCT, MCV, and MCHC than their non-anaemic counterparts (p<0.0001). Conversely, skilled was a significantly taller mean WBC and RDW amongst anaemic pregnant girls than non-naemic women (p<0.05). There were considerably reduced levels of HGB (p<0.0001), HCT (p<0.0001), MCV (p<0.0001), iron (0.0273), ferritin (p=0.018) and transferrin satiation (0.0391) and an increased WBC (p=0.006), RDW (p=0.0480), TIBC (p=0.0438) and eagerness of CRP in the anaemic group compared to non-anaemic pregnant daughters. Plasmodium falciparum, Schistosoma hematobium, increased hemoglobinopathies (AS, SS, and SC), and stomach parasite contaminations were associated with anaemic women. Iron inadequacy is linked to a notable division in haematological and iron indices in meaningful women the one are anaemic. Hemoglobinopathies and parasite infections further confuse this outcome.

Author(s) Details:

Benjamin Ahenkorah,
Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Bolgatanga Technical University, Bolgatanga-Upper East Region, Ghana.

Gideon Helegbe,
School of Medicine, University for Development Studies, Tamale, Ghana.

Edmund Muonir Der,
School of Medicine, University for Development Studies, Tamale, Ghana.

Nana Obema Asantewaa Emba,
Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana.

Addai-Mensah Donkor,
Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University for Development Studies, Tamale, Ghana.

Winfred Ofosu,
Ghana Health Service, Upper East Region, Ghana.

Priscilla Arthur Johnson,
School of Medical Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana.

Bernard Kwaku Okai,
Ghana Health Service, Upper East Region, Ghana.

 
Ana Maria Simono,
School of Medicine, University for Development Studies, Tamale, Ghana.

Kwame Opare-Asamoah,
School of Medicine, University for Development Studies, Tamale, Ghana.

Regina Frimpong Udzu,
Department of Biology Education, University of Education, Winneba, Ghana.

Akatibo Emmanuel,
Ghana Health Service, Upper East Region, Ghana.

Eric Faakuu,
School of Medicine, University for Development Studies, Tamale, Ghana.

Edwin Anum Ogoe,
Ghana Health Service, Upper East Region, Ghana.

Jones Dorkenoo,
School of Medicine, University for Development Studies, Tamale, Ghana.

Samuel Bimpong,
Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana.

Emmanuel Danquah Kyere,
School of Medicine, University for Development Studies, Tamale, Ghana.

Ussiph Adam,
Ghana Health Service, Upper East Region, Ghana.

Ben Gyan,
Department of Immunology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Ghana.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/ACMMR-V5/article/view/12565

An Analytical Study on the Influence of Neem Oil on Malathion in the Fish Oreochromis mossambicus | Chapter 3 | Research Aspects in Biological Science Vol. 3

The extensive use of pesticides and their ingredients, as well as their toxicity, have a negative influence on the aquatic environment and the creatures that live there. The goal of this study was to look at the effects of malathion and neem oil on the freshwater fish Oreochromis mossambicus, both alone and in combination, in order to understand the changes in different target organs such the liver and kidney using biochemical and histological analyses. The median lethal concentration (LC50) of neem oil and malathion were maintained for acute toxicity (96 hours) and chronic toxicity (21 days) tests. The results showed that when neem oil and malathion were combined, the biological analysis for total protein and fat rose, which was much higher than before. Those of neem oil and malathion were kept separate. The liver of fish exposed to neem oil exhibited normal hepatocellular architecture in acute and chronic toxicity experiments, but fish exposed to malathion alone and malathion mixed with neem oil showed hepatocellular degeneration, with the latter showing indications of recovery. Neem oil-exposed fish showed normal renal architecture, whereas malathion-exposed fish had epithelial cell degeneration and necrosis, and those exposed to both neem oil and malathion had moderate degeneration. Neem oil interacts with malathion and protects against the toxicant's negative effects, according to this study.

Author(s) Details:

D. Jothigayathri,
PG and Research Department of Zoology, Justice Basheer Ahmed Sayeed College for Women, Chennai-18, India.

Amthul Azeez,
PG and Research Department of Zoology, Justice Basheer Ahmed Sayeed College for Women, Chennai-18, India.

C. M. Lubna Ghazia,
PG and Research Department of Zoology, Justice Basheer Ahmed Sayeed College for Women, Chennai-18, India.

F. Akthari Begum,
PG and Research Department of Zoology, Justice Basheer Ahmed Sayeed College for Women, Chennai-18, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/RABS-V3/article/view/7045

Hemolytic Activity and Antibacterial Investigation against Human Pathogen: Fish Epidermal Mucus from Labeo rohita | Chapter 09 | Innovations in Microbiology and Biotechnology Vol. 3

 Aqueous solution was used to extract fish mucus from Labeo rohita, and the chemical composition revealed 27.5 percent protein, 5.8 percent carbohydrate, and 0.21 percent lipids. Lysozyme, lectins, proteolytic enzymes, flavoenzymes, immunoglobulins, C-reactive protein, and apolipoprotein A-I are among the physiologically active chemicals found in fish mucus. In human blood, the mucus extract had haemolytic activity of 43.47 and 37.73 HT/mg, respectively. Furthermore, the antibacterial activity of the mucus extract was 14, 12, 15, 16, 11, 17, 13 and 12mm against S. aureus, K. pneumoniae, S. typhi, V. cholerae, K. oxytoca, E. coli, V. parahaemolyticus, and S. pyogenes at the highest concentration of 100g/ ml. MIC values of 100g/ml were detected in fish mucus against E. coli, while V. cholerae was marginally halted at the above concentration. The MBC values of 100g/ml against E. coli and V. cholerae were somewhat halted at the same concentration in the fish mucus. The mucus' antibacterial activity has been indicated as a potential source antimicrobial agent in future pharmacological development of novel antimicrobial medicines.

Author(S) Details

M. Abareethan
Research Department of Zoology, Government Arts College (Autonomous), Salem- 636007, India.

View Book:- https://stm.bookpi.org/IMB-V3/article/view/5361

Research on Microbiological and Biochemical Analysis of Soymilk Produced and Sold within Calabar Metropolis | Chapter 5 | Current Research Trends in Biological Science Vol.4

 

This study was aimed at evaluating the microbiological and biochemical content of soymilk produced
and sold locally within Calabar metropolis. Samples of soymilk were obtained from five areas in
Calabar metropolis namely: Bogobiri, Watt market, Akim barracks, Army barracks and Marian market.
Standard microbiological techniques including the pour plate method and relevant biochemical tests
were used to isolate, characterize and identify the found microrganisms. The probable bacterial
isolates were identified as: Pseudomonas, Bacillus and Klebsiella species while the fungi species
were that of Yeast and Aspergillus. There was significant differences in bacterial and fungal count
across the locations sampled (P<0.05). The mean bacterial counts were highest in samples from
Army barracks 6.90±0.01x108 cfu/ml and lowest in Marian market 4.80±0.04x108 cfu/ml while the
mean fungal count was highest in Army barracks 6.50±0.17x108 cfu/ml and lowest in Akim barracks
3.50±0.22x108 cfu/ml. Proximate composition analysis of the foods sampled revealed high
carbohydrate content (41.32±0.04% - 53.70±0.04%), lipid content (1.50±0.03% - 5.00±0.04%) and
fibre content (1.00±0.08% - 1.60±0.04%) while the range for other proximate composition indices such
as ash (1.60±0.01% - 3.10±0.02%), moisture (31.80±0.04% - 36.50±0.15%), and protein content
(10.68±0.30% - 19.08±0.30%) were relatively low. Elemental analysis of the soymilk samples showed
relatively good amounts of calcium, zinc, iron and sodium which were within the permissible limits set
by WHO guidelines for food standard. Lead, Mercury and Cadmium were not detected indicating that
the source of water was portable and the soil or cultivation was devoid of harmful/toxic metals.
Samples from Marian market however had the highest nutritional and mineral composition.

Author (s) Details

Nkoyo Edet Asuquo
Department of Microbiology, University of Calabar, P.M.B. 1115, Cross River State, Nigeria.

Slyvester Peter Antai
Department of Microbiology, University of Calabar, P.M.B. 1115, Cross River State, Nigeria.

View Book :- http://bp.bookpi.org/index.php/bpi/catalog/book/268

Biochemical and Molecular Pathogenetic Mechanisms behind Causation of Parkinson’s Disease | Chapter 16 | Research Trends and Challenges in Medical Science Vol.4

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is an age-related neurodegenerative disorder that affects approximately 1 million persons in the United States. It is characterized by resting tremor, rigidity, bradykinesia, gait disturbance and postural instability. Its pathological features include degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta coupled with intracytoplasmic inclusions known as Lewy bodies. Neurodegeneration and Lewy bodies can also be found in locus ceruleus, nucleus basalis, hypothalamus, cerebral cortex, cranial nerve motor nuclei, and central & peripheral components of autonomic nervous system. The appearance of Lewy-body-like inclusions in nigrostriatal terminals might be followed by retrograde degeneration, further accumulation of aggregated proteins in nigral cell bodies and, finally, reactive gliosis and cell death. In familial forms of Parkinson’s disease, linked to mutations in α-synuclein, it is proposed that a loss of normal function of this protein, as well as a toxic effect of altered forms of the mutant protein, promote the accumulation of dopamine in cytoplasm. This would result in oxidative stress, leading to the onset of neurodegenerative changes mentioned above. Finally, we review evidence for a role of α-synuclein in synaptic vesicle recycling& suggest that impaired function of this protein might lead to accumulation of dopamine in cytoplasm. This could be the final deleterious event that triggers the death of nigral dopaminergic neurons in PD. In addition to prevailing pharmacologic therapies and surgical procedures,Yoga can be one of the most beneficial complementary therapies for PD patients, which canact at molecular level to reduce oxidative stress, improve neuro-cognition, boost their mood, enhance sensory-motor performance, increase dopamine & serotonin secretion and reduce cortisol secretion, thereby collectively enhancing quality of life of PD patients & their care-takers.

Author (s) Details

 C. S. Nagalakshmi
Professor and Head, Department of Biochemistry, Sri Siddhartha Institute of Medical Sciences & Research Centre, T Begur, Bangalore Rural, Karnataka, India.

N. U. Santhosh
Consultant Neurosurgoen, Aster CMI Hospital, Sahakaranagar, Hebbal, Bangalore, Karnataka, India

View Book :- http://bp.bookpi.org/index.php/bpi/catalog/book/212