Activity of Biosynthesized Silver Nanoparticles against Food Spoilage Causing Microorganisms | Chapter 35 | Innovative Solutions: A Systematic Approach towards Sustainable Future

Aim: To prove the antibacterial sensitivity of phytogenic silver nanoparticles against food spoilage causing organisms such as Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922) and Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923).

Study Design:  Extract based on raw banana peels harnessed from chips manufacturing units was utilized as the reducing agent for the biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles, followed by evaluation of their antibacterial efficacy against common food spoilage organisms through agar diffusion analysis. The experiments were conducted in triplicate, and the average values were depicted graphically.

Place and Duration of Study: Sahrdaya College of Engineering and Technology, Kodakara and Centre for Research on Molecular and Applied Sciences, Thiruvananthapuram, between June to August 2023.

Methodology: Raw banana peel extract was utilized as plant based reducing agent in bioinspired synthesis of silver nanoparticles. The bio-inspired silver nanoparticles formation was confirmed using surface plasmon resonance studies. The biosynthesized particles were isolated through centrifugation and subjected to characterization through Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis to assess their physical structure and chemical composition. The antibacterial efficacy of these particles was assessed through agar diffusion assay, and the minimum concentration of nanoparticles solution to inhibit the microbial growth was determined against food spoilage organisms.

Results: Spherical shaped silver nanoparticles with in the size range of 56-80 nm was synthesized using raw banana peel as reducing agent. These nanoparticles exhibited minimum inhibitory concentrations of 56.07 µg/mL and 79.32 µg/mL, as well as minimum bactericidal concentrations of 156.59 µg/mL and 188.96 µg/mL against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus respectively.

Conclusion: The silver nanoparticles synthesized with raw banana peel extract as the reducing agent demonstrated antibacterial sensitivity against food spoilage organisms.

 

Author (s) Details

Sumi Maria Babu
Department of Biotechnology, Sahrdaya College of Engineering and Technology, Kodakara, Affiliated to APJ Abdul Kalam Technological University, Thiruvananthapuram, India.

Leon Ittiachen
Department of Biotechnology, Sahrdaya College of Engineering and Technology, Kodakara, Affiliated to APJ Abdul Kalam Technological University, Thiruvananthapuram, India.

 

Please see the book here:-  https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/mono/978-93-49238-47-3/CH35

Herbal Extract Mouthwash - A Promising Solution for Dental Caries | Chapter 14 | Advancement and New Understanding in Medical Science Vol. 3

 Dental caries is one of the most prevalent oral diseases. It is highly prevalent among children and persists to be an important public health problem worldwide. Studies reveal that developing countries continue to show a trend of increase in dental caries. Dental caries is a process where the enamel and the dentine are demineralized by the products of bacterial fermentation. It results from the accumulation of plaque on the surface of the teeth and biochemical activities of complex microorganisms. The most common initial colonizers on the tooth surface are the Streptococcus species, predominantly, S. oralis, S. sanguis, and S. mitis, with S. mutans etc. The most common methods for maintaining good oral hygiene are brushing and washing the mouth with tooth pastes and mouthwashes that have antimicrobial properties and can prevent the degradation of tooth enamel. Most commercial mouthwash contains alcohol, which may be lethal. The formulated mouthwashes using vegetables and spices were proved to be effective in the inhibition of the growth of caries causing bacteria due to antimicrobial activity evaluated by MIC. So, herbal mouthwashes that are natural, gentle, easy to prepare, inexpensive, and free from unwanted synthetic chemicals (dyes) and additives and safe for all. Thus, formulated herbal mouth washes would be better solution to combat dental caries.

Author(s) Details:

Anitha Layam,
Adjunct Faculty, Department of Home Science, SPMVV, Tirupati -517502, AP, India.

Sai Bramari G.,
Subject Matter Expert in Biology, 8-3-668/1B, Gandhi Residency 204, Jayaprakash Nagar, Yellareddyguda, Hyderabad - 500073, Telangana, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/ANUMS-V3/article/view/13186

Assay of Commenila benghalensis Linn. Leaf Extract on Selected Microbes | Chapter 2 | Innovations in Microbiology and Biotechnology Vol. 7

 The goal of the current investigation was to determine whether C. benghalensis L. leaf extract has any antibacterial properties in order to understand the pharmacological underpinnings of the plant's traditional use in folk medicine to treat infectious disorders. In contrast to the hexane and methanolic extracts, the chloroform extract showed the greatest activity against the pathogenic bacterial strains Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhi, and Candida albicans, with inhibition zones of 7 mm, 1 mm, 3 mm, and 4 mm, respectively. The presence of tannin, favonoid, phenol, carbohydrate, and volatile oil was also Using the dilution susceptibility test method, the Minimum Inhibition Concentration (MIC) of the chloroform extract was identified. According to the latest research, Commelina benghalensis L leaf extract can be used to treat common pathogenic bacteria.

Author(s) Details:

Urvashi Sinha,
Department of Botany, Patna Women’s College, Patna, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/IMB-V7/article/view/8051

Hemolytic Activity and Antibacterial Investigation against Human Pathogen: Fish Epidermal Mucus from Labeo rohita | Chapter 09 | Innovations in Microbiology and Biotechnology Vol. 3

 Aqueous solution was used to extract fish mucus from Labeo rohita, and the chemical composition revealed 27.5 percent protein, 5.8 percent carbohydrate, and 0.21 percent lipids. Lysozyme, lectins, proteolytic enzymes, flavoenzymes, immunoglobulins, C-reactive protein, and apolipoprotein A-I are among the physiologically active chemicals found in fish mucus. In human blood, the mucus extract had haemolytic activity of 43.47 and 37.73 HT/mg, respectively. Furthermore, the antibacterial activity of the mucus extract was 14, 12, 15, 16, 11, 17, 13 and 12mm against S. aureus, K. pneumoniae, S. typhi, V. cholerae, K. oxytoca, E. coli, V. parahaemolyticus, and S. pyogenes at the highest concentration of 100g/ ml. MIC values of 100g/ml were detected in fish mucus against E. coli, while V. cholerae was marginally halted at the above concentration. The MBC values of 100g/ml against E. coli and V. cholerae were somewhat halted at the same concentration in the fish mucus. The mucus' antibacterial activity has been indicated as a potential source antimicrobial agent in future pharmacological development of novel antimicrobial medicines.

Author(S) Details

M. Abareethan
Research Department of Zoology, Government Arts College (Autonomous), Salem- 636007, India.

View Book:- https://stm.bookpi.org/IMB-V3/article/view/5361

Study on Synthesis, Characterization and Antituberculosis Activity of Biologically Nanostructured Zinc and Titanium Metal Compounds | Chapter 6 | New Innovations in Chemistry and Biochemistry Vol. 5

 Using an aqueous extract of horse gramme, green chemistry was employed to generate nano-range sized titanium and zinc compounds from their macro-sizes (Macrotyloma uniflorum). Through natural biological processes, green technology allows metal ions to be transformed into metal nanoparticles. The nanoparticles of biosynthesized metal nanoparticles were characterised using ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) and Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectrophotometers. The reduced nanoparticles of Ti and Zn metals were studied using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). In vitro features such as the effects of nano complex antimicrobials on Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) H37RV strain were determined using micro dilution. Patients with multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) had MTB strains that were resistant to first-line treatments. Antituberculosis activity was demonstrated in newly manufactured nano-complexes. In comparison to zinc nano complexes, titanium nano complexes had the highest minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). In a cytotoxic research, both Ti and Zn nano complexes had an IC50 of 1000 g/mL, indicating that they were non-toxic when compared to isoniazid.

Author(S) Details

Savita Belwal
Department of Chemistry, Anurag Group of Institutions, Venkatapur, Ghatkesar, Hyderabad-500038, India.

Sujana Kariveda
Department of Chemistry, Anurag Group of Institutions, Venkatapur, Ghatkesar, Hyderabad-500038, India.

Saritha Ramagiri
Department of Chemistry, Anurag Group of Institutions, Venkatapur, Ghatkesar, Hyderabad-500038, India.

View Book:- https://stm.bookpi.org/NICB-V5/article/view/5147

Investigation on Potentiality of 2h-Furo [2,3-H]-1-Benzopyran-2-One from Psoralea corylifolia L. Seeds against Gram Negative Human Bacteria | Chapter 6 | Technological Innovation in Pharmaceutical Research Vol. 6

 The bioactive molecule 2H-Furo[2,3-H] has antibacterial action. At concentrations of 100-1000ppm, -1-benzopyran-2-one was tested against five human bacterial species: Klebsiella pneumoniae, Vibrio cholerae, Escherichia coli, Shigella dysenteriae, and Salmonella typhi. K. pneumonia showed 32.0mm inhibition at 700mm concentration, the highest of the five bacteria examined (MIC 700ppm). At 600ppm concentration (MIC 600ppm), V. cholera showed 25.0mm inhibition, E. coli showed 30.0mm inhibition at 900ppm concentration (MIC 900ppm), and S. dysenteriae showed 30.0mm inhibition at 600ppm concentration (MIC 600ppm). At 800ppm concentration, S. typhi showed 30.0mm inhibition (MIC 800ppm). All of the results were compared to the 25mg concentrations of conventional synthetic antibiotics Gentamycin and Tetracycline. Based on the findings, more research is needed to isolate more bioactive chemicals for use in various biological experiments.

Author (s) Details

Dr. B. Kiran
Department of Microbiology, Pooja Bhagavat Memorial Mahajana P.G. Centre, K.R.S. Road, Metagalli, Mysore – 16, India.

Dr. V. Lalitha
Department of Studies in Botany, Maharanis Science College for Women, JLB Road, Mysore-570005, Karnataka State, India.

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/TIPR-V6/article/view/1706

Investigation on Phytochemical Constituents and Antimicrobial Activity of Methanolic Extract of Sonneratia apetala Buch-Ham. Areal Parts | Chapter 14 |Technological Innovation in Pharmaceutical Research Vol. 3

 The purpose of this work was to investigate the phytochemical contents and antibacterial activity of methanolic extracts of Sonneratia apetala arial sections. The phytochemical contents of methanolic extracts of S. apetal included terpenoid, steroid, alkaloid, flavonoid, tannins, saponins, and polysaccharide. The antibacterial properties of plant extracts were evaluated using the well diffusion method. In varied degrees, the extract tested demonstrated antibacterial action against both gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. These findings suggest that the plant material possesses antibacterial capabilities. The anti-microbial activity of the methanolic extract of S. apetala at 10 mg/ml was shown to be dosage dependent and meaningful when compared to standard anti-microbial agents ciprofloxacin and clotrimazol at 10 g/disc.

Author (s) Details

Prof. (Dr.) Sangram Keshari Panda
University Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utkal University, Vani Vihar, Bbsr-751004, Odisha, India.

Debasis Pati
University Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utkal University, Vani Vihar, Bbsr-751004, Odisha, India and Department of Pharmacognosy, Jeypore College of Pharmacy, Rondapalli, Jeypore – 764002, Koraput, Odisha, India.

S. K. Mishra
University Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utkal University, Vani Vihar, Bbsr-751004, Odisha, India and Department of Pharmacognosy, Jeypore College of Pharmacy, Rondapalli, Jeypore – 764002, Koraput, Odisha, India.

S. Sahu
University Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utkal University, Vani Vihar, Bbsr-751004, Odisha, India and Department of Pharmacognosy, Jeypore College of Pharmacy, Rondapalli, Jeypore – 764002, Koraput, Odisha, India.


Mr. B. Tripathy
University Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utkal University, Vani Vihar, Bbsr-751004, Odisha, India.

L. Nayak
University Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utkal University, Vani Vihar, Bbsr-751004, Odisha, India and Department of Pharmacognosy, Jeypore College of Pharmacy, Rondapalli, Jeypore – 764002, Koraput, Odisha, India.

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/TIPR-V3/article/view/1157

Antibacterial and Antifungal Efficacy of Gnidia glauca (Fresen) Gilg. and Pothos scandens L. | Chapter 6 | Current Topics in Medicine and Medical Research Vol.3

 Plants produce a diverse range of bioactive molecules, making them rich source of different types of

medicines. The medicinal value of plants lies in some chemical substances that produce a definite
physiological action on the human body. In this study, we explored the efficacy of methanol,
chloroform and petroleum ether extracts of two traditionally used medicinal plants Gnidia glauca
(Fresen) Gilg. and Pothos scandens L. against human pathogenic fungi and bacteria. The powdered
plant materials were subjected to soxhlet extraction and the concentrated extracts were tested for
antifungal activity by Agar well diffusion method. The zone of growth inhibition was recorded. The
presence of various phytoconstituents was observed in the methanol extract. Among the plants, G.
glauca exhibited potent antifungal activity than P. scandens. Methanol extract was found to inhibit test
fungi to more extent than chloroform and petroleum ether extracts. From the results, it is suggestive
that the plants selected for the study contain constituents possessing antifungal activity. All the
extracts except petroleum ether extract of P. scandens have shown antibacterial activity against gram
positive and gram negative bacteria. The minimum inhibitory concentration was determined for each
of the extract against test bacteria. It was found that the methanol extract was found to inhibit test
bacteria in a low concentration followed by chloroform and petroleum ether in most cases. The results
of the study justified the folkloric importance of the plants tested.

Author(s) Details

K. S. Vinayaka
Department of Botany, Plant Biology Lab., Sri Venkataramana Swamy College, Vidyagiri, Bantwal-574211, Dakshina Kannada, Karnataka, India.

View Book :- https://bp.bookpi.org/index.php/bpi/catalog/book/232