From Macro to Micro: The Rise of Nanoparticles in Endodontics | chapter 10 | Medical Science: Recent Advances and Applications Vol. 10

 

Nanotechnology has emerged as a transformative approach in endodontics, offering innovative strategies to overcome limitations of conventional therapies. Nanoparticles—ultrafine materials sized between 1 and 100 nm—exhibit unique physicochemical and biological properties that enhance antimicrobial efficacy, bioactivity, and mechanical performance of dental materials. This review comprehensively explores diverse nanoparticles, including hydroxyapatite, titanium dioxide, graphene, chitosan, carbon nanotubes, bioactive glass, silver, and copper nanoparticles, detailing their mechanisms of action, clinical applications, and potential in endodontics. These nanomaterials demonstrate capabilities such as biofilm disruption, reactive oxygen species generation, dentinal tubule occlusion, remineralisation, mechanical reinforcement, and regenerative support. Despite their promising therapeutic potential, challenges remain regarding cytotoxicity, stability, controlled release, cost, and regulatory approval. Addressing these barriers through rigorous research and clinical trials may pave the way for nanoparticle-based interventions to become integral components of predictable, long-lasting endodontic treatment outcomes. This review provides a valuable reference for researchers and clinicians seeking to integrate nanotechnology into more effective endodontic treatments.

 

 

Author(s) Details

V. Arun Kalyan
SRM Kattankulathur Dental College and Hospital, Tamil Nadu, India.

 

Tripuravaram Vinay Kumar Reddy
Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, SRM Kattankulathur Dental College and Hospital, Tamil Nadu, India.

 

Vijay Venkatesh
Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, SRM Kattankulathur Dental College and Hospital, Tamil Nadu, India.

 

Seetha Kunhikannan
ICON, CRO Chennai, India.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/msraa/v10/6227

Preparation of Novel Dihydrophthalazinyl Phenylamide Derivatives and their Anti-Microbial Evaluation| Chapter 6 | Recent Developments in Chemistry and Biochemistry Research Vol. 3

Phthalazine derivatives are an essential component of biological systems that serve as a structural template for biologically active molecules. In this chapter, Novel N-(4-(1,2-dihydrophthalazin-1-yl) phenyl) amides were synthesized in good yields, beginning with inexpensive and easily accessible phthalic anhydride using Pd (OAc)2 catalyzed Suzuki-mayura coupling and N-acylation reactions as key steps. All the prepared compounds were characterized by various spectroscopic techniques such as 1H NMR, 13C NMR, IR, and LCMS and all the data showed good agreement with the predicted structures. Additionally, the produced compounds' in vitro anti-microbial activity was examined. In comparison to Xanthomonas campestris, the target compounds 7i, 7f, and 7a demonstrated superior activity. In contrast, the compounds 7j, 7a, and 7h demonstrated excellent activity against Bacillus megaterium. Escherichia coli was effectively inhibited by compounds 7j and 7a. The obtained N-(4-(1,2-dihydrophthalazin-1-yl) phenyl) amide derivatives offer an intriguing profile in the field of antimicrobial research.

 

 

Author(s) Details

S. N. Murthy Boddapati

Department of Chemistry, Sir C R Reddy College, PG Courses, Eluru, A.P., India.

Jaganmohana Rao Saketi

Department of Chemistry, Govt. Degree College, Palakonda, A.P., India.

A. Emmanuel Kola

Department of Chemistry, Y.V.N.R Govt. Degree College, Kaikaluru, A.P., India.

Giri Prasad Gorumutchu

Department of Chemistry, A.G & S.G Siddartha Degree College of Arts and Science, Vuyyuru A.P., India.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/rdcbr/v3/308

Evaluation of Antimicrobial Efficiency of Bipyrimidines Using Zeolite as a Green Catalyst in Biphasic System | Chapter 4 | Recent Developments in Chemistry and Biochemistry Research Vol. 3

 

In the present study, we have designed and synthesized a new series of bipyrimidines by simple condensation and screened them for their in vitro antimicrobial activities. Current research has depicted the efforts towards the utilization of biphasic reaction systems in the synthesis of a variety of heterocycles. This shows the remarkable importance of the monophasic solvent system. A simple, green and efficient catalytic condensation process has been developed to synthesize the series of 2-amino-6-substituted- 4,6-diphenyl-3',4,4',5-tetrahydro[4,5'-bipyrimidine]-2'(1H)-one (3a- j) hybrids. The catalytic route was investigated efficiently in the presence of NaY zeolite in an organic-aqueous (dichloromethane-water) solvent system. In this method, biphasic solvent systems were explored for suitable applicability where catalyst exhibits remarkable reactivity. The synthesized scaffolds of bipyrimidines were studied as anti-microbial agents. The investigation of antimicrobial screening data revealed that among 10 compounds screened, compounds 3d, 3e, 3f and 3i demonstrated very good activity as compared to standard drugs and the remaining compounds showed good to moderate inhibition activities.

 

Synthesized compounds were screened for their in vitro antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, E. coli and Pseudomonas aurigenosa and also antifungal activity against the opportunistic pathogens Candida albicans and Aspergillus niger.

 

 

Author(s) Details

Manisha S. Aswale

Department of Chemistry, Centre for Higher Learning and Research, Sardar Patel Mahavidyalaya, Ganjward, Chandrapur-442402, India.

Raksha P. Dhankar

Department of Chemistry, Centre for Higher Learning and Research, Sardar Patel Mahavidyalaya, Ganjward, Chandrapur-442402, India.

 

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/rdcbr/v3/8227E

Harnessing Antimicrobial Power: Innovative Strategies and Global Standards in Polymer Applications |Chapter 9| Chemical and Materials Sciences - Developments and Innovations Vol. 3

In the quest to combat microbial threats and enhance public health safety, the innovative field of antimicrobial polymers emerges as a beacon of hope. This chapter delves into the cutting-edge development of these polymers, which are ingeniously designed to thwart the proliferation of harmful microorganisms. By exploring the myriad of surface modification techniques, the chapter illuminates the pathways through which polymers acquire their disease-fighting capabilities. It further elucidates the intricate mechanisms by which these materials wage war against a spectrum of pathogens, including bacteria, viruses, and fungi. The discourse extends to a critical examination of international testing standards, ensuring that these revolutionary materials are rigorously evaluated for efficacy. Moreover, the paper addresses the paramount concern of toxicity, particularly when these polymers are employed in sensitive sectors such as healthcare and food packaging. Through this comprehensive review, the article under-scores the pivotal role of antimicrobial polymers in safeguarding our future and advancing the frontiers of material science.

 

 

Author(s) Details

Saleh Alkarri

School of Packaging, Michigan State University, 448 Wilson Road, East Lansing, MI 48824-1223, USA.

 

Please see the link:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/cmsdi/v3/555

Synthesis of Novel 2,6,9-Trisubstituted Purine Derivatives Coupled with L-Methionine at C2 Position and their Biological Evaluation as Potential Antimicrobial Agent | Chapter 3 | Recent Developments in Chemistry and Biochemistry Research Vol. 5

 

A series of novel 2, 6-diamino-9-methyl purine derivatives coupled with N-Phthaloyl and carboxamide derivatives of L-methionine at the C2 position were synthesized by coupling of 2, 6-diamino-9-methyl purine with N-protected Methionine using phosphorous oxychloride in pyridine. The synthesized compounds were characterized using different physicochemical analyses and IR, 1H, 13C–NMR, MS. The compounds were screened for their in vitro antimicrobial activity and demonstrated significant activity against the tested organisms. These compounds may prove useful as CDK inhibitors. 

 

Author(s) Details

Ashok G. Awale
Department of Chemistry, V.G. Vaze College, Mulund (E), Mumbai, Maharashtra – 400081, India.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/rdcbr/v5/1160

Comparative Study on the Antibacterial Effects of Phyllanthus emblica, Terminalia chebula and Eucalyptus globulus against Common Oral Pathogens | Chapter 8 | Pharmaceutical Science: New Insights and Developments Vol. 6

 

Dental caries and periodontal disease are the most common oral infections in humans. These diseases are primarily treated with antimicrobial drugs; however, the rise in antimicrobial resistance necessitates the investigation of plant-based phytocompounds as antimicrobial agents. Plant-based antimicrobials represent a vast untapped source of medicine. They have enormous therapeutic potential as they can serve the purpose without any side effects that are often associated with synthetic antimicrobials. This study investigated the phytochemicals present in three plants, Phyllanthus emblica, Terminalia chebula and Eucalyptus globulus, as well as their antibacterial effect on the cariogenic bacteria, Staphylococcus aureus (MTCC 3160), Escherichia coli (MTCC 1655) and Streptococcus mutans (MTCC 890). Fruits of Phylanthus emblica, Terminalia chebula and leaves of Eucalyptus globulus were extracted in aqueous, ethanol and methanol solvents. These extracts were tested for phytochemical compounds. Antibacterial activity was evaluated using the agar disc diffusion method. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was measured via a 96-well turbidimetric method. One-way ANOVA and Dunnett’s multiple comparison test were performed to assess the statistical significance of antimicrobial activities of the plant extracts against the cariogenic microbes. Results of a preliminary qualitative phytochemical study of extracts revealed the presence of tannins and terpenoids in all three plants. Tannins are known to possess anthelmintic activity, whereas terpenoids also have applications in various treatments. Antibacterial activity assay showed that the plant extracts were more active against gram-positive bacteria than gram-negative bacteria. Among the tested organisms, S aureus was the most susceptible. The bacterial strains tested were more susceptible to methanol extracts, followed by ethanol, and the least effective was aqueous extract. These findings indicate that Phyllanthus emblica, Terminalia chebula and Eucalyptus globulus extracts have potential antibacterial activity against oral pathogens such as S. aureus, S. mutans and E. coli and could potentially be used treatment of dental caries. The effects of this extract may be beneficial if it is incorporated in gum, toothpaste, mouthwash and dental products to reduce plaque and dental caries. The results provide a foundation for further research into the therapeutic potential of these medicinal plants.

Author(s) Details

Asimuddin M
Head of Dental Department, Bhagwan Mahavir Hospital & Research Centre, Hyderabad, India.

 

Bhumika Ranawat
Head of Dental Department, Bhagwan Mahavir Hospital & Research Centre, Hyderabad, India.’

 

Kaiser Jamil
Head of Dental Department, Bhagwan Mahavir Hospital & Research Centre, Hyderabad, India.

 

Chandrakanth Rao
Head of Dental Department, Bhagwan Mahavir Hospital & Research Centre, Hyderabad, India.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/psnid/v6/5715

In vitro Antimicrobial Activity of the Indian Medicinal Plant Coleus forskohlii Briq | Chapter 5 | Contemporary Research and Perspectives in Biological Science Vol. 7

For ages, traditional medicines have been used to treat all kinds of ailments of mankind. In present days when modern medicine is well developed, plant-based medicines still remain an important subject for pharmacological research. Traditionally, plants have been well exploited by man for the treatment of human diseases, Ayurveda is a good example, but not much information is available on the exploitation of plant wealth for the management of plant diseases, especially against phytopathogenic fungi. Fungi cause severe damage to stored food commodities.

Coleus forskohlii Briq. (syn. Coleus barbatus Benth.) belongs to the family Lamiaceae and is a well-known traditional medicinal plant throughout the country and known as ‘pashanbhedi’ in Sanskrit and ‘pathatchur’ in Hindi is one of the most potential medicinal plants of the future, as its pharmaco properties have been discovered only recently. Its tuberous roots are found to be a rich source of forskolin which is being used as a remedy for hypertension, glaucoma, asthma, congestive heart failure and certain types of cancers and also for individual use as vegetables. Keeping the above views in mind, the present investigation was undertaken to study the antimicrobial activity of tuber extracts of Coleus forskohlii. The MIC level of different tuber extracts (11, 33 and 55 µg ml-1) was also studied. In the present study, a Well diffusion assay was done for both gram-positive and gram-negative strains such as Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas sp. and Vibrio cholerae. Three fungi were used in the study Alternaria alternata, Curvularia lunata and Fusarium oxysporum which were maintained on potato dextrose agar slant at 40C in our Laboratory. Different concentrations (11 µg, 33 µg and 55 µg ml-1) of the crude chloroform extract of C. forskohlii were subjected to antifungal activity assay by poisoned food technique. Coleus plants were grown in the experimental field of the Department of Botany, Burdwan University. The tubers of Coleus were collected during the months of December, 2011 to February, 2012. The higher inhibition zone was recorded in Pseudomonas sp. which was 3.5 cm. Staphylococcus aureus showed lowest inhibition zone of 2.0 cm. It is interesting to note that higher mycelial growth inhibition was found in Curvularia lunata (76.70% at 11 µg ml^-1 tuber extract) followed by Alternaria alternata (68.20% at 11 µg ml^-1 tuber extract) and Fusarium oxysporum(65.84% at 11 µg ml^-1 tuber extract). The 100% mycelial growth inhibition of the three phytopathogenic fungi was observed at the conc. level of 33 µg ml^-1 of Coleus tuber extract and 55µg ml-1 of Coleus tuber extract. Out of the three fungi, Curvularia lunata was found to be more vulnerable to growth inhibition by tuber extract. These results indicate that the extracts of Coleus tuber have a potential broad spectrum antimicrobial activity. It was also revealed that the antibacterial activity was more pronounced against gram-negative bacterial strains than that of gram-positive strains. However, this medicinal plant species may be subjected to detailed phytochemical and pharmacological studies in order to find new drugs against pathogenic bacterial and fungal strains.

 

Author (s) Details

Selima Khatun
Department of Botany, Government General Degree College, Singur, Hooghly-712409, West Bengal, India.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/crpbs/v7/3523

Exploring the Antimicrobial Potential and Phytochemical Composition of Ocimum tenuiflorum Leaf Extracts: An Analytical Apporach | Chapter 12 | Innovative Solutions: A Systematic Approach towards Sustainable Future

Aim: To explore the antimicrobial potential sand phytochemical composition of Ocimum tenuiflorum leaf extracts against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Aspergillus niger.

Study Design: The dried Ocimum tenuiflorum leaves were extracted using decoction and digestion methods. Preliminary qualitative phytochemical analysis of the extracts was conducted. The antibacterial activity of the extracts was analyzed using the agar diffusion method, followed by determination of the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. The poisoned food technique was employed to assess the fungicidal activity of the extracts against Aspergillus niger. All experiments were conducted in triplicate, and the average values were depicted graphically.

Place and Duration of Study: Sahrdaya College of Engineering and Technology, Kodakara, and Centre for Research on Molecular and Applied Sciences, Thiruvananthapuram, from May to August 2023.

Methodology: Dried Ocimum tenuiflorum leaves were extracted by decoction and digestion methods. Preliminary qualitative analysis was performed to identify various phytochemicals. The extracts were evaluated for their MIC and MBC/MFC against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Aspergillus niger.

Results: Preliminary phytochemical screening revealed that both types of extracts contained alkaloids and steroids. Flavonoids and terpenoids were exclusive to the decoction extract, while saponins were found only in the digestion extract. Both extracts exhibited increased zones of inhibition (ZOI) against Aspergillus niger, followed by Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. The MIC for the decoction extract was 250 µg/mL against both Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus, while the MIC for the digestion extract was 500 µg/mL. The decoction extract demonstrated an inhibition rate of 52.692% at a concentration of 125 µg/mL against Aspergillus niger.

Conclusion: The findings of this study provide valuable insights into the pharmacological properties of Ocimum tenuiflorum, paving the way for further research on its potential therapeutic applications and role as a natural preservative. The presence of diverse phytochemicals, coupled with observed antimicrobial effects, suggests its potential for multifaceted therapeutic benefits.

 

Author (s) Details

 

Sangeetha Gopal
Department of Biotechnology, Sahrdaya College of Engineering and Technology, Kodakara, Affiliated to APJ Abdul Kalam Technological University, Thiruvananthapuram, India.

Leon Ittiachen
Department of Biotechnology, Sahrdaya College of Engineering and Technology, Kodakara, Affiliated to APJ Abdul Kalam Technological University, Thiruvananthapuram, India.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/mono/978-93-49238-47-3/CH12

In silico and In vitro Analysis of Antimicrobial Properties of Crude Compounds Extracted from Selenicereus undatus Peel | Chapter 7 | Innovative Solutions: A Systematic Approach towards Sustainable Future

Aims: The aim of the study is to extract antimicrobial compounds from dragon fruit peel and analyze its activity using in vitro and in silico techniques to produce a potential therapeutic agent for diseases like food poisoning.

Study Design: In vitro studies followed by the analysis using in vitro techniques like docking and molecular dynamic simulation.

Place and Duration of Study: Department of Biotechnology, (S8-group 15) Final year biotechnology students of Sahrdaya College of Engineering and Technology, Kodakara, Thrissur, Kerala, India, between March 2023 and May 2024.

Methodology: Extraction of bioactive compounds was performed. Antimicrobial activities were analyzed using well diffusion techniques and the result was mainly observed for Bacillus cereus. The proteins and active sites of bacteria were used for docking against the ligands or compounds present in the extracted solution of dragon fruit peel, and the results were analyzed. Also, molecular dynamic simulation and toxicity prediction were performed and using the results obtained a new product with medicinal value is proposed completely made or manufactured from a waste product making this a sustainable idea.

Results: In vitro, the antimicrobial activity of the crude extract was analysed by using the agar well diffusion method. Bacillus cereus shows more inhibition towards the extract. Target active sites and ligands are listed for molecular docking and the complex with highest binding energy is screened using SwissADME and from the results obtained molecular dynamic simulation is performed.

Conclusion: This work shows the antimicrobial activity of the compounds present in dragon fruit peels against Bacillus cereus, a foodborne pathogen. After molecular docking, SwissADME and molecular dynamic simulation, the interactions, affinity, and stability of the ligand target complexes are known, which leads to the development of innovative healthcare solutions.

 

Author (s) Details

 

Treesa Linson
Department of Biotechnology, SCET, Sahrdaya College of Engineering and Technology (Autonomous), Affiliated to A P J Abdul Kalam, Technological University, Kerala, India.

 

Ashly Varghese
Department of Biotechnology, SCET, Sahrdaya College of Engineering and Technology (Autonomous), Affiliated to A P J Abdul Kalam, Technological University, Kerala, India

 

Janet T Tony
Department of Biotechnology, SCET, Sahrdaya College of Engineering and Technology (Autonomous), Affiliated to A P J Abdul Kalam, Technological University, Kerala, India.

 

Nirmal N B
Department of Biotechnology, SCET, Sahrdaya College of Engineering and Technology (Autonomous), Affiliated to A P J Abdul Kalam, Technological University, Kerala, India.

 

Amitha Joy
Department of Biotechnology, SCET, Sahrdaya College of Engineering and Technology (Autonomous), Affiliated to A P J Abdul Kalam, Technological University, Kerala, India.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/mono/978-93-49238-47-3/CH7

Harnessing Antimicrobial Power: Innovative Strategies and Global Standards in Polymer Applications | Chapter 9 | Chemical and Materials Sciences - Developments and Innovations Vol. 3

 In the quest to combat microbial threats and enhance public health safety, the innovative field of antimicrobial polymers emerges as a beacon of hope. This chapter delves into the cutting-edge development of these polymers, which are ingeniously designed to thwart the proliferation of harmful microorganisms. By exploring the myriad of surface modification techniques, the chapter illuminates the pathways through which polymers acquire their disease-fighting capabilities. It further elucidates the intricate mechanisms by which these materials wage war against a spectrum of pathogens, including bacteria, viruses, and fungi. The discourse extends to a critical examination of international testing standards, ensuring that these revolutionary materials are rigorously evaluated for efficacy. Moreover, the paper addresses the paramount concern of toxicity, particularly when these polymers are employed in sensitive sectors such as healthcare and food packaging. Through this comprehensive review, the article under-scores the pivotal role of antimicrobial polymers in safeguarding our future and advancing the frontiers of material science.

 

Author (s) Details

 

Saleh Alkarri,
School of Packaging, Michigan State University, 448 Wilson Road, East Lansing, MI 48824-1223, USA.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/cmsdi/v3/555

Preparation of Novel Dihydrophthalazinyl Phenylamide Derivatives and their Anti-Microbial Evaluation | Chapter 6 | Recent Developments in Chemistry and Biochemistry Research Vol. 3

Phthalazine derivatives are an essential component of biological systems that serve as a structural template for biologically active molecules. In this chapter, Novel N-(4-(1,2-dihydrophthalazin-1-yl) phenyl) amides were synthesized in good yields, beginning with inexpensive and easily accessible phthalic anhydride using Pd (OAc)2 catalyzed Suzuki-mayura coupling and N-acylation reactions as key steps. All the prepared compounds were characterized by various spectroscopic techniques such as 1H NMR, 13C NMR, IR, and LCMS and all the data showed good agreement with the predicted structures. Additionally, the produced compounds' in vitro anti-microbial activity was examined. In comparison to Xanthomonas campestris, the target compounds 7i, 7f, and 7a demonstrated superior activity. In contrast, the compounds 7j, 7a, and 7h demonstrated excellent activity against Bacillus megaterium. Escherichia coli was effectively inhibited by compounds 7j and 7a. The obtained N-(4-(1,2-dihydrophthalazin-1-yl) phenyl) amide derivatives offers an intriguing profile in the field of antimicrobial research.

Author(s) Details:

Dr. S. N. Murthy Boddapati,
Department of Chemistry, Sir C R Reddy College, PG Courses, Eluru, A.P., India.

Dr. Jaganmohana Rao Saketi
Department of Chemistry, Govt. Degree College, Palakonda, A.P., India.

Dr. A. Emmanuel Kola
Department of Chemistry, Y.V.N.R Govt. Degree College, Kaikaluru, A.P., India.

Giri Prasad Gorumutchu
Department of Chemistry, A.G & S.G Siddartha Degree College of Arts and Science, Vuyyuru A.P., India.

Please see the link here: https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/rdcbr/v3/308

Evaluation of Antimicrobial Efficiency of Bipyrimidines Using Zeolite as a Green Catalyst in Biphasic System | Chapter 4 | Recent Developments in Chemistry and Biochemistry Research Vol. 3

In the present study, we have designed and synthesized a new series of bipyrimidines by simple condensation and screened them for their in vitro antimicrobial activities. Current research has depicted the efforts towards the utilization of biphasic reaction systems in the synthesis of a variety of heterocycles. This shows the remarkable importance of the monophasic solvent system. A simple, green and efficient catalytic condensation process has been developed to synthesize the series of 2-amino-6-substituted- 4,6-diphenyl-3’,4,4’,5-tetrahydro[4,5’-bipyrimidine]-2’(1H)-one (3a- j) hybrids. The catalytic route was investigated efficiently in the presence of NaY zeolite in an organic-aqueous (dichloromethane-water) solvent system. In this method, biphasic solvent systems were explored for suitable applicability where catalyst exhibits remarkable reactivity. The synthesized scaffolds of bipyrimidines were studied as anti-microbial agents. The investigation of antimicrobial screening data revealed that among 10 compounds screened, compounds 3d, 3e, 3f and 3i demonstrated very good activity as compared to standard drugs and the remaining compounds showed good to moderate inhibition activities.

Synthesized compounds were screened for their in vitro antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, E. coli and Pseudomonas aurigenosa and also antifungal activity against the opportunistic pathogens Candida albicans and Aspergillus niger.

Author(s) Details:

Manisha S. Aswale,
Department of Chemistry, Centre for Higher Learning and Research, Sardar Patel Mahavidyalaya, Ganjward, Chandrapur-442402, India.

Raksha P. Dhankar
Department of Chemistry, Centre for Higher Learning and Research, Sardar Patel Mahavidyalaya, Ganjward, Chandrapur-442402, India.


Please see the link here: https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/rdcbr/v3/8227E

Phytochemical and Antimicrobial Study of Crude Extracts of Herbal Potentilla reptans L. | Chapter 6 | Novel Aspects on Chemistry and Biochemistry Vol. 9

 The study was designed to detect the bioactive compounds, antioxidants, and minerals from the herbal plant Potentilla reptans and to investigate the antimicrobial activities of plant extract against certain human pathogenic fungi and bacteria. Phytochemicals procuring many properties, of antioxidant, antiallergic, anti-inflammatory, antiviral, antiproliferative, and anticarcinogenic have been validated scientifically. The crude extract of indigenous herbal Potentilla reptans L. habitat wild, belonging to the Rosaceae family, has been explored in search of therapeutic compounds that amalgamate as associative phytochemical and phytomineral constituents. The plant, Potentilla reptans, was collected from a hillside in Kakching Uyock Ching, Kakching district, India during August and September 2020. Several novel bioactive organic compounds, viz. antioxidant (30.8 µg/mL), saponin (30 mg/g), flavonoid (10.39 mg/g), alkaloid (30 mg/g), phenol (4.33 mg/g), tannin (30.74 mg/g), and minerals like magnesium (4.55 mg/g), iron (1.12 mg/g), sulfur (1.85 mg/g), potassium (1.26 mg/g), manganese (0.10 mg/g), calcium (5.16 mg/g), phosphorous (0.14 mg/g), zinc (0.12 mg/g) and copper (0.06 mg/g), are indispensable sources of precious chemodiversity, the only means for the survivability of species forever on earth have depicted. In an antimicrobial test with crude extracts, a strong positive effect against Staphylococcus aureus in bacteria and Candida albicans, and Microsporum gypseum in fungi by all extracts of MeOH, EtOAc, and CHCl3 was authenticated to the aged old traditional health care system of herbals and novel to unique in home remedy prescriptions. Phytochemically, the majority of the phytoconstituents present in Potentilla reptans are polyphenolics components with phenolics and tannins as the most dominant phytochemicals.

Author(s) Details:

M. Neshwari Devi,
Department of Chemistry, Waikhom Mani Girls’ College, Thoubal-795138, India.

N. Sangbanbi Devi,
Department of Botany, Imphal College, Imphal-795001, India.

S. R. Singh,
Department of Botany, United College, Chandel-795127, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/NACB-V9/article/view/13046

Synthesis, Characterization of Some Novel Derivatives of Thiazolo[2,3-b]dihydropyrimidine Possessing 4-Pyrazolyl Moiety and Evaluation of Their Biological Activities | Chapter 10 | Novel Aspects on Chemistry and Biochemistry Vol. 9

 This study focuses on Synthesis, characterization of Some Novel Derivatives of Thiazolo[2,3-b]dihydropyrimidine Possessing 4-Pyrazolyl Moiety and evaluation of their biological activities. A series of new 2-arylidene-5-(5-chloro-3-methyl-1-N-phenyl-pyrazol-4-yl)-6-carbethoxy-7-methyl-5H-thiazolo[2,3-b]pyrimidin-3(1H)- ones have been synthesized by a three component (MCR) reaction involving 4-(5-chloro-3-methyl-1-N-phenyl- pyrazol-4-yl)-5-carbethoxy- 6-methyl-3,4-dihydropyrimidin-2(1H)-thione, monochloroacetyl chloride and aryl aldehydes. Thiazoles and their derivatives are also found to be associated with various biological activities such as antibacterial, antifungal and anti-inflammatory. The newly synthesized compounds were well characterized by elemental analysis, IR, 1H NMR and mass spectral studies. The newly synthesized compounds were screened for their antibacterial and antifungal activities and have exhibited moderate to excellent growth inhibition of bacteria and fungi. From the yield and purity of compounds it can be concluded that by this one pot method such complex molecule can be synthesized simply in acidic medium. From the activities of series III it was found that the molecule possesses OH, Unsaturation and Florine group have comparably very good antibacterial and antifungal activity with reference to standard drugs.

Author(s) Details:

Manish J. Solanki,
Chemistry Department, C.U. Shah Science College, Ashram Road, Ahmedabad 380014, India.

V. H. Shah,
Department of Chemistry, Saurashtra University, Rajkot-360 005, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/NACB-V9/article/view/13312

Research on the Antimicrobial Activity of Frankincense from Boswellia serrata Roxb | Chapter 14 | Recent Trends in the Study of Botanical Research Volume - 1

 The current study focuses on conducting In-vitro experiments to assess the antimicrobial properties of frankincense from Boswellia serrata. Various concentrations (25, 50, 75, and 100 mg/ml) were tested to evaluate the effectiveness against Gram-positive bacteria like Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, and Streptococcus pneumoniae, as well as Gram-negative bacteria including Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae. For microbes like Enterobacter aerogenes, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Proteus vulgaris, inhibition zones were measured and compared to the positive control antibiotic Ciprofloxacin (5ug/ml), and negative control DMSO. The results demonstrated significant antimicrobial activity. The frankincense extracts exhibited antimicrobial effects similar to the standard, suggesting their potential use in treating diseases caused by these bacterial strains.

Author(s) Details:

Mohammad Salim,
S.G.S. Govt. Autonomous P.G. College, Sidhi (M.P.), A.P.S. University, Rewa, India.

Tanya Kharadi,
S.G.S. Govt. Autonomous P.G. College, Sidhi (M.P.), A.P.S. University, Rewa, India.

Farhat Jahan,
Tropical Forest Research Institute (TFRI), Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/RTSBR-V1/article/view/12461

A Study of Some New Chalcone Derivatives from Cholic Acid Based on Synthesis, Characterization, and Biological Activity | Chapter 8 | Novel Aspects on Chemistry and Biochemistry Vol. 7

 Cholic acid, as known or named at another time or place 3α,7α,12α-trihydroxy-5β-cholan-24-oic acid is a primary hostility acid that is insoluble in water (dissolved in alcohol and tart acid), it is a white crystalline stuff. Salts of cholic acid are called cholates. Cholic acid, in addition to chenodeoxycholic acid, is one of the two bigger bile acids created by the liver, place it is synthesized from cholesterol. N-(4-acetylphenyl)-3',7',12'-trihydroxy-5'-cholan-24-amide was synthesized from response of cholic acid with 4-amino acetophenone by utilizing DMAP as acatalyst and DCC as acoupling agent then the acquired product reacts accompanying some substituted benzaldehyde derivatives by utilizing NaOH as acatalyst to prepare chalcone descendants(3,4,5,6,7). Finally, the products (3,6) were admitted to react with thiourea accompanying presence alcoholic NaOH as a impetus with a reflex to present thiazine derivatives (8,9). All the chalcone descendants have weak to moderate activity against S. aureus, but all products show moderate to strong action against Candida albicans. The reactions were listened by thin-layer chromatography (TLC) technique. All the new compounds were from melting points, basic analysis, FT-IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR spectroscopies. Antimicrobial activity of the combined derivatives was still determined.

Author(s) Details:

Nabeel A. Abdul-Reda,
Department of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Al-Qadisiyah, Al-Diwaniyah, Al-Diwaniyah Province, Iraq.

Abbas S. Abd,
Department of Chemistry, College of Education, University of Al-Qadisiyah, Al-Diwaniyah, Al-Diwaniyah Province, Iraq.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/NACB-V7/article/view/11966

Novel Heterocyclic Fused Pyarzolequinolines: An Efficient Synthesis, DNA Binding Interaction and Antimicrobial Activity | Chapter 1 | Novel Aspects on Chemistry and Biochemistry Vol. 6

This unit reported a rapid and adept method for the combination of novel fused- pyarzolequinolines derivatives in tart acid aqueous television with quantitative yield. The combined compounds (2a) and (4a) interact with CT-DNA. Fused tetracyclic plans containing a quinoline core represent an important class of heterocyclic bioactive unrefined products and pharmaceuticals by way of their significant and wide-range biological properties. Several of these compounds have existed obtained accompanying diverse pharmacological and biological ventures, such as antiplasmodial, antifungal, antibacterial, powerful antiparasitic, antiproliferative, anti-swelling and anti-inflammatory exercises.In the present division, the synthesis of 3-(5-phenyl-4,5-dihydro-1H-pyrazol-3-yl)quinolin-2-ol (2a)/(3a) and 3-(2-hydroxyquinolin-3-yl)-5-phenyl-4,5-dihydro-1H-pyrazole-1 carbothioamide(4a) were prepared in accordance with Claisen-Schmidt condensation, via abridgment of 2- hydroxyquinoline-3-carbaldehyde with ketones. All basic solvents used for the combining were of analytical grade. The TLC was acted on Baker-Flex silica gel 1B-F (1.55) plates using ethyl acetate and oil ether. Then finally, a, Q-unsaturated ketone (3) reacts accompanying hydrazine hydrate, phenylhydrazine and thiosemicarbazide obtained from the matching substituted fused-pyarzolequinolines. The proposed constructions of the products and characterizations combined compounds of the reactions were assured established the spectral data and synthetic evidences. Viscosity experiment is considered all at once of the least ambiguous and ultimate critical tests of a binding manner in solution in the absence of crystallographic building data. The newly combined compounds were characterized by basic analysis, IR, 1H-NMR, and Mass spectral dossier. The interaction of the chosen projectiles for weaponry with shin thymus-DNA (CT-DNA) was investigated exploiting electronic ranges, viscosity tests, and thermal denaturation studies. The absorbance range experienced bathochromic and hypochromic alterations upon binding to CT-DNA. The binding constant (Kb) present value of 5.3x104 M-1 for (2a) and 6.5x105 M-1 for (4a). The stickiness measurements indicated that the viscosities of sonicated bar like DNA fragments were increased. The recently synthesized compounds tested for antimicrobial venture and, from protocol shows sulfur containing carbothioamide compounds (4a) shown significant inhibitory project and also bind more strongly accompanying calf organ meat-DNA compared to (2a).

Author(s) Details:

Devappa S. Lamani,
Department of Chemistry, Prof. CNR Rao Research Center, Basaveshwar Science College, Bagalkot Karnataka, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/NACB-V6/article/view/11713

Evaluation of Schiff Bases Derived from 1,8-diaminonaphtalène: An Approach towards Its Synthesis, Characterization and Biological Activities | Chapter 7 | Current Topics and Emerging Issues in Chemical Science Vol. 2

 This episode evaluates the synthesis, Characterization and Biological Activity of Schiff Bases arisen 1,8-diaminonaphtalène.  Schiff bases are the most usual organic compounds. They have existed proved to exhibit a broad range of biological projects, including antifungal, completely clean, antimalarial, antiproliferative, anti-angering, antiviral, and antipyretic properties. Salicylaldehyde, Ortho-Vanilline, and benzene-1,8-diaminonaphtalene were acquired from Aldrich and used outside further purification. The compound have happened synthesized and from routine MS, IR and NMR spectrometry arrangements. The compounds are all active on bacterial strains other than Salmonella typhimirium, with a MIC profit of 7.5 mg / mL. They show a percentage of antagonistic-radical activity of 75.476 ± 5.070 for the compound DAN-S and of 68.142 ± 6.539 for the compound DAN-OV. The less substituted DAN-S compound is more alive as shown in the graph resembling pie. For these molecules, this is the first occasion, our information, that such main antioxidant properties have happened observed.

Author(s) Details:

Kangah Niameke Jean Baptiste,
Laboratoire de Thermodynamique et de Physico-Chimie du Milieu, UFR SFA, Universite Nangui Abrogoua, Abidjan, Cote d’Ivoire.

Tuo Nanou Tieba,
Laboratoire de Thermodynamique et de Physico-Chimie du Milieu, UFR SFA, Universite Nangui Abrogoua, Abidjan, Cote d’Ivoire.

Ballo Daouda,
Laboratoire de Chimie Organique Heterocyclique URAC 21, Pole de Competence Pharmacochimie, Faculte des Sciences, Universite’ Mohammed V, Rabat, Morocco and Laboratoire de Constitution et Reaction de la Matiere (LCRM), UFR Sciences des Structures de la Matiere et Technologie, Universite Felix Houphouet-Boigny, Abidjan, Cote d’Ivoire.

Kablan Ahmont Landry Claude,
UFR Des Sciences Biologiques, Universite Peleforo Gon Coulibaly de Korhogo, Korhogo, Cote d’Ivoire.

Kouame N’goran Etienne,
Laboratoire de Thermodynamique et de Physico-Chimie du Milieu, UFR SFA, Universite Nangui Abrogoua, Abidjan, Cote d’Ivoire.

Kodjo Charles Guillaume,
Laboratoire de Thermodynamique et de Physico-Chimie du Milieu, UFR SFA, Universite Nangui Abrogoua, Abidjan, Cote d’Ivoire.

Ziao Nahosse,
Laboratoire de Thermodynamique et de Physico-Chimie du Milieu, UFR SFA, Universite Nangui Abrogoua, Abidjan, Cote d’Ivoire.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/CTEICS-V2/article/view/11533

A Recent Study on Anti-microbial Properties of Some Novel Substituted Indazoles | Chapter 1 | Novel Aspects on Chemistry and Biochemistry Vol. 3

 A number of indazole descendants were reported as effective anti-bacterial and antimicrobial agents.  This stage outlines our efforts to expand synthesized indazole derivatives accompanying powerful antimicrobial ventures. A variety of N-methyl-3-aryl indazoles (5a-5j) were checked for their in-vitro antimicrobial effects.  The synthesized compounds were proven for antibacterial action against four bacterial strains: Xanthomonas campestris, Escherichia coli, Bacillus cereus, Bacillus megaterium, and Candida albicans.  The biological judgment studies of these indazole derivatives revealed that few of these tested compounds 5a, 5b, 5i and 5j displayed excellent inhibitory activity against various tested microbial strains.

Author(s) Details:

Jaganmohana Rao Saketi,
Department of Chemistry, Acharya Nagarjuna University, Guntur-522510, Andhra Pradesh, India and Department of Chemistry, Government Degree College, Palakonda, Andhra Pradesh, India.

S. N. Murthy Boddapati,
Department of Chemistry, Sir C R Reddy College, Eluru, Andhra Pradesh-534007, India.

M. Raghuram,
Department of Botany and Microbiology, Acharya Nagarjuna University, Guntur-522510, Andhra Pradesh, India.

Geetha Bhavani Koduri,
Department of Chemistry, IIIT-RGUKT, Ongole Campus, Andhra Pradesh, India.

Haribabu Bollikolla,
Department of Chemistry, Acharya Nagarjuna University, Guntur-522510, Andhra Pradesh, India and Department of Chemistry, Andhra Kesari University, Ongole, Andhra Pradesh, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/NACB-V3/article/view/11020

Isolation of Economically Important Soil Microorganism | Chapter 9 | Novel Aspects on Pharmaceutical Research Vol. 1

 Effective inexpensive and essential pharmaceutical fruit isolation is very important in the electronics transfer of Raw materials development for all biochemical activities. Most of the pharmaceutical Raw materials obtained from differing sources e.g. plant, animal, microbial, marine and synthesis. Even though miscellaneous sources are applicable but now moment of truth most of pharmaceutical industries directed on microbial sources for growth of pharmaceutical raw materials. The determinants may be animal beginning may produce allergic reaction for instance in olden days insulin private from animals, but now unique from microorganism by utilizing rDNA technology. There are so many determinants influences for the usage of microbes for Raw material growth the following parameters particularly influences, such as Rapid microbial growth, formation of cells by dividing, easy to handle, surely available, Highly economic. The germ may show everywhere and each place but mostly soil is used as best choice source in the seclusion of industrial important germ. Further biotransformation is a new way of nearing for minimize the usage of projectiles for weaponry and also humble the duration of synthesis periods. Antibiotic-bearing microorganisms were not found in the soil samples proven, but there were hydrolytic enzymes amylase and gelatinase. Soil samples were so biochemically identified as Bacillus species. This study decided that the collected sample presented an antibiotic negative result and contained different industrially important hydrolytic enzymes. Thus, hide for the ability to produce more bioactive metabolites from a single segregate will be more beneficial for profitable screening.

Author(s) Details:

R. Senthilraj,
Faculty of Pharmacy, Dr. M.G.R. Educational and Research Institute, Velappanchavadi, Chennai, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/NAPR-V1/article/view/10307