Prevalence of Coronary Mineralised Pulp Nodules in Molars Using Cone Beam Computerised Tomography in a Brazilian Subpopulation | Chapter 4 | Medical Science: Recent Advances and Applications Vol. 12

 

Background: Pulp nodules, also known as Pulp stones, are a complex biological phenomenon characterised by the abnormal accumulation of mineralised tissue within the dental pulp. Only nodules larger than 200 μm in diameter are radiographically visible. Due to the variation in previous results and the limitations of earlier studies based on conventional radiographs, there is a need for more accurate diagnostic tools.

 

Aims: The aim of the study is to evaluate the prevalence of mineralised coronary pulp nodules by cone beam computerised tomography (CBCT) and explore any potential correlation between the occurrence of pulp nodules with gender, age, tooth, arches, and condition of the dental crown.

 

Methodology: CBCT scans of 300 patients, totalling 631 molars, were assessed. CBCT scans were collected from a private radiology clinic in Brazil between August 2017 and July 2018. All maxillary and mandibular molars were analysed in the sagittal, axial and coronal planes, and, when present, pulp nodules were identified as a round or oval hyperdense mass. Statistical analysis was conducted using chi-square tests, with a significance level set at 5% through Sigma Plot software (version 12.0).

 

Results: Of a total of 300 patients, pulp nodules were identified in 35% of subjects and in 25.5% of molars. The presence of pulp nodules was most frequently found in females (41.1%) than in males (27.7%) and in individuals aged over 60 years. The first upper molars showed the highest incidence of pulp nodules. No significant difference was observed when maxillary and mandibular arches were compared, either side. The presence of pulp nodules was higher in restored molars when compared to intact teeth (P<0.05). Within the observed teeth with pulp stones, 70 molars had a round-shaped nodule, while 91 were oval-shaped.

 

Conclusion: CBCT is an efficient resource for the diagnosis and location of pulp nodules and may be used to assist clinicians in planning the safest endodontic approach. Understanding the prevalence and distribution of pulp nodules regarding gender and type of teeth is paramount for the proper design of root canal treatment. The main limitation of the study is its single-centre data evaluation, highlighting the need for future multicenter studies from different regions of the country, with larger sample sizes and greater population diversity.

 

Author(s) Details

Ana Maria Veiga Vasques
Department of Restorative Dentistry, Endodontics Section, Araçatuba School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University (FOA/UNESP), São Paulo, Brazil.

 

Ana Laura Ribeiro Ruiz
Department of Restorative Dentistry, Endodontics Section, Araçatuba School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University (FOA/UNESP), São Paulo, Brazil.

 

Gabriele Oliveira Amaral
Department of Restorative Dentistry, Endodontics Section, Araçatuba School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University (FOA/UNESP), São Paulo, Brazil.

 

Ana Cláudia Rodrigues da Silva
Department of Restorative Dentistry, Endodontics Section, Araçatuba School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University (FOA/UNESP), São Paulo, Brazil.

 

Gustavo Sivieri-Araújo
Department of Restorative Dentistry, Endodontics Section, Araçatuba School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University (FOA/UNESP), São Paulo, Brazil.

 

Rogério de Castilho Jacinto
Department of Restorative Dentistry, Endodontics Section, Araçatuba School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University (FOA/UNESP), São Paulo, Brazil.

 

João Eduardo Gomes-Filho
Department of Restorative Dentistry, Endodontics Section, Araçatuba School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University (FOA/UNESP), São Paulo, Brazil.

 

Luciano Tavares Angelo Cintra
Department of Restorative Dentistry, Endodontics Section, Araçatuba School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University (FOA/UNESP), São Paulo, Brazil.

 

Eloi Dezan Júnior
Department of Restorative Dentistry, Endodontics Section, Araçatuba School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University (FOA/UNESP), São Paulo, Brazil.

 

Carlos Roberto Emerenciano Bueno
Department of Restorative Dentistry, Endodontics Section, Araçatuba School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University (FOA/UNESP), São Paulo, Brazil.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/msraa/v12/6361

Rooting Out Pain: PIPS and SWEEPS in the Battle against Postoperative Discomfort | Chapter 1 | Medical Science: Recent Advances and Applications Vol. 11

 

Background: A successful root canal isn’t just about shaping the canals—it’s about making sure they are completely clean and free from bacteria. Traditional syringe irrigation often struggles to reach the tiny, hidden spaces inside a tooth, which can leave bacteria behind and cause pain after treatment.

 

Aim: This article looks at how two modern laser-based techniques—Photon-Induced Photoacoustic Streaming (PIPS) and Shockwave-Enhanced Emission Photoacoustic Streaming (SWEEPS)—help improve cleaning and reduce post-treatment discomfort, comparing them with ultrasonic, sonic, and conventional irrigation methods.

 

Methods: We reviewed recent research, including laboratory and clinical studies, that evaluated how well PIPS and SWEEPS remove debris and bacteria, and how they affect patient comfort after treatment.

 

Results: Both PIPS and SWEEPS use bursts of Er:YAG laser energy to create shockwaves in the cleaning solution like EDTA, NaOCl and saline, pushing it deep into complex canal spaces without inserting tips into the canal. SWEEPS, with its well-timed dual pulses, produces stronger waves that are especially effective in curved or narrow canals. Studies consistently show these techniques clean better and cause less discomfort afterwards than older methods. Still, the cost, need for training, and equipment care can limit their use.

 

Conclusion: PIPS and SWEEPS are changing how dentists clean root canals, offering better results and a smoother recovery for patients. As the technology becomes more advanced and accessible, it’s likely to play a bigger role in everyday dental care.

 

Author(s) Details

Malhaan Khan K
SRM Kattankulathur Dental College and Hospital, India.

 

Tripuravaram Vinay Kumar Reddy
Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, SRM Kattankulathur Dental College and Hospital, India.

 

Vijay Venkatesh
Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, SRM Kattankulathur Dental College and Hospital, India.

 

Seetha Kunhikannan
ICON, CRO Chennai, India.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/msraa/v11/6207

From Macro to Micro: The Rise of Nanoparticles in Endodontics | chapter 10 | Medical Science: Recent Advances and Applications Vol. 10

 

Nanotechnology has emerged as a transformative approach in endodontics, offering innovative strategies to overcome limitations of conventional therapies. Nanoparticles—ultrafine materials sized between 1 and 100 nm—exhibit unique physicochemical and biological properties that enhance antimicrobial efficacy, bioactivity, and mechanical performance of dental materials. This review comprehensively explores diverse nanoparticles, including hydroxyapatite, titanium dioxide, graphene, chitosan, carbon nanotubes, bioactive glass, silver, and copper nanoparticles, detailing their mechanisms of action, clinical applications, and potential in endodontics. These nanomaterials demonstrate capabilities such as biofilm disruption, reactive oxygen species generation, dentinal tubule occlusion, remineralisation, mechanical reinforcement, and regenerative support. Despite their promising therapeutic potential, challenges remain regarding cytotoxicity, stability, controlled release, cost, and regulatory approval. Addressing these barriers through rigorous research and clinical trials may pave the way for nanoparticle-based interventions to become integral components of predictable, long-lasting endodontic treatment outcomes. This review provides a valuable reference for researchers and clinicians seeking to integrate nanotechnology into more effective endodontic treatments.

 

 

Author(s) Details

V. Arun Kalyan
SRM Kattankulathur Dental College and Hospital, Tamil Nadu, India.

 

Tripuravaram Vinay Kumar Reddy
Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, SRM Kattankulathur Dental College and Hospital, Tamil Nadu, India.

 

Vijay Venkatesh
Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, SRM Kattankulathur Dental College and Hospital, Tamil Nadu, India.

 

Seetha Kunhikannan
ICON, CRO Chennai, India.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/msraa/v10/6227

A Revolution in Endodontics: Cryotherapy | Chapter 8 | Medical Science: Recent Advances and Applications Vol. 2

Post-endodontic pain, or discomfort following root canal treatment, is a common experience among patients. Studies indicate that postoperative pain affects approximately 2.5% to nearly 60% of individuals undergoing endodontic procedures. The word CRYOTHERAPY is a mixture of two words, “cryos” meaning “cold” and “therapeia” meaning “cure”. It is widely used in the treatment of sports injury, strains, tendonitis, surgical extractions, periradicular surgeries, periodontal surgeries, implant placement, etc. It is a very simple, easy-to-apply, cost-effective treatment that reduces the usage of analgesics and antibiotics and enhances anaesthetic effect and healing response with minimal adverse effects. Nowadays, it is used in endodontics to treat post-endodontic pain. Basically, it is not simply cooling of the target tissue but rather it is transferring heat from the tissue with higher temperature to the tissue of lower temperature. Cryotherapy has three pillars of action, namely vasoconstriction, slower conduction of neural pain as well as metabolic activity of target tissue. Although cryotherapy application has some limitations, still it is gaining popularity amongst endodontists. Cryotherapy employs a multistep protocol involving this rapid freeze-thaw cycle, with repetition further potentiating tissue destruction through cellular disruption. The results of the study show that Cryotherapy reduced the incidence of postoperative pain and the need for medication intake in patients presenting with a diagnosis of necrotic pulp and symptomatic apical periodontitis. It has also been found that root canals irrigated with a cold sterile saline solution of 2.5°C for 5 min significantly mitigated post-endodontic pain (80%). In conclusion, given its ease of application, cost-effectiveness, and minimal adverse effects, cryotherapy serves as a valuable tool for enhancing the overall success of root canal therapy. Further clinical studies and long-term evaluations will help establish standardized protocols for its optimal use.

 

Author (s) Details

 

Anju Bala
Department of Conservative Dentistry & Endodontics, PDM Dental College & Research Institute, Bahadurgarh (Haryana), India.

 

Rajnish K. Jain
Department of Conservative Dentistry & Endodontics, PDM Dental College & Research Institute, Bahadurgarh (Haryana), India.

 

Ambica Khetarpal

Department of Conservative Dentistry & Endodontics, PDM Dental College & Research Institute, Bahadurgarh (Haryana), India.

 

Zara Suharwardy
Department of Conservative Dentistry & Endodontics, PDM Dental College & Research Institute, Bahadurgarh (Haryana), India.

 

Sushma
Department of Conservative Dentistry & Endodontics, Post Graduate Institute of Dental Sciences, Rohtak (Haryana), India.

 

Sandeep Kumar
Indian Institute of Health Management Research, Jaipur (Rajasthan), India.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/msraa/v2/5104

Ultrasonics in Endodontics: A Brief Overview | Chapter 3 | Current Innovations in Medicine and Medical Science Vol. 2

 Endodontic remedy has benefited in latest a long time from the creation of latest methods and era which have progressed end result and predictability. Important traits consisting of the running microscope and ultrasonics (US) have grow to be essential in a whole lot of dental operations in periodontology, to a lesser quantity in restorative dentistry, and to a far extra quantity in endodontics. US in endodontics has progressed the same old of care and is a vital auxiliary withinside the control of tough situations. Since its inception, US has located improved use in methods such appearing endodontic surgery, cleansing and contouring canal openings, obturating root canals, and putting off intracanal particles and blockages.This in-intensity evaluation of the literature intends to illustrate the diverse packages of US in clinical endodontics and locations unique emphasis at the wide-ranging makes use of in a present day endodontic practice (J Endod 2007;33: 81–95).

Author(s) Details:

Abhishek Kumar,
Department of Conservative Dentistry & Endodontics, PDM University, India.

Ambica Khetarpal,
Department of Conservative Dentistry & Endodontics, PDM University, India.

Asit Vats,
Department of Conservative Dentistry & Endodontics, PDM University, India.

Riddhima Chauhan,
Department of Conservative Dentistry & Endodontics, PDM University, India.

Meenu,
Department of Conservative Dentistry & Endodontics, PDM University, India.

Monika Ahlawat,
Department of Conservative Dentistry & Endodontics, PDM University, India.

Akanksha Joon,
Department of Conservative Dentistry & Endodontics, PDM University, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/CIMMS-V2/article/view/8216

Endodontics and Implant Relationship | Book Publisher International

Whether root canal therapy and restoration can compete for long-term success with prosthetic crowns supported by implants is a topic of continuous debate in dentistry.

The success of dental implants has been supported by several short-term research, however it is impossible to evaluate these studies fairly due to the absence of uniform assessments. On the other hand, a number of teeth that would have been taken in the past have been kept thanks to the advent of current endodontic procedures for conventional therapy and subsequent re-treatment. Each approach therefore has unique benefits and drawbacks, as well as varying results, all of which will be explained in this chapter.

Author(s) Details:

Shahd Fawaz Alnojaidi

Dar Al Uloom University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia and Massachusetts Central University, USA.

Ghadeer Fawaz Alnojaidi

Dar Al Uloom University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

Rahaf Fawaz Alnojaidi

Dar Al Uloom University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

Sawsan M. Alyousef

Intensive Care Consultant, King Fahad Medical City, Princess Noura University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

View Book: https://stm.bookpi.org/EIR/article/view/7419

Assessment of New Devices in Endodontics Treatment | Book Publisher International

Endodontic treatment's primary goal is to rid the root and associated system of bacterial waste products. Pathogen removal is impossible due to the numerous lateral, secondary, and additional root canals that connect the pulp cavity to the periodontium in this system due to its complicated anatomical structure. On the other hand, bacteria in regions with branches, deltas, anomalies, and dentinal tubules that have not been cleaned by endodontic methods are probably to have had their substrate significantly reduced, rendering the medium unfit for existence...

Endodontics' objectives include Excellent, quick, and simple root canal treatment

Endodontic therapy has long benefited from the introduction of novel ideas and innovations that have improved consistency and results. At various stages of root canal therapy, including access, preparation, cleaning the canal, obturation, and preserving the teeth, new technologies are available.

Author(s) Details:

Shahd Fawaz Alnojaidi
Dar Al Uloom University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia and Massachusetts Central University, USA.

Ghadeer Fawaz Alnojaidi
Dar Al Uloom University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

Rahaf Fawaz Alnojaidi
Dar Al Uloom University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

Sawsan M. Alyousef
Intensive Care Consultant, King Fahad Medical City, Princess Noura University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

View Book: https://stm.bookpi.org/ANDET/article/view/7417

Outcome of Endodontics Treatment | Book Publisher International

Several studies have looked at the outcome of endodontic therapy and the factors that influence it. The success rate and associated boundaries of the tooth being treated are essential for evaluating the expectation and providing strong support for treatment decisions. The concept of evidence-based medicine has gained popularity in the last 10 years.

The patient should be informed about the available information on the cycle, as well as the expected outcomes of nonsurgical root waterway therapy, when treatment planning is taking place. The lack of periapical radiolucency, root restoration without flaws, root filling within 2 mm of the radiographic peak, and excellent coronal reclamation are all factors that affect the outcome of nonsurgical endodontic therapy. The most important of these metrics are the pulpal and periapical analyses. Additionally, the presence or absence of periapical radiolucency before to surgery is a significant predictor of postoperative success or failure.

Author(s) Details:

Shahd Fawaz Alnojaidi

Dar Al Uloom University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia and Massachusetts Central University, USA.

Ghadeer Fawaz Alnojaidi

Dar Al Uloom University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

Rahaf Fawaz Alnojaidi

Dar Al Uloom University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

Sawsan M. Alyousef

Intensive Care Consultant, King Fahad Medical City, Princess Noura University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

View Book: https://stm.bookpi.org/OET/article/view/7415

A Comparative Study on In-vivo Biocompatibility of Four Endodontic Sealers | Chapter 06 | New Frontiers in Medicine and Medical Research Vol. 11

 The goal of this study was to compare the biocompatibility of two new calcium phosphate-based root canal sealers (CPC-I, CPC-II) to a commercially available zinc oxide eugenol-based sealer [Pulp canal sealer EWT (PCS EWT)] and Sealapex after implantation in rat subcutaneous tissue. The test ingredients were placed in sterile polyethylene tubes. The tubes were implanted in the dorsums of male rats, and the animals were euthanized after 1, 2, 4, and 8 weeks, yielding 5 specimens for each treatment. As a negative control, empty tubes were used. Inflammation, major cell types, and fibrous connective tissue thickness were all quantified next to each inserted sample. All sealers generated similar inflammatory reactions in the animals' connective tissue at week one, with the majority of specimens demonstrating a moderate to severe chronic inflammatory response. CPC-II and (PCS EWT) caused a severe inflammatory response with the presence of acute inflammatory cells after 2 weeks, whereas CPC-I and Sealapex induced mild and moderate inflammatory responses, respectively. Connective tissue in touch with CPC-I and Sealapex was better organised after 4 weeks, but tissue in contact with CPC-II and (PCS EWT) had a moderate inflammatory reaction and similar effects. CPC-I, (PCS EWT), and Seal apex showed modest inflammatory reactions after 8 weeks. CPC-I elicited the least inflammatory response across all evaluation periods, with the exception of CPC-II, which did not exhibit any reduction in inflammatory response with time. Based on the histology findings of the investigation, CPC-I sealer can be assigned a favourable biocompatibility level.

Author(S) Details

Rania M. Khashaba
Department Oral Biology, Georgia Health Sciences University, Augusta, GA, USA and Department of Biomaterials, Misr International University (M.I.U), Cairo, Egypt.

Mervet M. Moussa
Department of Oral Pathology, Faculty of Oral & Dental Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt and Departmentof Basic Dental Science, College of Dentistry, Princess Nourah Bint Abdul Rahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

View Book:- https://stm.bookpi.org/NFMMR-V11/article/view/3692

An Advanced Study on the Utility of Photodynamic Therapy in Dentistry | Chapter 4 | Highlights on Medicine and Medical Science Vol. 10

 In the discipline of dentistry, the twenty-first century has brought several significant improvements in science and technology, as well as a wide spectrum of unique treatment options available to dentists. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a new non-invasive treatment procedure that uses photosensitizers, a specific wavelength of light, and the production of singlet oxygen and reactive oxygen species (ROS) to kill undesired eukaryotic cells (such as oral cancers) and harmful microbes. The goal of this chapter was to summarise the history andthe benefits, drawbacks, and future prospects of PDT in several domains of dentistry (oral and maxillofacial surgery, oral medicine, endodontics, preventive dentistry, periodontology, and implantology), highlighting advantages, drawbacks, and future perspectives

Author (S) Details

Dr. Anette Stájer
Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Szeged, Tisza Lajos körút 62-64, 6720 Szeged, Hungary

Dr. Márió Gajdács
Department of Pharmacodynamics and Biopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Szeged, Eötvös utca 6, 6720 Szeged, Hungary and Institute of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Nagyvárad tér 4, 1089 Budapest, Hungary.

Dr. Zoltán Baráth
Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Szeged, Tiszta Lajos körút 62-64, 6720 Szeged, Hungary.

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/HMMS-V10/article/view/2252

Reporting the Cases on Healing of Large Periapical Lesions by Non-surgical Approach | Chapter 2 | Highlights on Medicine and Medical Research Vol. 2

Introduction: As a sequel to pulpal infection, periapical lesions typically form. Clinicians prefer to take a surgical approach to treatment when there is a large periapical inclination evident on the radiograph. The majority of periapical lesions can be identified as abscesses, cysts or granulomas. However, in order to save teeth, a non-surgical solution should be pursued with the effective use of intracanal medications. This paper illustrates healing by non-surgical endodontic treatment of large periapical lesions in two instances.

Case Presentation: Endodontic treatment of mandibular first molar and maxillary incisors is mentioned in this article. In an aqueous vehicle, calcium hydroxide was placed as an intracanal drug, adjusting the dressing every fifteen days for a span of three months. Radiographic recovery was demonstrated by continuous follow-up and the patients were asymptomatic.

Conclusion: The case reports provided in this article illustrated healing after endodontic therapy with large periapical lesions. Isolation with rubber dam, extensive chemo mechanical debridement of the root canal space with use of calcium hydroxide as intracanal medicament is emphasized. Radiographic monitoring of the prognosis of a large periapical lesion following orthograde endodontic therapy is advised before making the decision to perform periapical surgery.

Author (s) Details

Dr. Bonny Paul
Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Hitkarini Dental College and Hospital, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh, India.

Dr. Kavita Dube
Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Hitkarini Dental College and Hospital, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh, India.

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/HMMR-V2/issue/view/20