Antifungal Properties of Kalanchoe luciae Raym-hammet: A Traditional South African Remedy for Ear Infections | Chapter 1 | An Overview of Disease and Health Research Vol. 7

 

Background: Kalanchoe luciae Raym-Hammet plant species is generally used for the treatment of ear infections. Traditional health practitioners use leaf juice extract directly from the leaves of K. luciae to treat ear infections.

 

Aim of the Study: This study aims to evaluate the antifungal properties of leaf extracts of K. luciae against Aspergillus fumigatus, Cryptococcus neoformans, and Candida albicans.

 

Methodology: The plant species was selected from the database of Ethnomedicinal Plants’ Laboratory, comprising over 300 medicinal plants used for the treatment of various diseases in humans, Limpopo province, South Africa. In this study, mature and young leaves of K. luciae were extracted with acetone and methanol. The leaves were squeezed separately to extract juice from the leaves. The leaf extracts were tested for antifungal activity against Aspergillus fumigatus, Cryptococcus neoformans, and Candida albicans using a serial dilution assay.

 

Results: The methanol and juice extracts had the highest antifungal activity against A. fumigatus with minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of 0.04 and 0.10 mg/ml. C. neoformans was most susceptible to acetone mature leaf extract, followed by both mature and young leaf extracts at a mean MIC value of 0.09 mg/ml and 0.16 mg/ml, respectively. In the bioautography assay, there were no active compounds observed in all extracts against the tested fungal pathogens.

 

Conclusion: K. luciae can serve as a potential plant that could be used as a source of antifungal compounds that can be incorporated into antimicrobial drug production.

 

 

Author(s) Details

Sinorita Chauke
Department of Biodiversity, Faculty of Science and Agriculture, School of Molecular and Life Sciences, University of Limpopo, Private Bag X1106, Sovenga, 0727, South Africa.

 

Salome Mamokone Mahlo
Department of Biodiversity, Faculty of Science and Agriculture, School of Molecular and Life Sciences, University of Limpopo, Private Bag X1106, Sovenga, 0727, South Africa.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/aodhr/v7/5644

Drug Resistance, Clinical Characteristics, and Geographic Distribution of Carbapenem-Resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae Infection in a Northern Province in China | Chapter 6 | Achievements and Challenges of Medicine and Medical Science Vol. 8

Background: Bacterial drug resistance has become a major global challenge in the field of public health and is a serious threat to human health. Since the discovery of carbapenem-resistant K. pneumoniae (CRKP) in the United States in 1996, carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE) has spread rapidly worldwide.

Purpose: This study analyzed the clinical distribution and drug resistance of carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae (CRKP) strains, the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC), MIC50 and MIC90, and the geographical distribution in Hebei Province, China. The study aimed to provide epidemiological research data, formulate appropriate combined treatment schemes, reasonably select antibiotics, and standardize nosocomial infection control schemes.

Patients and Methods: A total of 6328 strains of CRKP were collected from 2017 to 2019. The MIC was determined for the drug sensitivity test, and the experimental data were statistically analyzed using WHONET5.6. Susceptibility testing was performed using the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) according to the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute

Results: The detection rate of CRKP increased annually from 13.4% in 2017 to 14.5% in 2018, and 14.6% in 2019. The ratio of males to females was approximately 2:1; 53.6% were elderly, 39% were adults, 4.8% were minors, and 2.5% were newborns. The specimens collected were mainly sputum (70.9%). The resistance rate of CRKP to carbapenems and other β-lactam antibiotics was found to be increasing, with resistance rates generally greater than 90%. The resistance rate to aminoglycoside antibiotics decreased yearly to approximately 50%, and the resistance rate to quinolones remained unchanged at approximately 80%. From 2017 to 2019, the resistance rate of CRKP in Hebei Province to various antibiotics was high, and the resistance rate to β-lactam antibiotics increased each year. This study showed that CRKP in Hebei Province mainly caused pneumonia, followed by urinary tract infection, bloodstream infection, wound infection, and abdominal infection. The geographical distribution of CRKP is different in Hebei, and its distribution in other cities in China is uneven. The treatment of CRKP infection remains an intractable problem in clinics.

Conclusion: The situation of CRKP resistance is severe in Hebei Province, China. From 2017 to 2019, in Hebei Province, CRKP primarily caused lung infection; males accounted for about two-thirds, and older patients represented the majority of the patient population. The resistance rate to most antibiotics is very high and shows an upward trend. Among them, the resistance rate to polymyxin is low; however, few resistant strains do exist. MIC50 and MIC90 are higher than their MICs. It mainly causes lung infections in elderly men. This study is helpful to improve the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of CRKP infection in our province.

 

Author (s) Details

Na Wang
Microbiology Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, Hebei, 075000, People’s Republic of China.

Minghua Zhan
Microbiology Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, Hebei, 075000, People’s Republic of China and Clinical Laboratory, Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing, 100730, People’s Republic of China.

Jianhua Liu
Respiratory Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, Hebei, 075000, People’s Republic of China.

 

Yao Wang
Clinical Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, People’s Republic of China.

 

Yongwang Hou
Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, Hebei, 075000, People’s Republic of China.

 

Caiqing Li
Microbiology Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, Hebei, 075000, People’s Republic of China.

 

Jia Li
Microbiology Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, Hebei, 075000, People’s Republic of China.

 

Xuying Han
Microbiology Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, Hebei, 075000, People’s Republic of China.

 

Jinlu Liu
Microbiology Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, Hebei, 075000, People’s Republic of China.

 

Yong Chen
Infectious Disease Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, Hebei, 075000, People’s Republic of China.

 

Jingjing Fan
Infectious Disease Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, Hebei, 075000, People’s Republic of China.

 

Jianhua Tang
Clinical Pharmacy Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, Hebei, 075000, People’s Republic of China.

 

Wenhua Lu
Dental Department, Beijing Fengtai Tieying Community Health Service Center, Beijing, 100730, People’s Republic of China.

 

Xinran Zhong
Microbiology Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, Hebei, 075000, People’s Republic of China.

 

Zhihua Zhang
Respiratory Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, Hebei, 075000, People’s Republic of China.

 

Wei Zhang
Microbiology Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, Hebei, 075000, People’s Republic of China and Clinical Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, People’s Republic of China.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/acmms/v8/2283

Exploring the Antimicrobial Potential and Phytochemical Composition of Ocimum tenuiflorum Leaf Extracts: An Analytical Apporach | Chapter 12 | Innovative Solutions: A Systematic Approach towards Sustainable Future

Aim: To explore the antimicrobial potential sand phytochemical composition of Ocimum tenuiflorum leaf extracts against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Aspergillus niger.

Study Design: The dried Ocimum tenuiflorum leaves were extracted using decoction and digestion methods. Preliminary qualitative phytochemical analysis of the extracts was conducted. The antibacterial activity of the extracts was analyzed using the agar diffusion method, followed by determination of the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. The poisoned food technique was employed to assess the fungicidal activity of the extracts against Aspergillus niger. All experiments were conducted in triplicate, and the average values were depicted graphically.

Place and Duration of Study: Sahrdaya College of Engineering and Technology, Kodakara, and Centre for Research on Molecular and Applied Sciences, Thiruvananthapuram, from May to August 2023.

Methodology: Dried Ocimum tenuiflorum leaves were extracted by decoction and digestion methods. Preliminary qualitative analysis was performed to identify various phytochemicals. The extracts were evaluated for their MIC and MBC/MFC against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Aspergillus niger.

Results: Preliminary phytochemical screening revealed that both types of extracts contained alkaloids and steroids. Flavonoids and terpenoids were exclusive to the decoction extract, while saponins were found only in the digestion extract. Both extracts exhibited increased zones of inhibition (ZOI) against Aspergillus niger, followed by Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. The MIC for the decoction extract was 250 µg/mL against both Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus, while the MIC for the digestion extract was 500 µg/mL. The decoction extract demonstrated an inhibition rate of 52.692% at a concentration of 125 µg/mL against Aspergillus niger.

Conclusion: The findings of this study provide valuable insights into the pharmacological properties of Ocimum tenuiflorum, paving the way for further research on its potential therapeutic applications and role as a natural preservative. The presence of diverse phytochemicals, coupled with observed antimicrobial effects, suggests its potential for multifaceted therapeutic benefits.

 

Author (s) Details

 

Sangeetha Gopal
Department of Biotechnology, Sahrdaya College of Engineering and Technology, Kodakara, Affiliated to APJ Abdul Kalam Technological University, Thiruvananthapuram, India.

Leon Ittiachen
Department of Biotechnology, Sahrdaya College of Engineering and Technology, Kodakara, Affiliated to APJ Abdul Kalam Technological University, Thiruvananthapuram, India.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/mono/978-93-49238-47-3/CH12

Investigation on Phytochemical Constituents and Antimicrobial Properties of Crude Flower Extract of Tecoma stans (L.) Juss. ex Kunth | Chapter 12 | Current Aspects in Pharmaceutical Research and Development Vol. 2

 The purpose of this study is to analyse the phytochemical profile and antibacterial activity of Tecoma stans (L.) ethanolic extract (TSEE) against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria in vitro, because plants are utilised as medicinal agents. Tecoma stans is a perennial flowering shrub of the Bignoniaceae family. The entire plant has therapeutic potential and is used to cure a variety of diseases. Cold maceration with ethanol was used to extract the dried flowers. Alkaloids, glycosides, saponins, sugars, tannins, phenolic compounds, steroids, and flavonoids were discovered among the phytoconstituents. Antimicrobial activity was tested using the agar well diffusion method against microorganisms such as Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus megaterium, Streptococcus mutans, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Proteus vulgaris. The antibacterial activity of the TSEE extract against these pathogens ranged from moderate to strong. The zone of inhibition has a diameter ranging from 20.330.57 to 09.331.52 mm, and the activity was compared to normal tetracycline. The inhibition range was reported to be 31.2 mg/ml to 125 mg/ml using the two-fold broth dilution method. MBC values range from 62.5 to 150 mg/ml. The findings demonstrate that Tecoma stans flowers contain phytochemicals that have broad spectrum antibacterial activity against pathogenic microorganisms evaluated in this study.

Author(s) Details

Sowjanya Pulipati
Vignan Pharmacy College, Vadlamudi- 522 213, Guntur (Dt), Andhra Pradesh, India.

P. Srinivasa Babu
Vignan Pharmacy College, Vadlamudi- 522 213, Guntur (Dt), Andhra Pradesh, India.

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/CAPRD-V2/article/view/3960

Antimicrobial Studies: An Approach to Microbiological Assay | Chapter 8 | Current Aspects in Pharmaceutical Research and Development Vol. 2

 This article offers a brief overview of bacteria and fungi, as well as a list of regularly utilised bacteria and fungi for antimicrobial purposes. Types of approaches are also briefly covered in this chapter. For a better outcome, this article includes how minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) is measured in research activity, as well as reported MIC of conventional medications.

Author(s) Details

Sunil Kumar
Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Jambheshwar University of Science & Technology, Hisar, Haryana, India.

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/CAPRD-V2/article/view/3956