A Study on the Prevalence of Klebsiella pneumoniae and its Antibiotic Resistance Patterns from Urine of Students in a Tertiary Institution | Chapter 1 | Microbiology and Biotechnology Research: An Overview Vol. 3

 

Background/Introduction: Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) among microorganisms is a public health problem, especially in underdeveloped countries. Antibiotic-resistant bacterial infections, particularly those caused by multidrug-resistant (MDR) strains, can result in major health issues such as extended hospital stays, unsuccessful treatments, and even death. Klebsiella pneumoniae is a common bacterium responsible for many cases of urinary tract infections (UTIs). The growing resistance of this organism to various antibiotics is reducing the number of effective treatment choices.

Aims and Objectives: The aim of this study is to ascertain the occurrence and antibiotic resistance patterns of Klebsiella pneumoniae isolated from the urine of students in a tertiary institution.

Materials and Methods: The Experimental non-randomised trial research design was used in this research work. The study was conducted at the Department of Applied Microbiology of Enugu State University of Science and Technology, Enugu State, Nigeria. A total of 67 urine samples were collected aseptically from apparently healthy students. A loopful of each urine sample was inoculated on MacConkey agar for significant bacterial growth. The isolates were identified using standard microbiological procedures.

Results: Results showed a mean bacterial load of 1.7×104 cfu/ml from males and 2.1×104 cfu/ml from females. Out of 67 urine samples collected, 17 (25.37%) yielded positive growth of Klebsiella pneumoniae. The male students had 6 (18.75%) from 32 urine samples, while female students had 11 (31.43%) from 35 urine samples. There was no significant difference (p˃0.05) in the prevalence rates among the male and female students. Isolated organisms had varying degrees of resistance to the antibiotics used. Klebsiella pneumoniae from males had resistance to the following antibiotics: amoxicillin at 83.3%; streptomycin and ofloxacin at 50% respectively; cotrimoxazole, amoxicillin/clavulanic acid and pefloxacin at 66.67% respectively; gentamycin at 83.3% while Klebsiella pneumoniae from females had resistance on amoxicillin at 81.82%; streptomycin at 54.53%; sparfloxacin at 72.73%; ciprofloxacin at 63.64%. Generally, the isolates from females had more resistance to the antibiotics than the males. It was also observed that Klebsiella pneumoniae was resistant to more than two classes of antibiotics used in the study: β-lactam, quinolones and aminoglycosides. Multidrug resistance (MDR) index ranged from 0.1 to 0.5 for males and 0.2 to 0.9 for females.

Conclusion: The high prevalence of Klebsiella pneumoniae and MDR index among the students in the study was a threat to their health and indicative of poor personal hygiene. To prevent antibiotic resistance, it is essential to carefully choose the right antibiotic and use it responsibly, following proper dosage and administration guidelines. Therefore, public enlightenment programmes should be carried out to educate them on the prevention of urinary tract infections.

 

Author (s) Details

Ugwu, Celestina Chibuzo
Department of Applied Microbiology, Enugu State University of Science and Technology, P.M.B. 01660, Enugu State, Nigeria.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/mbrao/v3/5239

Long-Term Trends of Clinical Distribution and Resistance Patterns of Klebsiella pneumoniae Infections from 2014 to 2022: A Retrospective Study | Chapter 3 | Research Perspectives of Microbiology and Biotechnology Vol. 7

Background: Klebsiella pneumoniae (KP) is a common opportunistic pathogen in hospitalized patients, often causing pneumonia, urinary tract infection, and bacteremia. Gastrointestinal carriage is a risk factor for nosocomial infections.

Purpose: The purpose was to determine the pattern of Klebsiella pneumoniae (KP) infection and drug resistance through long-term and large sample-size statistical analysis and to provide epidemiological data for the treatment, prevention, and control of multidrug-resistant bacterial infection in the hospital.

Patients and Methods: In this study, 5442 strains of Klebsiella pneumoniae were collected from the First Affiliated Hospital of Hebei North University of China from January 1, 2014, to June 30, 2022. Strains were identified using the BD PhoenixTM100 system, minimal inhibitory concentrations of antibiotics were determined by the broth method, and data were statistically analyzed using WHONET 5.6 and SPSS27.0.

Results: The study found that the isolation rate of KP from Enterobacteriaceae (26.2%, 4547/17358) in our hospital showed an increasing annual trend, ranking second only to Escherichia coli. Carbapenem-resistant KP (CRKP) accounted for the highest proportion of carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (72.2%, 431/597), showing an upward trend. Infected patients had a male-to-female ratio of approximately 2:1 and were mainly >60 years of age (66.2%), with intensive care units being the most commonly distributed department. Sputum was the most common specimen type (74.0%). Compared with spring and summer, autumn and winter were the main epidemic seasons for KP and extended-spectrum β-lactamase KP (ESBL-KP). The resistance rate of KP to common antibiotics was low, but all showed an increasing trend each year. ESBL-KP was >90% resistant to piperacillin, amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, and cefotaxime and less resistant to other common antibiotics, but showed an increasing trend in resistance to most antibiotics. CRKP resistance to common antibiotics was high, with resistance rates >90%, excluding amikacin (64.1%), gentamicin (87.4%), cotrimoxazole (44.3%), chloramphenicol (13.6%), and tetracycline (30.5%). Additionally, the detection rate of CRKP showed a rapidly increasing trend from 2014 to 2018, and then a slowly decreasing trend from 2018 to 2022, while ESBL-KP showed an initially increasing trend, followed by another decrease, then an increase.

Conclusion: KP in our hospital mainly caused pulmonary infection in older men, which occurred frequently in autumn and winter, and the isolation and drug resistance rates showed an increasing trend. Age over 70 years, admission to the intensive care unit, and urinary tract infection were found to be the risk factors for CRKP and ESBL-KP resistance. It is recommended that in the face of the high transmission and mortality of CRE, the WHO should actively strengthen international collaborations to study and develop new antibiotics against third-generation cephalosporins and CRE to jointly curb the spread of multi-drug resistance.

 

Author (s) Details

Na Wang
Microbiology Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, People’s Republic of China.

 

Minghua Zhan
Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, People’s Republic of China.

 

Teng Wang
Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, People’s Republic of China.

 

Jinlu Liu
Microbiology Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, People’s Republic of China.

 

Caiqing Li
Microbiology Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, People’s Republic of China.

 

Baoliang Li
Microbiology Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, People’s Republic of China.

 

Xuying Han
Microbiology Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, People’s Republic of China.

 

Huiying Li
Obstetrics and Gynecology Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, People’s Republic of China.

 

Shuting Liu
Hemodialysis Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, People’s Republic of China.

 

Jing Cao
Microbiology Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, People’s Republic of China.

 

Xinran Zhong
Microbiology Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, People’s Republic of China.

Chunmei Lei
Microbiology Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, People’s
Republic of China.

 

Wei Zhang
Microbiology Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, People’s Republic of China.

 

Zhihua Zhang
Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, People’s Republic of China.

 

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/rpmab/v7/2284

Drug Resistance, Clinical Characteristics, and Geographic Distribution of Carbapenem-Resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae Infection in a Northern Province in China | Chapter 6 | Achievements and Challenges of Medicine and Medical Science Vol. 8

Background: Bacterial drug resistance has become a major global challenge in the field of public health and is a serious threat to human health. Since the discovery of carbapenem-resistant K. pneumoniae (CRKP) in the United States in 1996, carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE) has spread rapidly worldwide.

Purpose: This study analyzed the clinical distribution and drug resistance of carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae (CRKP) strains, the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC), MIC50 and MIC90, and the geographical distribution in Hebei Province, China. The study aimed to provide epidemiological research data, formulate appropriate combined treatment schemes, reasonably select antibiotics, and standardize nosocomial infection control schemes.

Patients and Methods: A total of 6328 strains of CRKP were collected from 2017 to 2019. The MIC was determined for the drug sensitivity test, and the experimental data were statistically analyzed using WHONET5.6. Susceptibility testing was performed using the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) according to the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute

Results: The detection rate of CRKP increased annually from 13.4% in 2017 to 14.5% in 2018, and 14.6% in 2019. The ratio of males to females was approximately 2:1; 53.6% were elderly, 39% were adults, 4.8% were minors, and 2.5% were newborns. The specimens collected were mainly sputum (70.9%). The resistance rate of CRKP to carbapenems and other β-lactam antibiotics was found to be increasing, with resistance rates generally greater than 90%. The resistance rate to aminoglycoside antibiotics decreased yearly to approximately 50%, and the resistance rate to quinolones remained unchanged at approximately 80%. From 2017 to 2019, the resistance rate of CRKP in Hebei Province to various antibiotics was high, and the resistance rate to β-lactam antibiotics increased each year. This study showed that CRKP in Hebei Province mainly caused pneumonia, followed by urinary tract infection, bloodstream infection, wound infection, and abdominal infection. The geographical distribution of CRKP is different in Hebei, and its distribution in other cities in China is uneven. The treatment of CRKP infection remains an intractable problem in clinics.

Conclusion: The situation of CRKP resistance is severe in Hebei Province, China. From 2017 to 2019, in Hebei Province, CRKP primarily caused lung infection; males accounted for about two-thirds, and older patients represented the majority of the patient population. The resistance rate to most antibiotics is very high and shows an upward trend. Among them, the resistance rate to polymyxin is low; however, few resistant strains do exist. MIC50 and MIC90 are higher than their MICs. It mainly causes lung infections in elderly men. This study is helpful to improve the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of CRKP infection in our province.

 

Author (s) Details

Na Wang
Microbiology Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, Hebei, 075000, People’s Republic of China.

Minghua Zhan
Microbiology Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, Hebei, 075000, People’s Republic of China and Clinical Laboratory, Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing, 100730, People’s Republic of China.

Jianhua Liu
Respiratory Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, Hebei, 075000, People’s Republic of China.

 

Yao Wang
Clinical Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, People’s Republic of China.

 

Yongwang Hou
Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, Hebei, 075000, People’s Republic of China.

 

Caiqing Li
Microbiology Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, Hebei, 075000, People’s Republic of China.

 

Jia Li
Microbiology Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, Hebei, 075000, People’s Republic of China.

 

Xuying Han
Microbiology Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, Hebei, 075000, People’s Republic of China.

 

Jinlu Liu
Microbiology Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, Hebei, 075000, People’s Republic of China.

 

Yong Chen
Infectious Disease Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, Hebei, 075000, People’s Republic of China.

 

Jingjing Fan
Infectious Disease Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, Hebei, 075000, People’s Republic of China.

 

Jianhua Tang
Clinical Pharmacy Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, Hebei, 075000, People’s Republic of China.

 

Wenhua Lu
Dental Department, Beijing Fengtai Tieying Community Health Service Center, Beijing, 100730, People’s Republic of China.

 

Xinran Zhong
Microbiology Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, Hebei, 075000, People’s Republic of China.

 

Zhihua Zhang
Respiratory Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, Hebei, 075000, People’s Republic of China.

 

Wei Zhang
Microbiology Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, Hebei, 075000, People’s Republic of China and Clinical Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, People’s Republic of China.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/acmms/v8/2283

Determination of Antimicrobial Activity of Herbal Toothpaste against Organisms Causing Dental Caries | Chapter 6 | New Visions in Biological Science Vol. 6

 Background: Dental caries is caused by bacteria producing acid, which eats away at the enamel and dentin beneath it. A study was conducted to isolate microorganisms that cause dental caries in people of various ages and determine the antimicrobial activity of various toothpastes against these germs.

The goal of this study is to isolate microorganisms that cause dental caries in people of various ages.

2. To test herbal toothpaste's antibacterial efficacy against the pathogenic organism that causes dental caries. Between June 2016 and December 2017, samples were collected at Krish Multispeciality Clinic and Prashanth Dental Clinic in Nagole and processed at the Microbiology Department of St. Francis College for Women in Hyderabad.

Methodology: Ten samples were taken from each age group, ranging from 10 to 20 years old, 20 to 40 years old, and 40 to 60 years old. The species were identified using a combination of biochemical tests and molecular characterization based on 16s rRNA type, as described in Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology. The agar well diffusion method was used to investigate the antibacterial activity of herbal toothpastes using identified organisms. For statistical analysis, ANOVA is utilised.

Because of their efficacy, Patanjali herbal medicines such as Dantkanti are getting a lot of traction and have become a part of everyday life for the common man. Patanjali toothpaste, out of all the toothpastes tested, has good antibacterial activity against all of the isolates, according to our findings. Patanjali has strong antibacterial action against all isolates examined, according to a comparative study of f-ratio and P significant value (.05.) of all pairs. Meswak's efficacy is almost identical to that of Patanjali. When compared to the other two toothpastes, Dabur red and Colgate herbal have moderate activity.

Author(S) Details

M. Shailaja Raj
Department of Microbiology, St. Francis College for Women, Hyderabad, India.

R. Hema
Department of Microbiology, St. Francis College for Women, Hyderabad, India.

Anitha Thomas
Department of Microbiology, St. Francis College for Women, Hyderabad, India.

View Book:- https://stm.bookpi.org/NVBS-V6/article/view/4860

Extended Spectrum β-Lactamase in Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae: Trends in Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant Recipients | Chapter 4 | Challenges in Disease and Health Research Vol. 8

 During a 10-year period, we conducted an extended spectrum-lactamase (ESBL) survey among infectious Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae clinical isolates at Tunisia's Bone Marrow Transplant Centre (from 2002 to 2011).

Bacterial identification was accomplished out using biochemical features as well as API identification techniques. The disc diffusion method was used to investigate antibiotic susceptibility on Muller-Hinton agar.

ESBL-producing strains were found in 34.5 percent of 142 K. pneumoniae strains and 11.46 percent of 218 E. coli strains during the study period. The generation of ESBL in the selected bacteria was shown to be on the rise.

Conclusion: In order to guide the use of antimicrobial drugs for the treatment of these pathogens in the hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipient population, screening for ESBL production among infectious K. pneumoniae and E. coli strains is critical.

Author (s) Details

Arij Mechergui
Laboratory Unit, The National Bone Marrow Transplant Centre, Tunis, Tunisia.

Wafa Achour
Laboratory Unit, The National Bone Marrow Transplant Centre, Tunis, Tunisia.

Assia Ben Hassen
Laboratory Unit, The National Bone Marrow Transplant Centre, Tunis, Tunisia.

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/CDHR-V8/article/view/1422