Antimicrobial Resistance and Genetic Relatedness of Escherichia coli Isolated from Fecal Poultry and Bovine Housed in Tunisian Farms | Chapter 1 | Research Perspective on Biological Science Vol. 4

 

This study aimed to investigate the presence of integrons in commensal E. coli isolates from animal origins (poultry and bovine) housed in farms located in four different governorates of Tunisia (Sousse, Tunis, Bizerte and Gbeli), with a focus on antimicrobial resistance of the isolates and phylogroups as well as genetic characterization of genes encoding sulphonamides, tetracycline resistance (owing to their high rates of resistance in our collection and their excessive use in veterinary medicine in Tunisia). Mobile genetic elements such as plasmids, transposons, and integrons are able to disseminate genes encoding antibiotic resistance by horizontal transfer, and play an important role in the evolution and dissemination of multidrug resistance in Gram-negative bacteria.

 

Little detailed documentation has been researched on the excessive use of antimicrobials such as tetracycline and sulfonamides in veterinary medicine in Tunisia, and more studies are needed. A total of 58 commensal Escherichia coli isolates recovered from faecal samples of healthy poultry (n=31) and bovine (n=27) recovered from farms in Tunisia were examined for 20 antimicrobials as well as researched the presence of integron, variable regions (VRs), phylogroups, tetracycline (tetA, tetB, et tetC) and sulfonamides (sul1, sul2, and sul3) resistance genes. The most frequent resistance in poultry origin was to tetracycline (94.3%), sulfonamide (70.69%), nalidixic acid (61.29), trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and streptomycin with 64.51%, to amoxicillin and ticarcilline with 58%. Whereas, for the bovine isolates, it noted high resistance to streptomycin (55.5%) and moderate resistance to tetracycline (37%) and amoxicillin (18.5%). Class 1 integrons were detected in 20, 6 isolates for poultry and bovine, respectively, as well as class 2 integrons were found in 2 and 1 isolates, respectively. Class 1 integrons were significantly associated with poultry origin (p=0.001). For poultry, sul1, sul2, and sul3 genes were detected in 14 (46.2%), 7 (23.8%), and 4 (8.9%) resistant isolates, respectively. Whereas, for bovine, 5 isolates were resistant to sulfonamide and sul1 and sul2 genes were detected in 4 and 1 isolates, with an absence of sul3 genes. and tetracycline genes tetA, tetB genes were observed in 27 (84.37%) and 8 (25%) resistant isolates, respectively, while TetC was not detected amongst our isolates. Seven arrangement gene cassettes were detected; dfrA1-satA1-aadA1 in one identical DNA fragment with approximate size of 2000 bp, and six arrangements of resistance gene cassettes of class 1 integron were detected; dfrA1+aadA1 (5isolates); for dfrA17+aadA1, dfrA12+ orfF+aadA2 each one two 2isolates; one isolate for aadA1 and dfrA5, respectively. In poultry, 16 isolates were found to belong to phylogroup A (subgroupA1: 12, subgroupA0: 4); 9 to B1, 1 to B2 and 5 to phylogroup D. However, in bovine 9 isolates have the phylogroups A1, 7 isolates B1, 4 isolates B2, and 3 isolates found to phylogroup D. Our results showed that the prevalence of resistance in E. coli isolates from poultry was much higher than that observed in bovin. This is worrisome for global human health, especially with the increasing consumption of poultry meat in Tunisia and in another part of the world owing to its relatively lower cost compared to red meat.

 

Author (s) Details

Hajer Kilani
Institute of Veterinary Research of Tunisia, 20 Street Jebel Lakhdhar, Bab Saadoun, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis 1006, Tunisia and Faculty of Medicine, LR99ES09 Laboratory of Antibiotic Resistance, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia.

 

Mohamed Salah Abbassi
Institute of Veterinary Research of Tunisia, 20 Street Jebel Lakhdhar, Bab Saadoun, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis 1006, Tunisia and Faculty of Medicine, LR99ES09 Laboratory of Antibiotic Resistance, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia.

 

Sana Lengliz
Institute of Veterinary Research of Tunisia, 20 Street Jebel Lakhdhar, Bab Saadoun, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis 1006, Tunisia and Laboratory of Materials, Molecules and Application, LR11ES22, Preparatory Institute for Scientific and Technical Studies, University of Carthage, Tunis, Tunisia.

 

Rim Dhifalli
Institute of Veterinary Research of Tunisia, 20 Street Jebel Lakhdhar, Bab Saadoun, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis 1006, Tunisia.

 

Bouraoui Jihene
Institute of Veterinary Research of Tunisia, 20 Street Jebel Lakhdhar, Bab Saadoun, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis 1006, Tunisia.

 

Riadh Mansouri
Institute of Veterinary Research of Tunisia, 20 Street Jebel Lakhdhar, Bab Saadoun, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis 1006, Tunisia.

 

Noureddine Ben Chehida
Institute of Veterinary Research of Tunisia, 20 Street Jebel Lakhdhar, Bab Saadoun, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis 1006, Tunisia.

 

Ilhem Boutiba-Benboubaker
Faculty of Medicine, LR99ES09 Laboratory of Antibiotic Resistance, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia and Department of Microbiology, Hospital of Charles Nicolle, Tunis, Tunisia.

 

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/rpbs/v4/1613

Phage Therapy and Phage-Based Drug Development: A Comprehensive Review | Chapter 1 | Pharmaceutical Science: New Insights and Developments Vol. 7

 

Phage therapy, the use of bacteriophages to treat bacterial infections, has a history dating back to the early 20th century. It is regaining momentum as a promising weapon against the rising threat of multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria. Antibiotic resistance is an escalating global health crisis, posing a severe threat to the control of microbial diseases.  This comprehensive review explores the historical context, the modern resurgence of phage therapy, and phage-facilitated advancements in medical and technological fields. It details the mechanisms of action and applications of phages in treating MDR bacterial infections, particularly those associated with biofilms and intracellular pathogens. The review further highlights innovative uses of phages in vaccine development, cancer therapy, and as gene delivery vectors. Despite its targeted and efficient approach, phage therapy faces challenges related to phage stability, immune response, and regulatory approval. By examining these areas in detail, this review underscores the immense potential and remaining hurdles in integrating phage-based therapies into modern medical practices.

 

Author(s) Details

Longzhu Cui
Division of Bacteriology, Department of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke City 329-0498, Japan.

 

Shinya Watanabe
Division of Bacteriology, Department of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke City 329-0498, Japan.

 

Kazuhiko Miyanaga
Division of Bacteriology, Department of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke City 329-0498, Japan.

 

Kotaro Kiga

Division of Bacteriology, Department of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke City 329-0498, Japan and Research Center for Drug and Vaccine Development, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan.

 

Teppei Sasahara
Division of Bacteriology, Department of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke City 329-0498, Japan.

 

Yoshifumi Aiba
Division of Bacteriology, Department of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke City 329-0498, Japan.

 

Xin-Ee Tan
Division of Bacteriology, Department of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke City 329-0498, Japan.

 

Srivani Veeranarayanan
Division of Bacteriology, Department of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke City 329-0498, Japan.

 

Kanate Thitiananpakorn
Division of Bacteriology, Department of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke City 329-0498, Japan.

 

Huong Minh Nguyen
Division of Bacteriology, Department of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke City 329-0498, Japan.

 

Dhammika Leshan Wannigama
Department of Infectious Diseases and Infection Control, Yamagata Prefectural Central Hospital, Yamagata 990-2292, Japan.

 

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/psnid/v7/4886

Evaluating the Role of Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance: A Successful Intervention: Evidence from Hamad Medical Corporation–Qatar | Chapter 6 | Microbiology and Biotechnology Research: An Overview Vol. 4

 

Antibiotic resistance is an increasing global problem. Excessive and inappropriate antimicrobial use results in strong selective pressure that facilitates the emergence of antimicrobial-resistant pathogens. The intensive care units are epicentres for the emergence of antibiotic-resistant gram-negative bacteria because of the high use of antibiotics, prolonged hospital stay, reduced patient immunity, use of medical devices, and the frequent contact between healthcare workers and patients. Surveillance of bacterial resistance is the key element to understand the size of the problem, drive interventions, and measure the effect of these measures. Several reports have linked the use of third-generation cephalosporins with β-lactam resistance in gram-negative bacteria. Several strategies were introduced by the Antibiotic Stewardship Programs to reduce antibiotic resistance, but the efficacy of these interventions is not well studied. The Microbiology Laboratory of Hamad Medical Corporation (HMC) monitors antimicrobial resistance by continuous surveillance using the National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards (NCCLS) - currently Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute Interpretive Criteria (CLSI). Surveillance data were released annually and shared with clinicians and policymakers for review of the antibiotic policy and the antibiotic formulary. Several measures were taken, including antibiotic cycling, antibiotic rotation and restriction.

 

Surveillance data in 2001 showed high-level β-lactam antibiotic resistance and high-level production of extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBL) among gram-negative bacteria. As a result, the Hospital Antibiotic Policy Committee decided to withdraw ceftazidime, a third–generation cephalosporin known to be a strong inducer of ESBL, from the hospital formulary. Subsequent resistance surveillance over the following three years in the Medical Intensive Care unit (MICU) demonstrated a gradual drop in the resistance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Escherichia coli; the commonest isolated gram-negative bacteria from MICU, not only to third and fourth generation cephalosporins, but also to Piperacillin–Tazobactam in spite of the increased use of the latter drug in the MICU.

 

The study concludes that the selection of resistance is an inevitable consequence of antibiotic usage. Regular surveillance of antimicrobial resistance is essential not only for detecting and monitoring resistance development but also for ensuring that the information gathered is effectively used to guide empirical therapy and inform strategic interventions to prevent the emergence and spread of resistance.

 

Author(s) Details

Elshafie Sittana Shamseldin
Aspetar, Qatar Orthopedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Doha, Qatar.

Al-Khal A/Latif
Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar.

 

A Maslamani Muna
Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar.

Al Janahi Mohammed
Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar.

 

Alamri Zainab
Medical Military Specialized Center, Qatar.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/mbrao/v4/5627

Clinical Profile and Serogrouping of Beta-Haemolytic Streptococci in South India: A Prospective Study | Chapter 4 | Microbiology and Biotechnology Research: An Overview Vol. 4

Beta-hemolytic streptococci (BHS) are significant human pathogens linked to a wide range of diseases affecting individuals of all ages and health conditions. Beta-hemolytic streptococcal infections vary in severity, ranging from minor, self-limiting conditions to serious, life-threatening diseases. Infections are mainly caused by Streptococcus pyogenes (Group A streptococci), Streptococcus agalactiae (Group B streptococci), and, less frequently, Streptococcus dysgalactiae subsp. equisimilis, SDSE (Groups C and G streptococci). BHS is the most causative agent of pharyngitis, tonsillitis and pyogenic skin infections, to severe invasive conditions like necrotising fasciitis and meningitis. Though Group A is more predominant streptococci causing disease, Group B, Group C Streptococcus (GCS), Group G Streptococcus (GGS) Group F Streptococci are emerging pathogens. Development of antibiotic resistance among them is a major concern now. Beta-hemolytic streptococci resistance to recommended antimicrobial agents has been reported in recent decades. This study aimed to determine the serogroup of beta-hemolytic Streptococci causing infection and the antibiotic resistance pattern. This prospective study was conducted in the Department of Microbiology, JSS Hospital, from January 2017 to December 2017. Based on standard biochemical tests, beta-hemolytic Streptococci were identified, and serogrouping was done using a commercial latex test kit. Antibiotic susceptibility was performed as per CLSI guidelines. Among 120 beta-hemolytic Streptococci isolated, 63 consecutive beta-hemolytic Streptococci were subjected to serogrouping. Group A were 35(55.6%), 4 Group B, 9 Group C and F, 5 Group G Streptococci. Among the 63 isolates majority of isolates were from throat swabs, 21(33.3%), followed by pus 18 (28.5%). BHS from sputum were 8 and 7 from endotracheal aspirates. All the isolates were sensitive to penicillin, and 27% of the BHS were resistant to erythromycin. Information regarding the prevalent Streptococci in the local geographical area is of great importance, as non-GAS groups are associated with severe skin and soft tissue infections. Another major concern is antimicrobial resistance among these serogroups. Knowing antibiotic susceptibility patterns helps in selecting an appropriate antibiotic for effective management of these clinical conditions.

 

Author(s) Details

Vidyavathi B. Chitharagi
Department of Microbiology, JSSMC, JSSAHER, S.S. Nagar, Mysore - 570 015, India.

 

Kavana B.S.
Department of Microbiology, JSSMC, JSSAHER, S.S. Nagar, Mysore - 570 015, India.

 

Morubagal Raghavendra Rao
Department of Microbiology, JSSMC, JSSAHER, S.S. Nagar, Mysore - 570 015, India.

 

Ranjitha S. Gowda
Department of Microbiology, JSSMC, JSSAHER, S.S. Nagar, Mysore - 570 015, India.

Rashmi P. Mahale
Department of Microbiology, JSSMC, JSSAHER, S.S. Nagar, Mysore - 570 015, India.

 

Sowmya G.S.
Department of Microbiology, JSSMC, JSSAHER, S.S. Nagar, Mysore - 570 015, India.

 

Anitha T.K.
Department of Microbiology, Kanachur Medical College, Mangalore, India

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/mbrao/v4/5718

Frontline Care: The Role of Hospital Pharmacists During the COVID-19 Pandemic in North Macedonia | Chapter 1 | Pharmaceutical Science: New Insights and Developments Vol. 6

 

Background: Hospital pharmacists played a pivotal role during the COVID-19 pandemic. As part of the team alongside nurses, physicians, and respiratory therapists, hospital pharmacists contribute to COVID-19 management protocols, warranting sufficient medication supply by managing critical drug, medical devices, or personal protection equipment (PPE) shortages through the implementation of conservation strategies and sourcing alternatives.

 

Aims: The aim of this chapter is to evaluate the knowledge, attitudes, level of engagement, and the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the daily professional practice of hospital pharmacists in the Republic of North Macedonia, highlighting their critical role as frontline healthcare providers during the crisis.

 

Methodology: A questionnaire-based study was conducted among hospital pharmacists and pharmacy technicians. The study was conducted in the Republic of North Macedonia in July 2022. It involved hospital pharmacists of varying ages and levels of professional experience from five different cities. Among the respondents, 95.8% were female. Focus-methodology group approach was used when designing and structuring the questionnaire was carried out.

 

Results: The results highlighted the pharmacists' knowledge of COVID-19 strains, disinfectants, and current therapeutic options. The study revealed that 37.5% of participants always, 20.8% frequently, and 29.2% occasionally felt depressed or fatigued during the pandemic, though 83% never considered leaving their jobs. The survey found that 87.5% of pharmacists experienced shortages of masks, gloves, and disinfectants early in the pandemic, and 100% noted the increased cost of these supplies. Only 22.7% were not consulted for therapy advice for hospitalised COVID-19 patients. Opinions varied on the use of off-label drugs, and pharmacists played a key role in pharmacovigilance practices, with 36.4% reporting adverse events. The study confirmed the vital role of hospitals in promoting rational antibiotic use and antimicrobial resistance programs.

 

Conclusion: This study, the first of its kind conducted in the post-pandemic period in the Republic of North Macedonia, highlights the essential and multifaceted role of hospital pharmacists during the COVID-19 crisis. It underscores the need for formal inclusion of clinical pharmacists in healthcare processes through clear legal frameworks and written procedures. Furthermore, it emphasises the importance of pharmacist engagement in clinical practice and research, particularly in monitoring drug prescription, preparation, and administration, to ensure safe and effective patient care.

Author (s) Details

Zorica Naumovska
Faculty of Pharmacy, Ss. Cyril and Methodius University, Majka Tereza 47, 1000 Skopje, RN Macedonia.

 

Biljana Lazarova
Faculty of Medicinal Sciences, “Goce Delchev” University, Krste Misirkov 10-A, 2000 Shtip, RN Macedonia.

 

Maja Kovaceva
Pharmaceutical Chamber of RN Macedonia, 50 Divizija no. 34, 1000 Skopje, RN Macedonia.

 

Aleksandra Kapedanovska Nestorovska
Faculty of Pharmacy, Ss. Cyril and Methodius University, Majka Tereza 47, 1000 Skopje, RN Macedonia.

 

Maja Simonoska Crcarevska
Faculty of Medicinal Sciences, “Goce Delchev” University, Krste Misirkov 10-A, 2000 Shtip, RN Macedonia.

 

 

Evgenija Mihajlova
Faculty of Pharmacy, Ss. Cyril and Methodius University, Majka Tereza 47, 1000 Skopje, RN Macedonia.

 

Aleksandar Dimkovski
Faculty of Medicinal Sciences, “Goce Delchev” University, Krste Misirkov 10-A, 2000 Shtip, RN Macedonia.

 

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/psnid/v6/5179

A Study on the Prevalence of Klebsiella pneumoniae and its Antibiotic Resistance Patterns from Urine of Students in a Tertiary Institution | Chapter 1 | Microbiology and Biotechnology Research: An Overview Vol. 3

 

Background/Introduction: Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) among microorganisms is a public health problem, especially in underdeveloped countries. Antibiotic-resistant bacterial infections, particularly those caused by multidrug-resistant (MDR) strains, can result in major health issues such as extended hospital stays, unsuccessful treatments, and even death. Klebsiella pneumoniae is a common bacterium responsible for many cases of urinary tract infections (UTIs). The growing resistance of this organism to various antibiotics is reducing the number of effective treatment choices.

Aims and Objectives: The aim of this study is to ascertain the occurrence and antibiotic resistance patterns of Klebsiella pneumoniae isolated from the urine of students in a tertiary institution.

Materials and Methods: The Experimental non-randomised trial research design was used in this research work. The study was conducted at the Department of Applied Microbiology of Enugu State University of Science and Technology, Enugu State, Nigeria. A total of 67 urine samples were collected aseptically from apparently healthy students. A loopful of each urine sample was inoculated on MacConkey agar for significant bacterial growth. The isolates were identified using standard microbiological procedures.

Results: Results showed a mean bacterial load of 1.7×104 cfu/ml from males and 2.1×104 cfu/ml from females. Out of 67 urine samples collected, 17 (25.37%) yielded positive growth of Klebsiella pneumoniae. The male students had 6 (18.75%) from 32 urine samples, while female students had 11 (31.43%) from 35 urine samples. There was no significant difference (p˃0.05) in the prevalence rates among the male and female students. Isolated organisms had varying degrees of resistance to the antibiotics used. Klebsiella pneumoniae from males had resistance to the following antibiotics: amoxicillin at 83.3%; streptomycin and ofloxacin at 50% respectively; cotrimoxazole, amoxicillin/clavulanic acid and pefloxacin at 66.67% respectively; gentamycin at 83.3% while Klebsiella pneumoniae from females had resistance on amoxicillin at 81.82%; streptomycin at 54.53%; sparfloxacin at 72.73%; ciprofloxacin at 63.64%. Generally, the isolates from females had more resistance to the antibiotics than the males. It was also observed that Klebsiella pneumoniae was resistant to more than two classes of antibiotics used in the study: β-lactam, quinolones and aminoglycosides. Multidrug resistance (MDR) index ranged from 0.1 to 0.5 for males and 0.2 to 0.9 for females.

Conclusion: The high prevalence of Klebsiella pneumoniae and MDR index among the students in the study was a threat to their health and indicative of poor personal hygiene. To prevent antibiotic resistance, it is essential to carefully choose the right antibiotic and use it responsibly, following proper dosage and administration guidelines. Therefore, public enlightenment programmes should be carried out to educate them on the prevention of urinary tract infections.

 

Author (s) Details

Ugwu, Celestina Chibuzo
Department of Applied Microbiology, Enugu State University of Science and Technology, P.M.B. 01660, Enugu State, Nigeria.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/mbrao/v3/5239

Determining the Antimicrobial Resistance Profiles of E. coli Isolated from Pooled Samples of Sick, Farm, and Market Chickens: A Cross Sectional Study in Nairobi County, Kenya | Chapter 9 | Contemporary Research and Perspectives in Biological Science Vol. 11

Background: Antimicrobials are essential for human and animal health but need to be used cautiously. Bacterial antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a global threat to both human and animal health. This is mainly because the same antimicrobial molecules are used for treating and prophylaxis of bacterial diseases in both cases, and about 60% of human pathogens are shared with animals. The effective control of AMR in any country, happens periodically through surveillance exercises. In Kenya, there is scanty data on the prevailing AMR situation, especially in animals.

 

Aim: This study determines the antimicrobial resistance profiles of E. coli Isolated from pooled samples of sick, farm, and market chickens in Nairobi county, Kenya.

 

Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out in Nairobi County, Kenya. Isolation of E. coli was done by swab-inoculation onto MacConkey agar (Oxoid Ltd), followed by incubation at 37°C overnight. Organisms from lactose-fermenting (pink) colonies were phenotyped and confirmed as E. coli through Gram-staining, growth on Eosin Methylene Blue agar, and testing for motility and biochemical reactions, including Indole, Methyl red, Voges Proskauer, Citrate, Urease, and interpretation done using the criteria given in Bergey’s Manual of systemic bacteriology. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was done by the Agar Disk Diffusion method using Mueller Hinton agar (Oxoid Ltd).

 

Results: This paper reports on AMR profiles of 54 E. coli strains isolated from chickens out of which 36 (72%) were from clinically ill chickens, 11 (22%) were from farm chickens, and 7 (9.7%) were from slaughtered chickens, respectively. All 54 isolates exhibited varying antimicrobial resistance profiles with the majority showing resistance to Ampicillin (85.22%), Tetracycline (66.7%), Co-trimoxazole (57.4%), and Streptomycin (40.7%). Very few isolates were resistant to Amoxicillin and Gentamicin (each at 3.7%), Ampicillin (11.1%), and Nalidixic acid (24.1%). A total of 44 (81.5%) showed multiple resistance to up to 6 antimicrobial agents.

 

Conclusion: This study demonstrates the widespread presence of antimicrobial-resistant E. coli in Kenyan chickens; most of them showing multi-drug resistances (2 to 6 antimicrobials). The number could have been even higher if more antimicrobials were tested.

 

Author (s) Details

 

Tino A. Deng
Department of Veterinary Pathology, Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 29053-00625, Nairobi, Kenya.

 

Lilly C. Bebora
Department of Veterinary Pathology, Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 29053-00625, Nairobi, Kenya.

 

Mahacla O. Odongo
Department of Veterinary Pathology, Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 29053-00625, Nairobi, Kenya.

Gerald M. Muchemi
Department of Public Health, Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 2905300625, Nairobi, Kenya.

 

Samuel Karuki
Center for Microbiology Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), P.O. Box 43640–00100, Nairobi, Kenya.

Peter K. Gathumi
Department of Veterinary Pathology, Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 29053-00625, Nairobi, Kenya.

 

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/crpbs/v11/4973

Diversity and Clinical Significance of Coagulase-negative Staphylococci: A Review of Identification, Virulence Factors & Drug Resistance | Chapter 11 | Pharmaceutical Science: New Insights and Developments Vol. 4

Coagulase-negative Staphylococci (CoNS) are normal flora of human skin and mucous membranes, they have previously been considered nonpathogenic or contaminant having little clinical significance. CoNS are gram-positive, nonmotile, non-sporeforming cocci. CoNS have gained more importance as a pathogenic organism in recent years as a causative organism for infections in both humans and animals. CONS are mostly prevalent in immunocompromised patients, critically ill patients and patients having invasive medical devices. This study provides a comprehensive review of the understanding of microbiological profile, identification method and virulence factors associated with different Coagulase-Negative Staphylococci (CoNS) species.

 

The incidence of CoNS varied across different geographic locations in humans and animals. Also, there are varying antibiotic resistance patterns observed in CoNS species, with high methicillin resistance and cross-resistance against many antibiotics. Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus hemolyticus, Staphylococcus xylosus are the most commonly reported species in various studies. Various virulence factors in CONS are responsible for enhanced pathogenicity. In addition to virulence factors, the presence of many antibiotic-resistant genes found in CoNS is concerning and complicates treatment. Because of advancements in diagnostic techniques understanding of molecular mechanisms of CONS pathogenicity is possible.  Recent advances in identification and typing methods and virulence screening methods will help to assess the true pathogenic potential of CoNS species. Future research should explore novel disinfection techniques, improved hand hygiene compliance strategies, and alternative antimicrobial agents to combat CoNS infection.

 

Author (s) Details

 

Suvarna Sande
Department of Microbiology, Datta Meghe Medical College, Wanadongri, Nagpur, DMIHER (DU), India.

 

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/psnid/v4/4760

Experimental and Computational Investigation on Colistin-mediated Fluorescence Labelling of Bacterial Lipopolysaccharide | Chapter 10 | Recent Developments in Chemistry and Biochemistry Research Vol. 9

Gram-negative bacteria are among the world's most significant public health problems due to their high antibiotic resistance. These microorganisms have substantial clinical importance due to their high risk and lead to high morbidity and mortality. Gram-negative bacterial infections are becoming untreatable due to their ability to mutate and the gradual development of resistance against available antimicrobials. In recent times colistin, a drug of last resort started losing its efficacy towards multidrug-resistant bacterial infections. Colistin targets bacterial endotoxin lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and destabilizes the cytoplasmic membrane by disrupting the outer LPS membrane. In this chapter, the bacterial LPS, the main constituent of the cytoplasmic membrane of bacterial cells has been manifested to comprehend the interaction pattern of LPS with colistin. The chemosensor NAF has been synthesized to selectively recognize colistin and be able to spot LPS with its “turn-on” fluorescence signals. The computationally derived three-dimensional structure of LPS has been introduced to speculate the mode of possible binding of colistin with LPS and has also been thoroughly studied with the help of quantum mechanical calculations and molecular dynamics energy minimization. Fluorescence microscopy and FE-SEM microscopic studies also help in observing the change in structural morphology of colistin-sensitive and resistant Salmonella typhi in different experimental conditions.

 

Author (s) Details

 

Saurodeep Mandal
Department of Chemistry, Siksha Bhavana, Visva-Bharati, Santiniketan, 731235, West Bengal, India.

 

Dipanwita Patra
Department of Microbiology, University of Calcutta, Kolkata 700019, West Bengal, India.

 

Sukhendu Mandal
Department of Microbiology, University of Calcutta, Kolkata 700019, West Bengal, India.

 

Gourab Kanti Das
Department of Chemistry, Siksha Bhavana, Visva-Bharati, Santiniketan, 731235, West Bengal, India.

Prithidipa Sahoo
Department of Chemistry, Siksha Bhavana, Visva-Bharati, Santiniketan, 731235, West Bengal, India.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/rdcbr/v9/3499

Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Borrelia burgdorferi Sensu Lato: An In vitro Study Approach | Chapter 4 | Research Perspectives of Microbiology and Biotechnology Vol. 2

This review summarizes about In vitro susceptibility testing methods and In vitro interactions of B. burgdorferi s.l. with antimicrobial agents and antibiotic medium preparations. The multisystem illness known as human Lyme borreliosis (LB) can advance in phases. Hard ticks of the Ixodes ricinus complex that have contracted the spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato are the carriers of the causative agents.  Today, LB is considered the most important human tick-borne illness in the Northern Hemisphere. The causative agent was identified and successfully isolated in 1982 and, shortly thereafter, antibiotic treatment was found to be safe and efficacious. Since then, various In vitro studies have been conducted in order to improve our knowledge of the activity of antimicrobial agents against B. burgdorferi s.l. The full spectrum of In vitro antibiotic susceptibility has still not been defined for some of the more recently developed compounds. Moreover, our current understanding of the In vitro interactions between B. burgdorferi s.l. and antimicrobial agents, and their possible mechanisms of resistance remains very limited and is largely based on In vitro susceptibility experiments on only a few isolates of Borrelia. The potential processes underlying the In vitro survival of spirochetes exposed to antimicrobial drugs in the presence of animal and human cell lines are much less understood. There have only been a modest number of cell culture experiments and laboratory research carried out. In addition to ongoing clinical trials on the optimum treatment regimen for LB, further basic research is urgently needed in order to better understand possible genetic or phenotypic mechanisms of persistence in Borrelia spp. This review summarizes what is and what is not known about the In vitro susceptibility of B. burgdorferi s.l. It aims to shed light on the known unknowns that continue to fuel current debates on possible treatment resistance and mechanisms of persistence of Lyme disease spirochetes in the presence of antimicrobial agents.

Author(s) Details:

Klaus-Peter Hunfeld,
Institute for Laboratory Medicine, Microbiology & Infection Control, Northwest Medical Centre, Academic Teaching Hospital, Medical Faculty, Goethe University Frankfurt, Steinbacher Hohl 2-26, D-60488 Frankfurt am Main, Germany and INSTAND e.V., Gesellschaft zur Förderung der Qualitätssicherung in medizinischen Laboratorien e.V., Ubierstraße 20, D-40223 Düsseldorf, Germany.

Peter Kraiczy,
Institute for Medical Microbiology & Infection Control, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University Frankfurt, Paul-Ehrlich Str. 40, D-60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.

Douglas E. Norris,
W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, 615 N Wolfe St, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.

Benedikt Lohr,
Institute for Laboratory Medicine, Microbiology & Infection Control, Northwest Medical Centre, Academic Teaching Hospital, Medical Faculty, Goethe University Frankfurt, Steinbacher Hohl 2-26, D-60488 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/RPMAB-V2/article/view/14119

Antimicrobial Resistance: A Global Challenge | Chapter7 | Advancement and New Understanding in Medical Science Vol. 7

Antimicrobial resistance is one of the most serious global health threats of our time. It causes huge obstacles in controlling infectious diseases. The world health organization explains the major problem is that it creates bacteria with high rates of resistance that can’t be fought easily to overcome common infections. Antimicrobial abuse has resulted in rapid emergence of AMR. It has become progressively serious as certain microbes have reached at a verge of no reasonable antimicrobial which brings about them not having the option to be dealt with. This shows the importance of further research required in the field of antimicrobial resistance as it poses a threat to global health.

Author(s) Details:

Farzeen Tanwir,
Department of Periodontology, Bahria University Health Sciences Campus Karachi (BUHSC), Pakistan.

Syeda Natasha Zaidi,
Department of Periodontology, Bahria University Health Sciences Campus Karachi (BUHSC), Pakistan.

Nabeel Hafeez,
Surg Lt Cdr PNS Shifa Hospital, Department of Oral Surgery, Karachi, Pakistan.

Tauqeer Bibi,
Department of Periodontology, Bahria University Health Sciences Campus Karachi (BUHSC), Pakistan.

Ahmed Bin Khalid Khan,
Department of Periodontology, Bahria University Health Sciences Campus Karachi (BUHSC), Pakistan.

Bushra Ijaz,
Department of Periodontology, Bahria University Health Sciences Campus Karachi (BUHSC), Pakistan.

Amna Waseem Satti,
Bahria University Health Sciences Campus Karachi (BUHSC), Pakistan.

Zia Batool,
Bahria University Health Sciences Campus Karachi (BUHSC), Pakistan.

Syed Hasnain Ali,
Bahria University Health Sciences Campus Karachi (BUHSC), Pakistan.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/ANUMS-V7/article/view/13423

Antimicrobial Resistance Pattern in Escherichia coli Isolated from Children Admitted at Selected Health Care Facilities in Moshi Municipality, Tanzania: A Descriptive Cross Sectional Study | Chapter 4 | Research Advances in Microbiology and Biotechnology Vol. 8

 This episode aims to determine the predominance and pattern of antibiotic resistance of Escherichia coli isolates from infants admitted at picked health care facilities in Moshi city, Tanzania. Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) between Gram negative bacteria has become a important public health concern general. The currently available news on the prevalence and patterns of AMR to various geographical domains has demonstrated that it is on rise. This explanatory cross sectional study was transported during October 2017 to April 2018.The study sought to answer the following questions:  What are the delivery of freight rates of Escherichia coli among juveniles admitted at selected well-being facilities in Moshi city, What is the resistance rates of Escherichia coli unique from children against the commonly secondhand antibiotics in Moshi Municipality and What is the predominance of the Extended spectrum beta lactamase bearing Escherichia coli isolates from children granted at health facilities in Moshi city?In this investigation, Escherichia coli was labeled from all 282 cultured archived rectal swabs, and so forth isolates were sensitive to amikacin and meropenem. Extended range beta lactamase builders made up 13.1% of the total, while non-extended range beta lactamase builders made up 86.9%.  Antimicrobial resistance was discovered in 282 isolates on the commonly secondhand antimicrobial agents: ampicillin (83%), trimethoprim (75.9%), cefuroxime  (32.6%), ceftriaxone (30.1%), ceftazidime (29.4%), ciprofloxacin (27.7%), medicine/clavunic (24%), gentamicin (21%), chloramphenicol (16.3%) and piperacillin-tazobactam (8.1%). Ampicillin resistance was about all Extended Spectrum beta lactamase generating isolates. Amikacin and meropenem are wait the antibiotics of choice for second-line healing of E. coli infections. The most of the isolates were resistant to ampicillin and trimethoprim. Both ESBL and non-ESBL bearing Escherichia coli displayed opposition to routinely used medicines; therefore, more research is wanted to understand the processes employed by non-ESBL bearing Escherichia coli to develop opposition.

Author(s) Details:

Mzelifa Daud,
Kilimanjaro Christian Medical University College, P.O.Box 2240, Moshi, Kilimanjaro, Tanzania.

Balthazar Nyombi,
Kilimanjaro Christian Medical University College, P.O.Box 2240, Moshi, Kilimanjaro, Tanzania.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/RAMB-V8/article/view/12489

Food Industry and Pharmaceutics, a Substantial Challenge by Antibiotic Residues| Chapter 1 | Novel Aspects on Pharmaceutical Research Vol. 4

 Dairy production are healthy food articles that include any of vital nutrients. It has existed demonstrated that leftover antibiotics have contaminated specific products.  These residues have any of negative health impacts on people. They severe major hypersensitive reactions as well as antimicrobial opposition against a number of dangerous pathogens. Antibiotic leftover levels in milk and milk products have existed alleviated and reduced utilizing a variety of methods, including heat treatments.  Reductions in medicines overflow into dairy output have not been considerably remarkable, forceful researchers to find new approaches to prevent or lower their risk  and limit their complications on human health. In this division we describe the misuse of medicine above approved safe levels, in addition to the pharmacokinetics of more common medicines to understand their end use effects on users. The misuse of antibiotics is very linked to antimicrobial resistance, likely the extraordinary hereditary modulatory abilities of bacteria. To underrate the need for unnecessary milk transfer and associated health risks, milk needs to judged at several production levels from accumulation to consumption. Analytical forms include chromatography,   high tightness electrophoresis, STAR protocol, NIR spectroscopy and so forth. Herein, our summary provides valuable context on the significance of the treatment of "medicine overloaded" milk with heat as an productive tool to underrate overflow into end consumers.

Author(s) Details:

Sami El Khatib,
Department of Biomedical Sciences, Lebanese International University, Bekaa Campus, Khiyara – West Bekaa, Lebanon, Department of Biological & Chemical Sciences, Lebanese International University, Bekaa Campus, Khiyara – West Bekaa, Lebanon and Center for Applied Mathematics and Bioinformatics (CAMB), Gulf University for Science and Technology, Kuwait.

Rima Omairi,
Department of Food Sciences & Technology, Lebanese International University, Bekaa Campus, Khiyara – West Bekaa, Lebanon.

Maha Krayem,
Department of Biological & Chemical Sciences, Lebanese International University, Bekaa Campus, Khiyara – West Bekaa, Lebanon.

Sanaa Khaled,
Department of Biological & Chemical Sciences, Lebanese International University, Bekaa Campus, Khiyara – West Bekaa, Lebanon.

Hanan Rahal,
Department of Biological & Chemical Sciences, Lebanese International University, Bekaa Campus, Khiyara – West Bekaa, Lebanon.

Hussein Hassan,
Department of Natural Sciences, School of Arts and Sciences, Lebanese American University, 1102 2801, Beirut, Lebanon.

Mohamed Salla,
Department of Biological & Chemical Sciences, Lebanese International University, Bekaa Campus, Khiyara – West Bekaa, Lebanon.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/NAPR-V4/article/view/10997

Bacteriophages in the Era of Antibiotic Resistance: Applications and Limits | Chapter 4 | Research Advances in Microbiology and Biotechnology Vol. 3

 Currently, the forecast of many diseases is commonly suspicious or unknown.  The reason for the moment is the results of reckless act of human mankind towards nature and reckless use of antibiotics because when the antibiotics were disclosed. The health of the human beings and bovine animals in the near future remains obscure if the unchanging state of indiscriminate use of antimicrobials is persisted. As a result, the decline in antibiotic efficiency necessitates the development of novel approaches and elements to combat all-encompassing antimicrobial resistance. Bacteriophages are individual such antibiotic substitute that maybe beneficially secondhand in a variety of fields to a degree therapeutics, biography fermentation, food handle, and so on.

Author(s) Details:

K. Ramya,
Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Veterinary College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Namakkal-637002, India.

P. Sankar,
Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, Veterinary College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University,Namakkal-637002, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/RAMB-V3/article/view/9762

The Effect of Aqueous Extract of Sutherlandia frutescens (Unwele) and Benzathine Penicillin on Enterococcus faecalis| Chapter 6 | Challenges and Advances in Pharmaceutical Research Vol. 10

 Therapeutic plants have existed used, for many age, traditionally for situation of infections. The mounting tumor of antimicrobial resistance, now, has led to chemists exploring their decontaminating activity to form an essential part of alternative situations.Aim: To assess the operation of the combination of the liquid extracts of Sutherlandia frutescens (S. frutescens) and benzathine penicillin on Enterococcus faecalis (E faecalis) utilizing disc spread and microdilution methods.Method: Leaf extract, of S. frutescens, were prepared in accordance with modified form of the German Homeopathic Pharmacopoea. The antibacterial endeavor of the combination, of the plant extract and benzathine medicine, was evaluated utilizing the disk diffusion test. The consolidation, of plant extract and penicillin, was in the percentage of 1:1. Results showing some form of inhibition were rooted, by the minimum inhibitory concentration assays, utilizing the agar dilution form. Bacterial sensitivity experiment was performed similarly modified Kirby-Bauer antimicrobial sympathy test. The combination and penicillin were all proven against E faecalis and, the results were compared to decide the synergistic or opposing activity.Results: Benzathine medicine inhibited the microorganisms producing a zone of hindrance which was effective 27 mm. The zones of inhibition for the alliance of extract and benzathine penicillin, against E faecalis, was 21 mm. The minimum inhibitory aggregation, of the combination, was 0% growth for 1 in 2 to 1 in 16 dilutions. This plainly indicates an opposing activity.Conclusion: The potential for evolving antimicrobials from plants, in vitro, supports a platform for phytomedicine and pharmacological studies.

Author(s) Details:

N. W. Nsele,
Department of Biomedical Sciences, Mangosuthu University of Technology, Umlazi, South Africa.

S. Moodley,
Department of Biomedical Sciences, Mangosuthu University of Technology, Umlazi, South Africa.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/CAPR-V10/article/view/8800