Determining the Antimicrobial Resistance Profiles of E. coli Isolated from Pooled Samples of Sick, Farm, and Market Chickens: A Cross Sectional Study in Nairobi County, Kenya | Chapter 9 | Contemporary Research and Perspectives in Biological Science Vol. 11

Background: Antimicrobials are essential for human and animal health but need to be used cautiously. Bacterial antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a global threat to both human and animal health. This is mainly because the same antimicrobial molecules are used for treating and prophylaxis of bacterial diseases in both cases, and about 60% of human pathogens are shared with animals. The effective control of AMR in any country, happens periodically through surveillance exercises. In Kenya, there is scanty data on the prevailing AMR situation, especially in animals.

 

Aim: This study determines the antimicrobial resistance profiles of E. coli Isolated from pooled samples of sick, farm, and market chickens in Nairobi county, Kenya.

 

Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out in Nairobi County, Kenya. Isolation of E. coli was done by swab-inoculation onto MacConkey agar (Oxoid Ltd), followed by incubation at 37°C overnight. Organisms from lactose-fermenting (pink) colonies were phenotyped and confirmed as E. coli through Gram-staining, growth on Eosin Methylene Blue agar, and testing for motility and biochemical reactions, including Indole, Methyl red, Voges Proskauer, Citrate, Urease, and interpretation done using the criteria given in Bergey’s Manual of systemic bacteriology. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was done by the Agar Disk Diffusion method using Mueller Hinton agar (Oxoid Ltd).

 

Results: This paper reports on AMR profiles of 54 E. coli strains isolated from chickens out of which 36 (72%) were from clinically ill chickens, 11 (22%) were from farm chickens, and 7 (9.7%) were from slaughtered chickens, respectively. All 54 isolates exhibited varying antimicrobial resistance profiles with the majority showing resistance to Ampicillin (85.22%), Tetracycline (66.7%), Co-trimoxazole (57.4%), and Streptomycin (40.7%). Very few isolates were resistant to Amoxicillin and Gentamicin (each at 3.7%), Ampicillin (11.1%), and Nalidixic acid (24.1%). A total of 44 (81.5%) showed multiple resistance to up to 6 antimicrobial agents.

 

Conclusion: This study demonstrates the widespread presence of antimicrobial-resistant E. coli in Kenyan chickens; most of them showing multi-drug resistances (2 to 6 antimicrobials). The number could have been even higher if more antimicrobials were tested.

 

Author (s) Details

 

Tino A. Deng
Department of Veterinary Pathology, Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 29053-00625, Nairobi, Kenya.

 

Lilly C. Bebora
Department of Veterinary Pathology, Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 29053-00625, Nairobi, Kenya.

 

Mahacla O. Odongo
Department of Veterinary Pathology, Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 29053-00625, Nairobi, Kenya.

Gerald M. Muchemi
Department of Public Health, Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 2905300625, Nairobi, Kenya.

 

Samuel Karuki
Center for Microbiology Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), P.O. Box 43640–00100, Nairobi, Kenya.

Peter K. Gathumi
Department of Veterinary Pathology, Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 29053-00625, Nairobi, Kenya.

 

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/crpbs/v11/4973

Pharmacokinetic Drug Interactions: A Recent Perspectives | Chapter 1 | Current Overview on Pharmaceutical Science Vol. 8

 Usually, the drugs that share the unchanging metabolic route communicate accompanying each one, that shows a main issue in fowl farms that use anticoccidials as birth control method, progress-advancing, or in situation with some additional executed healing antimicrobials.  This branch aims to illustrate an model of a pharmacokinetic cure interplay middle from two points anticoccidials and medicines when being secondhand together to be in a dispute or fight afflictions and/or advance progress though in fowl farms, that has existed examined earlier in our written script [10], where a total of 18 chickens polluted accompanying Mycoplasma gallisepticum were detached into 3 equal groups, group individual was likely tylvalosin only, group two was likely tylvalosin and amprolium, and group three was likely tylvalosin and toltrazuril.Serum samples were composed at 0.083, 0.167, 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8, 12, and 24 hours from all groups and analysed by a microbiological medicine approach to measure the concentrations of tylvalosin. Following that, the pharmacokinetic limits of tylvalosin were deliberate accompanying PK Solver a Microsoft Excel adjoin-in request, and statistically analysed accompanying Student's t-test to manifest meaningful dissimilarities in the pharmacokinetic limits in the three groups at three levels of importance (P< 0.05, P< 0.01 and P< 0.001).The results from our study have pictorial that the anticoccidial, when executed with the medicine, changed the pharmacokinetic limits of the tylvalosin, that afterward reduces the 24th-time antitoxin aggregation of tylvalosin to a level inferior that that has happened supposed as the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration for the secondhand Mycoplasma gallisepticum (0.25 μg/ml), so it is urged to change the drug pause of the tylvalosin if it is likely accompanying the anticoccidial expected all having twelve of something hours a suggestion of correction each twenty-four hours when given alone.

Author(s) Details:

Ahmed Mohamed Elmahdy,
Pharmacology and Pyrogen Unit, Department of Biochemistry, Toxicology and Feed Deficiency, Animal Health Research Institute (AHRI), Agricultural Research Center (ARC), Egypt.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/COPS-V8/article/view/9806