Application of Silver Compounds in Water Treatment and Prevention of Biofilm Formation in Water Distribution Channels | Chapter 1 | Microbiology and Biotechnology Research: An Overview Vol. 2

Biofilm is a complex aggregation of microorganisms growing on a solid substrate (surfaces). Bacterial biofilms cause very serious problems in industrial water systems. This paper revealed biofilm as an aggregation of microorganisms that grows on solid surfaces or substrates. The surface can be living (body of animals and plants) or non-living (rocks and water pipes), they are characterized by structural interactions and cellular matrix of polymer substances which may be specific or non-specific. Biofilms affect many parts of everyday life, which include contamination of water, blocking of water channels and causing infections. Biofilm can be prevented by adequate cleaning of water storage systems and the use of antimicrobial agents also known as disinfectants. The paper also highlights notable disinfectants such as silver compounds, which when impregnated into water filters, robbins devices, diffusion gel and coatings of the inner surface of water channels can inhibit a lot of cellular activity of the microorganism Please see the book here:-and can also kill the organism. Silver and its compounds or in combination with other substances are used in the disinfection of water bodies for drinking and recreational activities. Silver and copper are the best antibiofilm agents. Robbins device with polyvinyl chloride and stainless steel surface used with 100µg/litre of silver compound is found to be effective in preventing biofilm formation. The paper concluded by recommending the use of silver compounds in water treatment and the prevention of biofilm formation in water channels. Due to the antimicrobial affinity of silver and its compounds, it has become one the best antibacterial agents in use today, for the prevention of biofilms in water channels, storage tanks and swimming pools, and also for domestic and municipal water treatment.

 

Author (s) Details

 

Erena, N B.
Department of Integrated Science, Niger State College of Education, Minna, Nigeria.

 

Mu’azu, N K.
Department of Integrated Science, Niger State College of Education, Minna, Nigeria.

 

Musah, M.
Department of Chemistry, Niger State College of Education, Minna, Nigeria.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/mbrao/v2/4467

Diversity and Clinical Significance of Coagulase-negative Staphylococci: A Review of Identification, Virulence Factors & Drug Resistance | Chapter 11 | Pharmaceutical Science: New Insights and Developments Vol. 4

Coagulase-negative Staphylococci (CoNS) are normal flora of human skin and mucous membranes, they have previously been considered nonpathogenic or contaminant having little clinical significance. CoNS are gram-positive, nonmotile, non-sporeforming cocci. CoNS have gained more importance as a pathogenic organism in recent years as a causative organism for infections in both humans and animals. CONS are mostly prevalent in immunocompromised patients, critically ill patients and patients having invasive medical devices. This study provides a comprehensive review of the understanding of microbiological profile, identification method and virulence factors associated with different Coagulase-Negative Staphylococci (CoNS) species.

 

The incidence of CoNS varied across different geographic locations in humans and animals. Also, there are varying antibiotic resistance patterns observed in CoNS species, with high methicillin resistance and cross-resistance against many antibiotics. Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus hemolyticus, Staphylococcus xylosus are the most commonly reported species in various studies. Various virulence factors in CONS are responsible for enhanced pathogenicity. In addition to virulence factors, the presence of many antibiotic-resistant genes found in CoNS is concerning and complicates treatment. Because of advancements in diagnostic techniques understanding of molecular mechanisms of CONS pathogenicity is possible.  Recent advances in identification and typing methods and virulence screening methods will help to assess the true pathogenic potential of CoNS species. Future research should explore novel disinfection techniques, improved hand hygiene compliance strategies, and alternative antimicrobial agents to combat CoNS infection.

 

Author (s) Details

 

Suvarna Sande
Department of Microbiology, Datta Meghe Medical College, Wanadongri, Nagpur, DMIHER (DU), India.

 

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/psnid/v4/4760

Hinokitiol Preventing Porphyromonas gingivalis from Forming Biofilm and Producing Gingipains via Quorum Sensing Inhibition | Chapter 2 | Current Progress in Medicine and Medical Research Vol. 6

 The aim concerning this study is to verify that hinokitiol restrain biofilm formation and gingipain result by inhibiting quorum noticing in Porphyromonas gingivalis.  Periodontal disease is a incessant inflammatory condition caused apiece colonization of P. gingivalis, which form biofilms and produce resentment factors in the way that gingipains. It is known that the formation of biofilms and the result of gingipains in P. gingivalis are regulated by majority sensing via autoinducer-2 (AI-2). In this study, we speculated that hinokitiol, a natural purifier, can inhibit quorum thinking in P. gingivalis at sublethal concentration, thereby restraining biofilm formation and gingipain result, leading to therapeutic belongings against periodontal disease. AI-2 bioassay accompanying Vibrio harveyi revealed that 20–300 µM hinokitiol inhibited V. harveyi moonshine caused by AI-2. Furthermore, 100 µM hinokitiol inhibited the AI-2 action in a culture light in weight of P. gingivalis. Therefore, we evaluated whether hinokitiol at sublethal concentrations restrained biofilm formation and gingipain result. A 96-well plate biofilm assay showed that 70–100 µM hinokitiol suppressed biofilm biomass. Moreover, the abolition of biofilm formation shortened resistance of P. gingivalis to hinokitiol. Western blotting analysis disclosed that the expressions of membrane-limited Arg-gingipain and secreted Arg-gingipain and Lys-gingipain were restrained by 30 µM of hinokitiol. These findings suggested that hinokitiol restrain biofilm formation and gingipain result by inhibiting P. gingivalis quorum anticipating via AI-2.

Author(s) Details:

Shoko Hamada,
Department of Core Technology Research, Central R&D Laboratory, KOBAYASHI Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 1-30-3, Toyokawa, Ibaraki, Osaka, 567-0057, Japan.

Mitsuhiro Gomi,
Department of Core Technology Research, Central R&D Laboratory, KOBAYASHI Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 1-30-3, Toyokawa, Ibaraki, Osaka, 567-0057, Japan.

Akihiro Yoshida,
Department of Oral Microbiology, Matsumoto Dental University School of Dentistry, 1780, Gobara Hiro-oka, Shiojiri, Nagano, 399-0781, Japan.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/CPMMR-V6/article/view/11473

Bacteriophages in the Era of Antibiotic Resistance: Applications and Limits | Chapter 4 | Research Advances in Microbiology and Biotechnology Vol. 3

 Currently, the forecast of many diseases is commonly suspicious or unknown.  The reason for the moment is the results of reckless act of human mankind towards nature and reckless use of antibiotics because when the antibiotics were disclosed. The health of the human beings and bovine animals in the near future remains obscure if the unchanging state of indiscriminate use of antimicrobials is persisted. As a result, the decline in antibiotic efficiency necessitates the development of novel approaches and elements to combat all-encompassing antimicrobial resistance. Bacteriophages are individual such antibiotic substitute that maybe beneficially secondhand in a variety of fields to a degree therapeutics, biography fermentation, food handle, and so on.

Author(s) Details:

K. Ramya,
Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Veterinary College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Namakkal-637002, India.

P. Sankar,
Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, Veterinary College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University,Namakkal-637002, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/RAMB-V3/article/view/9762

Silver Nanoparticles Used as a Paint Component that Lowers the Cross-Contamination Probabilities| Chapter 1 | Research Aspects in Chemical and Materials Sciences Vol. 4

 Paints are generally used to protect objects from the detrimental effects of weather, sunlight, and embellishment as well as for fear that metal constructions from rusting. The majority of paints are either oil- or water-located, and each has specific benefits. It maybe used as a hard, a liquid, or a gaseous aerosol. The increasing need to stop the spread of illnesses, that are mostly provoked by hazardous microbes, has currently increased the demand for new antimicrobial paints. The term "antimicrobial supplement" refers to a substance that can prevent or resist the growth of hazardous microorganisms. In this regard, several main considerations concede possibility be taken into report when choosing antimicrobial additives for paints. These concerns include the strength to achieve a general of microbial control, antimicrobial efficiency, a low allotment of antimicrobial additive, ease of management, quick and long-acting, movement capability, chemical cohesion, cost-effectiveness, and upholding the properties of the amount and its constituent parts. Edible coatings offer a special chance to manage microbiological and oxidative changes in human ready-to-bite food commodity, so it is important to choose the right reliable materials and alive agents each situation. It is crucial to use many antimicrobial elements, such as bright and zinc ions, during the whole of the production process to make established paints resistant to pathogenic microorganisms. Silver is a electronics that is usual around the world, exceptionally in its nano-piece form, due to allure versatility for use in a wide difference of materials and uses and its general performance. This long-lasting situation reduces discoloration and material decay on whatever surface it is used to by providing a generally effective armament against harmful fungi, microorganisms, and viruses. These antimicrobial paints (APs) can be secondhand in places including nursing homes, schools, care facilities, kitchens, dentists and veterinary offices, and drink manufacturing plants that harbor pathogenic microorganisms. To weaken the potential of cross-contamination, APs maybe applied on contact surfaces inside these environments, to a degree door handles, light switches, tile, elevator buttons, and bathrooms. This work aims to climax the antimicrobial mechanisms of additive silvery nanoparticles to paints for reducing the risk of cross-adulteration.

Author(s) Details:

Rawia Mansour,
Egyptian Petroleum Research Institute (EPRI), 1 Elzhoor Region, P.O.Box 11727, Cairo, Egypt.

Ali Mohamed Elshafei,
Department of Microbial Chemistry, National Research Centre, 33 El Bohouth St. (Former El Tahrir St.), Dokki, Giza, P.O.Box 12622, Egypt.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/RACMS-V4/article/view/8688

An Update on Air-Powder Polishing | Chapter 13 | Recent Developments in Medicine and Medical Research Vol. 14

 The most common cause of gingivitis and periodontitis is bacterial plaque. It is critical to remove this bacterial plaque in order to maintain a healthy periodontium. The amount of plaque that forms is determined by the roughness of the tooth structure. Traditional plaque removal procedures had a number of disadvantages, including the loss of healthy tooth structure, which increased dentinal hypersensitivity, a time-consuming procedure that might result in gingival lacerations and bleeding, the need to sharpen instruments, and operator fatigue. The air-powder abrasive technology achieves the desired plaque and debris clearance, surface smoothness with minimal operator fatigue, and prevents tooth structure loss, reducing hypersensitivity and gingival tissue lacerations. Powders of various compositions, particle sizes, and applications are now accessible. The abrasive powder used is determined by the equipment, the operator's preference, the type of deposit to be removed, and any medical contraindications. As a result, the newer, less abrasive air powder polishing technique is a viable alternative to oral prophylaxis.

Author(S) Details

Sharayu Rajendra Dhande
Department of Periodontology and Oral Implantology, 404, 2nd Floor, M A Rangoonwala College of Dental Sciences and Research Centre, Pune, India.

Sangeeta Muglikar
Department of Periodontology and Oral Implantology, 404, 2nd Floor, M A Rangoonwala College of Dental Sciences and Research Centre, Pune, India.

Rashmi Hegde
Department of Periodontology and Oral Implantology, 404, 2nd Floor, M A Rangoonwala College of Dental Sciences and Research Centre, Pune, India.

Prerna Ghodke
Department of Periodontology and Oral Implantology, 404, 2nd Floor, M A Rangoonwala College of Dental Sciences and Research Centre, Pune, India.

View Book:- https://stm.bookpi.org/RDMMR-V14/article/view/4992

Study on Biofilm Formation and Multiplex PCR of icaABCD Operon in Staphylococcus capitis | Chapter 12 | Current Aspects in Pharmaceutical Research and Development Vol. 3

 The ability to build biofilm is a key pathogenicity feature for bacteria belonging to the Coagulase negative Staphylococcus (CoNS) group. Because S. epidermidis is the most common member of CoNS, its ability to cause biofilm-associated illnesses is well known. S. capitis, on the other hand, has long been thought to be a non-pathogenic species, despite the fact that it has recently been linked to a number of diseases. The majority of CoNS infections in clinical settings are linked to the use of foreign bodies or medical equipment such as catheters, where the bacteria were able to survive as a coating of biofilm on these surfaces. As a result, the goal of this study was to look at the ability of clinical isolates of S. capitis to produce biofilms. Following that, a set of four primers were used to determine the existence of icaABCD genes through multiplex PCR.

Methodology: Out of 200 clinical samples, 17 were isolated and identified as S. capitis. A microtitre plate approach was used to develop a quantitative biofilm generation experiment. ICA multiplex PCR primers ABCD genes were created using DNA sequences coding for the icaA, B, C, and D structural genes of Staphylococcus capitis JF930147.1, which were compared to five other Staphylococcus species. Using the prescribed primers, amplification of the icaABCD genes was carried out.

Results: Fourteen of the 17 S. capitis clinical isolates were identified as S. capitis subspcapitis, with the other three being S. capitis subsp ureolyticus. The remaining strains, with the exception of two S. capitis subsp capitis isolates, were able to produce biofilm, with the majority of them being strong biofilm formers. The four icaABCD genes were successfully amplified by multiplex PCR in all of the S. capitis isolates, including the two non-biofilm producing isolates.

Conclusion: The majority of S. capitis isolates were phenotypically capable of forming biofilm, implying the likelihood of opportunistic infections via indwelling medical devices. Multiplex PCR, on the other hand, was able to detect the icaABCD genes in all of the S. capitis isolates. This shows that assessing the production of polysaccharide intercellular adhesion (PIA) on a microtitre plate is not a conclusive technique, but that determining the production of the icaABCD genes may be a better assessment in determining biofilm development in Staphylococcus.

Author(S) Details

Aziyah Abdul-Aziz
Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA, 40450 Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia.

Mohamad Faiz Foong Abdullah
Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA, 40450 Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia.

Sharifah Aminah Syed Mohamad
Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA, 40450 Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia.

View Book:- https://stm.bookpi.org/CAPRD-V3/article/view/4447

Evaluation of Biofilm Formation by Stenotrophomonas maltophilia SRS05-GRD | Chapter 5 | Current Approaches in Science and Technology Research Vol. 6

 Unfavorable environmental conditions cause biofilm formation by altering the expression of several genes. Biofilm, in turn, alters the microenvironment of its inhabitants, resulting in changes in gene expression and biofilm maturation. Stenotrophomonas maltophilia is a Gram-negative, aerobic, glucose-nonfermentative bacterium that is widely distributed in the environment. The current study describes the isolation, identification, genotypic and phenotypic characterization of Stenotrophomonas strains isolated from industrial effluent samples, as well as the ability of Stenotrophomonas maltophiliaSRS05- GRD (KF558319) for biofilm formation using different substrates and different environments. Glass was found to support high biofilm formation of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia SRS05-GRD based on a graphical representation of optical density values obtained by incorporating various substrates in Tryptone Soya Broth (TSB). The results show that the commercial media (TSB with glucose and soybean meal at pH 7) promotes biofilm formation the best. As a result of this study, the ability of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia SRS05-GRD to form biofilm has been confirmed. The optimal culture medium and dilution were also determined, which resulted in effective biofilm formation.

Author(s) Details

Dr. Suganthi Ramasamy
Department of Biotechnology, Dr. G. R. Damodaran College of science, Coimbatore-641 014, Tamil Nadu, India.

M. S. Jebil
Department of Biotechnology, Dr. G. R. Damodaran College of science, Coimbatore-641 014, Tamil Nadu, India.

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/CASTR-V6/article/view/1717

The Effect of Volataile Fatty Acid on an Aerobic Biofilm Reactor Using Dairy Wastewater | Chapter 5 | Challenging Issues on Environment and Earth Science Vol. 4

 In recent decades, the use of anaerobic biofilm reactors for the treatment of various effluents has become established. The ability to keep microorganisms alive acted as a biofilm factor that influenced the reactor's performance. The performance of the reactor is typically assessed in terms of process efficiency and stability by estimating organic matter removal, VFA levels, the quantity and composition of biogas produced, and so on. The goal of this study is to assess the efficacy of treating a high-pollution-potential dairy effluent. The effluent was tested with an average value of 172.8, 132.0, 193.0, 203.0, and 172 mg/L of Volatile Fatty Acid (VFA) and an Organic Loading Rate (OLR) of 0.1502, to 0.266 kg COD/m3/day, w. At 3 days Hydraulic Retention Time (HRT), the maximum COD elimination efficiency of 84 percent was observed, along with biogas production of 0.048m3/kg COD. The effluent was tested with an average value of 172.8, 132.0, 193.0, 203.0, and 172 mg/L of Volatile Fatty Acid (VFA) and an Organic Loading Rate (OLR) of 0.1502, to 0.266 kg COD/m3/day, w. At 3 days Hydraulic Retention Time (HRT), the maximum COD elimination efficiency of 84 percent was observed, along with biogas production of 0.048m3/kg COD.

Author (S) Details

Prof. M. S. Sivakumar
Civil Engineering Department, Anurag Engineering, Kodad 508206, India.

Dr. B. Asha
Department of Civil Engineering, Annamalai University, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar 608 002, T.N., India

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/CIEES-V4/article/view/1624

An Electricigen Bacteria Biofilm Dynamical Model for Microbial Fuel-Electrolytical Cells Systems | Chapter 8 | New Ideas Concerning Science and Technology Vol. 8

On the basis of global mass balances of the different species present in these systems and considering that all the involved microorganisms are attached to the anodic biological film, a mathematical model for anodic electricicigen bacteria useful for Microbial Electrolysis Cells (MEC) and Microbial Fuel Cells (MFC) is suggested. The solution of partial differential equations describing the spatial distribution of potential and substrate in the biofilm is used to implement three major biological reactions. Numerical methods are used to simulate the model in the computer. The results show that this model agrees with previous research, but it also emphasises the significance of biofilm growth dynamics as a controlling factor.

Author (s) Details

Victor Alcaraz-Gonz´alez
Universidad de Guadalajara - CUCEI. Blvd. M. Garc´ıa Barrag´an 1451, 44430, Guadalajara, Jalisco, M´exico.

Ren´e Alejandro Flores-EstrellaDepartamento de Procesos Tecnol´ogicos e Industriales, Instituto Tecnol´ogico y de Estudios Superiores de Occidente (DPTI-ITESO), Perif ´ erico Sur Manuel G´omez Mor´ın 8585, 45604 Tlaquepaque, Jalisco, M´exico.

Uriel Garza-Rubalcava
Universidad de Guadalajara - CUCEI. Blvd. M. Garc´ıa Barrag´an 1451, 44430, Guadalajara, Jalisco, M´exico.

Andreas Haarstrick
Technische Universitat Braunschweig, Institute of Geoecology, Pockelsstr 2a 38106, Braunschweig, Germany.

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/NICST-V8/issue/view/45

Investigation of Various Antibiotics Alone and Combined with Clarithromycin as Lock Solutions on Eradication of Biofilms Strains Belonging to Enterobacterales | Chapter 6 | Recent Progress in Microbiology and Biotechnology Vol.1

 Antibiotic lock solutions is recommended as an adjunctive therapy for patients who have catheter

related bloodstream infections. The aims of our study is, to determine the in-vitro efficacy of colistin,
ciprofloxacin, tobramycin, and doripenem alone or in combination with clarithromycin as 24 hour lock
solutions against biofilm-embedded Enterobacterales (Escherichia coli and Enterobacter cloacae)
strains. The efficacy of antibiotic lock solutions was tested in an in-vitro catheter biofilm model against
two E. coli and two E. cloacae isolated from catheter tip, respectively. In our study, we observed that
the use of doripenem and tobramycin as a lock solution had potent bactericidal effects (> 3 log10
reduction). When colistin was used in combination with clarithromycin, the combination showed
synergistic activity for one E. cloacae strain. Tobramycin, doripenem, and ciprofloxacin were used in
combination with clarithromycin, the combinations had same effect on all strains comparatively with
these antibiotics alone. No antagonistic effect was observed. The findings of our study have important
informations for effectiveness of tested antibiotic lock solution with these antibiotics alone or in
combination in the catheter related infections with belonging to Enterobacterales. Further
investigations are needed to alternative treatment options for catheter related infections that were
caused by Enterobacterales

Author(s) Details

Dr. Emel Mataraci Kara
Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Istanbul University, 34116 Beyazit, Istanbul, Turkey.

Berna Özbek Çelik
Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Istanbul University, 34116 Beyazit, Istanbul, Turkey.

View Book :- http://bp.bookpi.org/index.php/bpi/catalog/book/227