Application of Silver Compounds in Water Treatment and Prevention of Biofilm Formation in Water Distribution Channels | Chapter 1 | Microbiology and Biotechnology Research: An Overview Vol. 2

Biofilm is a complex aggregation of microorganisms growing on a solid substrate (surfaces). Bacterial biofilms cause very serious problems in industrial water systems. This paper revealed biofilm as an aggregation of microorganisms that grows on solid surfaces or substrates. The surface can be living (body of animals and plants) or non-living (rocks and water pipes), they are characterized by structural interactions and cellular matrix of polymer substances which may be specific or non-specific. Biofilms affect many parts of everyday life, which include contamination of water, blocking of water channels and causing infections. Biofilm can be prevented by adequate cleaning of water storage systems and the use of antimicrobial agents also known as disinfectants. The paper also highlights notable disinfectants such as silver compounds, which when impregnated into water filters, robbins devices, diffusion gel and coatings of the inner surface of water channels can inhibit a lot of cellular activity of the microorganism Please see the book here:-and can also kill the organism. Silver and its compounds or in combination with other substances are used in the disinfection of water bodies for drinking and recreational activities. Silver and copper are the best antibiofilm agents. Robbins device with polyvinyl chloride and stainless steel surface used with 100µg/litre of silver compound is found to be effective in preventing biofilm formation. The paper concluded by recommending the use of silver compounds in water treatment and the prevention of biofilm formation in water channels. Due to the antimicrobial affinity of silver and its compounds, it has become one the best antibacterial agents in use today, for the prevention of biofilms in water channels, storage tanks and swimming pools, and also for domestic and municipal water treatment.

 

Author (s) Details

 

Erena, N B.
Department of Integrated Science, Niger State College of Education, Minna, Nigeria.

 

Mu’azu, N K.
Department of Integrated Science, Niger State College of Education, Minna, Nigeria.

 

Musah, M.
Department of Chemistry, Niger State College of Education, Minna, Nigeria.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/mbrao/v2/4467

Silver Based Therapies in the Management of Chronic Wounds: An Uptdate on Its Current Uses | Chapter 7 | Achievements and Challenges of Medicine and Medical Science Vol. 9

Background: Chronic wounds are a health problem of great magnitude around the world. Many drugs and dressings have been used in their treatment. Silver sulfadiazine (SSD) and silver nanocrystals (SNC) are among the most used particles to treat this condition.

Purpose: Between 2014 and 2016, a study was conducted to compare the effectiveness of SSD and SNC regarding the wound granulation rate, treatment time, antibiotic effect, and treatment cost and to determine the frequency of these lesions in participants of the research. On this occasion, a review of this topic was arranged to find out if there is any additional information with regard to the difference between SNC and SSD for the treatment of chronic wounds and how those new findings relate to the original investigation.

Methods: In the original research, data was collected from 50 patients with soft tissue lesions in the Regional University Hospital José María Cabral y Báez (HRUJMCB), in Santiago, Dominican Republic. This study was approved by the bioethics committee of the Pontifical Catholic University Madre and Maestra (PUCMM) and the HRUJMCB. Patients were followed up from August 2015 to February 2016. SPSS Statistics program was used to calculate Chi-square and assess statistical significance. This time, the comparison of some new investigations was presented with the findings of the previous study to determine how this field of chronic wounds has evolved several years later.

Results: Fifty patients were included in this study, of whom 56% had diabetic foot ulcers, 22% had vascular ulcers, and 22% had pressure ulcers. In total, 42% of the patients were treated with SSD and 58% with SNC. The granulation rate was 71.4% for SSD and 89.6% for SNC, and the positive antibiotic effect was 15.9% for SSD and 25.9% for SNC. A total of 14.4% of patients treated with SSD ended their participation in the research between 8 and 14 days, 37.9% in 15–21 days, and 42.8% in ≥21 days. For SNC, 3.4% of patients concluded their participation in 0–7 days, 34.4% in 8–14 days, 37.9% in 15–21 days, and 24.1% in ≥21 days. The distribution of economic costs in the SSD group was as follows: USD0–22, 42.9%, and USD22–66, 57.2%, while in the SNC group, the distribution was as follows: USD0–22, 48.2%; USD22–66, 48.3%; and USD66–110, 3.4%.

Conclusion: There was no statistical significance in the results of the original study; however, in percentage, SNC was superior regarding the rate of wound granulation, antibiotic effect, and healing time. The economic cost for both was similar. After reviewing new investigations in this field, there is still not enough research comparing both SSD and SNC, therefore, we suggest more investigations continue to be needed regarding these treatments to better establish their differences in granulation rates, healing times, antibiotic effects and economic costs.

 

Author (s) Details

 

Cristian Tineo
Department of Surgery, José María Cabral y Báez Regional and University Hospital (HRUJMCB), Dominican Republic.

 

Cinthia M Nuñez
Department of Surgery, Dr. Arturo Grullòn University and Children Hospital Burn Unit (HIRUDAG), Dominican Republic, Department of Surgery, Santiago Metropolitan Hospital (HOMS), Dominican Republic and Department of Medicine, Mother and Master Pontifical and Catholic University (PUCMM), Dominican Republic.

 

Ouel Sosa
Department of Surgery, José María Cabral y Báez Regional and University Hospital (HRUJMCB), Dominican Republic and Department of Medicine, Santiago Technological University (UTESA), Santiago, Dominican Republic.

 

Dahiana Pichardo
Department of Surgery, José María Cabral y Báez Regional and University Hospital (HRUJMCB), Dominican Republic.

 

Juan Luis Hernández
Department of Surgery, José María Cabral y Báez Regional and University Hospital (HRUJMCB), Dominican Republic.

 

Gustavo Collado
Department of Surgery, Santiago Metropolitan Hospital (HOMS), Dominican Republic.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/acmms/v9/3607

Modern Techniques to Study Biokinetics of Nanoobjects in Living Organisms | Chapter 8 | Research Highlights in Science and Technology Vol. 1

 Strictly, Nanosafety is a field of Biomedicine. However, the plurality of the techniques grown and used for research in Nanosafety is interdisciplinary. Investigation of biokinetics of nanoobjects is an main arm of Nanosafety, which admits to estimate the toxicological load in the tissues of an unprotected organism and anticipate healing effect of the medicine. The present episode reviews various new methods to study the biokinetics of nanoobjects in living organisms. Common patterns of the biokinetics of exogenic wealth in a living organism and the big standard of a toxicological experiment are presented. A ample and inclusive presentation of Atomic Emission Spectrometry; Mass Spectrometry; X-ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy and Nuclear Physical Techniques to a degree Neutron Activation Analysis, Radiotracer Technique, In situ Neutron Activation Analysis; Microscopy and the article of their application or in general area of research are given. General mechanics approvals for the experiment planning are planned. The hypothetical approach to study nanoobject biokinetics based on the PBPK-displaying is thought-out. Examples of original studies on the biokinetics of TiO2 and Ag nanoparticles implemented accompanying the use of the deliberate techniques are bestowed. Authors attempted to share their own occurrence of research engaged of Nanosafety.

Author(s) Details:

A. A. Antsiferova,
National Research Center “Kurchatov Institute”, 1, Akademika Kurchatova sq., 123182 Moscow, Russia and Moscow Institute of Physics and Technologies, 9, Institutskii Lane, Moscow Region, 141700 Dolgoprudny, Russia.

P. K. Kashkarov,
National Research Center “Kurchatov Institute”, 1, Akademika Kurchatova sq., 123182 Moscow, Russia, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technologies, 9, Institutskii Lane, Moscow Region, 141700 Dolgoprudny, Russia and Department of Physics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 1, GSP-1, Leninskiye Gory, 119991 Moscow, Russia.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/RHST-V1/article/view/10417

Optimisation of Reactant Concentration in Biosynthesis of Silver Nanoparticles using Pathogenic Bacteria Isolated from Clinical Sources and their Characterisation: A Recent Study | Chapter 05 | Innovations in Microbiology and Biotechnology Vol. 3

 Introduction: Silver Nanoparticles (AgNPs) are attractive because of their biocompatibility, which allows them to be employed in treatments and diagnostics. There is a compelling need to find a less expensive and more environmentally friendly approach that does not entail the use of hazardous chemicals to harvest them with such unique qualities. Instead, utilising cell-free culture extract of bacteria obtained from clinical sources, the goal of this work was to optimise the reactant parameters required to get the maximum output of AgNPs.

Bacterial strains were isolated from standard clinical samples, according to the materials and methods. Bacterial biomass was grown in liquid media before being harvested and lyzed. The supernatant (E) was then combined with different concentrations of 1mM AgNO3 (M) at different times (E:M ratio). The colour change was confirmed using UV-Spectrophotometry (UV-S), and AgNPs were isolated using ultracentrifugation. The synthesised Nano Particles were confirmed using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) examinations (NPs).

Results: In a 1E:1M ratio, the UV-S exhibited an absorption value of 1.3 at 450nm for Escherichia coli, followed by Abs: 1.0 for Staphylococcus aureus. The particles obtained in the investigation were largely within the permitted ranges of 127.35nm and 90.96nm for Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli, respectively, according to the Dynamic Light Scattering study. When studied under a SEM, the synthesised particles were found to be agglomerated, yet polydispersed and crystalline. An XRD investigation revealed a highest peak at 38.22 when compared to JCPD standards, validating the crystalline structure synthesised from bacterial extract as AgNPs.

Author(S) Details

Y. Valentina
Department of Microbiology, Mahatma Gandhi Medical College & Research Institute, Pondicherry, India.

View Book:- https://stm.bookpi.org/IMB-V3/article/view/5357

Determination of Thermal Diffusive Properties of Silver and Copper | Chapter 15 | Recent Trends in Chemical and Material Sciences Vol. 2

 Copper is used extensively in electrical power transmission, plumbing, cookware, and other applications because it is the most abundant and least expensive of the noble and precious metals, such as copper (Cu) island on silver (Ag) with good electrical and thermal conductivity. Silver's chemical stability and strong electrical conductivity are two of its most essential characteristics. Bulk Ag has supplanted less expensive non-noble metals like aluminium as a common material for high-quality reflectors of electromagnetic radiation in the visual range. Diffusion is carried out at three different temperatures: 300, 500, and 700 K. For Ag, the lattice parameter was estimated and compared to experimental results. It has been discovered that as the temperature rises, so does the rate of diffusion. 5.24 10112/s is the diffusion prefactor. The effective energy barrier and diffusion coefficient have Arrhenius plot offers the effective energy barrier value of 143.56 meV and diffusion prefactor value of 5.24 10112/s for 10-atom island, according to previous experimental and theoretical studies. In terms of the theoretical and practical work done so far, the diffusion coefficient and effective energy barrier values are in the same range as for the other islands. Near the island, cracks and dislocations have been discovered at 300 K. These conclusions, on the other hand, are consistent with recent discoveries based on ab-initio electron structure calculations.

Author (S) Details

Zulfiqar Ali Shah
Department of Physics, Khwaja Fareed University of Engineering and Information Technology Rahim Yar Khan, Pakistan.

Nimra Arshad
Department of Physics, Khwaja Fareed University of Engineering and Information Technology Rahim Yar Khan, Pakistan.

Sidra Sabir
Department of Physics, Khwaja Fareed University of Engineering and Information Technology Rahim Yar Khan, Pakistan.

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/RTCAMS-V2/article/view/2916