Green Textile Finishing: Utilisation of Vetiver Extract for Antimicrobial Home Textile Applications | Chapter 7 | Engineering Research: Perspectives on Recent Advances Vol. 12

 

Home textiles represent one of the fastest-growing segments within the technical textile industry. The home-tech sector includes textile materials intended for household and hygiene-related uses, where sustainability and safety are key requirements. Growing consumer awareness regarding health and cleanliness has increased the demand for textile products with built-in antimicrobial functionality. Among natural plant resources, Vetiveria zizanioides is an abundant and valuable source known for its strong fibres, pleasant fragrance, and inherent antimicrobial properties. In this study, extracts were prepared from Vetiveria zizanioides powder using a suitable solvent system. The extract was subjected to phytochemical screening and chemical component analysis, followed by evaluation of its antimicrobial potential against selected standard microorganisms. Both qualitative and quantitative antifungal tests were conducted on treated fabrics against Aspergillus niger and Candida albicans, while antibacterial activity was assessed against Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923) and Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922), representing Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, respectively. The findings demonstrate the effectiveness of vetiver-based treatments and highlight their potential application in medical and home textile products.

 

 

Author(s) Details

 

Krishnaveni Vasudevan

Department of Fashion Technology, Kumaraguru College of Technology, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India.

 

Please see the link:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/erpra/v12/6879

Determining the Effect of Immersion Duration in a Garlic Solution on the Freshness Level of Layang Fish (Decapterus macrosoma, Blecker) | Chapter 8 | Research Advances in Environment, Geography and Earth Science Vol. 5

 

The present study aimed to determine the effect of immersion duration in a garlic solution on the freshness level of layang fish. Fish degradation occurs mainly due to the activity of microorganisms. In addition, enzymatic and chemical reactions also cause fish quality degradation. Fish form part of a highly nutritional diet and provide a source of essential proteins. However, they can rapidly degrade, particularly when in a fresh state and not handled properly. Degradation can occur either biochemically or microbiologically. There are a number of techniques that can be used to preserve the quality of fresh fish, such as using natural preservatives like garlic. It has been demonstrated that the plant garlic prevents the growth of germs. Garlic tubers include antibacterial substances such ajoene and allicin (diallyl thiosulfinate). The Total Volatile Base Nitrogen (TVBN) values ranged from 25.33 mg%N to 78.66 mg%N, the bacterial TPC (Total Plate Count) was 7.5x101 to 1.6x105 CFU/g, and the pH 5.9 to 8.0. Visibility ranged from 4.64 to 8.33, odor 3.47 to 8.75, and texture 3.62 to 8.20. This study found that immersion treatment using garlic can maintain fish quality for eight hours, with a 20-minute immersion treatment obtaining optimal parameter values. Some natural ingredients including garlic solution can be used as preservatives to maintain the freshness of fish, these ingredients alone cannot preserve the freshness of fish for a long time, thus they need to be combined with cold temperatures. Ice and natural ingredients can synergize to maintain the freshness of fish for a longer period.

 

Author(s) Details

 

M. R. Wenno

Department of Fisheries Product Technology, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Sciences, Pattimura University, Ambon, Indonesia.

A. O. W. Kaya

Department of Fisheries Product Technology, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Sciences, Pattimura University, Ambon, Indonesia.

S. Lewerissa

Department of Fisheries Product Technology, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Sciences, Pattimura University, Ambon, Indonesia.

M. L. Wattimena

Department of Fisheries Product Technology, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Sciences, Pattimura University, Ambon, Indonesia.

R. B. D. Sormin

Department of Fisheries Product Technology, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Sciences, Pattimura University, Ambon, Indonesia.

E. E. E. M. Nanlohy

Department of Fisheries Product Technology, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Sciences, Pattimura University, Ambon, Indonesia.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/raeges/v5/643

Application of Silver Compounds in Water Treatment and Prevention of Biofilm Formation in Water Distribution Channels | Chapter 1 | Microbiology and Biotechnology Research: An Overview Vol. 2

Biofilm is a complex aggregation of microorganisms growing on a solid substrate (surfaces). Bacterial biofilms cause very serious problems in industrial water systems. This paper revealed biofilm as an aggregation of microorganisms that grows on solid surfaces or substrates. The surface can be living (body of animals and plants) or non-living (rocks and water pipes), they are characterized by structural interactions and cellular matrix of polymer substances which may be specific or non-specific. Biofilms affect many parts of everyday life, which include contamination of water, blocking of water channels and causing infections. Biofilm can be prevented by adequate cleaning of water storage systems and the use of antimicrobial agents also known as disinfectants. The paper also highlights notable disinfectants such as silver compounds, which when impregnated into water filters, robbins devices, diffusion gel and coatings of the inner surface of water channels can inhibit a lot of cellular activity of the microorganism Please see the book here:-and can also kill the organism. Silver and its compounds or in combination with other substances are used in the disinfection of water bodies for drinking and recreational activities. Silver and copper are the best antibiofilm agents. Robbins device with polyvinyl chloride and stainless steel surface used with 100µg/litre of silver compound is found to be effective in preventing biofilm formation. The paper concluded by recommending the use of silver compounds in water treatment and the prevention of biofilm formation in water channels. Due to the antimicrobial affinity of silver and its compounds, it has become one the best antibacterial agents in use today, for the prevention of biofilms in water channels, storage tanks and swimming pools, and also for domestic and municipal water treatment.

 

Author (s) Details

 

Erena, N B.
Department of Integrated Science, Niger State College of Education, Minna, Nigeria.

 

Mu’azu, N K.
Department of Integrated Science, Niger State College of Education, Minna, Nigeria.

 

Musah, M.
Department of Chemistry, Niger State College of Education, Minna, Nigeria.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/mbrao/v2/4467

Advancements in Diagnostic and Therapeutic Strategies for Management of Bovine Mastitis | Chapter 5 | Research Perspective on Biological Science Vol. 2

Mastitis is the inflammation of the mammary gland in milking animals, characterized by pathological changes in the gland along with abnormal physical and chemical alterations in milk. It is the most economically important disease, causing significant financial losses worldwide, including in India. The pathogenesis of mastitis occurs in three stages: invasion, infection, and inflammation. Clinically, mastitis can be divided into two categories: clinical mastitis and subclinical mastitis. Clinical mastitis presents with clear inflammatory symptoms in the affected gland(s) and abnormal changes in the milk, whereas subclinical mastitis shows no apparent clinical manifestations and can only be detected through suitable diagnostic tests. Early and accurate diagnosis of mastitis is crucial for proper treatment, control, and prevention, which helps minimize losses. Clinical mastitis can be easily detected by observing abnormal changes in milk and by palpating the udder. For the diagnosis of subclinical mastitis, commonly used reliable tests include the CMT, SCC, and microbiological culture (considered the gold standard). Recent advancements in rapid and accurate diagnostic methods for bovine mastitis include PCR, FISH, LAMP, genomics and proteomics approaches, biomarker detection (such as acute phase proteins, enzymes, and cytokines), bioluminescence assays, sonography, IRT, robotic milking, nanotechnology, and AI technology. Conventional antibiotic treatment for mastitis has many limitations and risks, including challenges related to AMR, bacterial biofilm formation, and the intracellular localization of bacteria. Recent developments for effective mastitis treatment include the use of herbal treatments, AMPs, bacteriophages, bacteriophage endolysins, bacteria- and animal-derived antimicrobials, stem cell therapy, aptamers, and photodynamic therapy. Control and prevention of mastitis can be achieved by eliminating existing infections, preventing new infections, and monitoring udder health status. Early and accurate diagnosis of bovine mastitis through clinical examination, SCC, and advanced diagnostic techniques like PCR is essential for effective treatment, and alternative therapy to antibiotics, including ethnoveterinary medicine, can be used for improved mastitis management in the herd.

 

Author (s) Details

 

 

Siddiqui M.F.M.F.

Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, Ethics & Jurisprudence, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, MAFSU, Parbhani, Maharashtra, 431402, India.

 

Sakhare M.P.
Department of Veterinary Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, MAFSU, Parbhani, Maharashtra, 431402, India.

 

Shaikh S.R.
Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, Ethics & Jurisprudence, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, MAFSU, Parbhani, Maharashtra, 431402, India.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/rpbs/v2/5150

Enhancing Antibacterial Activity through Structural Modification by Benzenesulfonylation of Methyl α-D-Glucopyranoside | Chapter 2 | Recent Developments in Chemistry and Biochemistry Research Vol. 8

The significance of carbohydrates necessitates the development of a new approach to producing prescription drugs based on carbohydrates in the current context of global health and illness. This study investigated the synthesis of a novel series of benzenesulfonyl derivatives of methyl α-D-glucopyranoside (MGP) by reacting benzenesulfonyl chloride in pyridine followed by direct acylation to yield a 6-O-benzenesulfonyl derivative (2). To obtain newer products for antibacterial evaluation studies, the 6-O-benzenesulfonyl derivative was further transformed into a series of 2,3,4-tri-O-acyl derivatives (3--11) containing a wide variety of functionalities in a single-molecule framework. To determine the structures of these derivatives, spectral and elemental analyses were performed. In vitro, antibacterial screening was performed against two gram-positive and two gram-negative human pathogenic bacterial strains. The D-glucopyranoside derivatives exhibited moderate to good antibacterial activities. Interestingly, the proposed compounds showed greater sensitivity against gram-negative bacteria than against gram-positive bacteria. In conclusion, the outcomes of this work indicate that benzenesulfonyl-based MGP compounds have significant potential as antibacterial agents for treating infectious diseases.

 

Author (s) Details

 

Sarkar M. A. Kawsar
Laboratory of Carbohydrate and Nucleoside Chemistry (LCNC), Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Chittagong, Chittagong-4331, Bangladesh.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/rdcbr/v8/2614 

Understanding and Mitigating Biotic and Abiotic Stress in Agriculture | Chapter 3 | Innovations in Science and Technology: Shaping a Sustainable Future (Vol. 1)

The presence of various biotic and abiotic stresses in the environment profoundly impacts plant growth, development, and crop productivity. Microorganisms associated with plants, such as symbiotic fungi and rhizobacteria, are pivotal in providing resistance against abiotic stresses by employing diverse mechanisms to induce osmotic responses and activate genes in plants. Optimizing resource utilization is essential to mitigate the negative effects of these stresses. Microorganisms have demonstrated significant benefits in aiding adaptation strategies and enhancing tolerance to abiotic stresses in crops. Thus, it is imperative for agricultural experts to develop stress-resistant plant varieties to ensure food security and farmer safety. Molecular research at the genetic level is crucial for devising mechanisms that safeguard plants from various stressors.

 

Author(s)details:-

 

Miss Priyanka Chand
ITM University, Gwalior, M.P, India.

 

Dr. D. V. Singh
ICAR-ATARI, Patna, Bihar, India.

 

Please See the book here :-  https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/mono/978-81-973809-6-9/CH3

Dental Caries Vaccine: Challenges for the 21st Century | Chapter 1 | Advancement and New Understanding in Medical Science Vol. 6

The primary objective of this review is to highlight and update the progresses made so far in the battle front towards developing preventive and/or curative vaccines against dental caries for global consumption. Dental caries (tooth decay) is one of the most common diseases occurring in humans. A considerable research work has established that dental caries is an infectious disease and forms through a complex interaction among many environmental and host factors. Although various caries preventive strategies currently exist, development of an effective vaccine has been studied for more than three decades. Vaccines are immune-biological substances designed to produce specific protection against a given disease. They stimulate the production of a protective antibody and other immune mechanisms.
 
A variety of different categories of vaccines are developed such as whole cell vaccine, subunit vaccine, synthetic peptide vaccine, recombinant vaccine, DNA vaccine, conjugate vaccine, etc. The results of animal trials including active vaccination and passive immunization through different routes were encouraging relevant to protection against dental caries. Based on these results limited small scale human trials have been conducted with some experimental vaccines. Among them, Glucosyltransferase (GTF) from S. sobrinus combined with aluminum based adjuvant is prominent for protective immune responses. However, the phenomenon of human heart cross reactivity has to be overcome for further large scale human trials. Efforts are being made to modify various modalities of immunization to improve the duration and effectiveness of the immune responses. Two new fusion anti caries vaccines, pGJA-p/VAX and pGJG/GAC/VAX, encoding two important antigenic domains, PAc and GLU of  S mutans as well as S sobrinus and successful in gnobiotic animals, seemed to be promising for future human trials.
 
The main obstacles of the twenty-first century, however, will be to remove rheumatic fever and human heart cross reactivity from an anti-caries vaccine and enhance its other human vaccination modalities. In actuality, the development of measles and polio vaccinations took close to 50 years. More difficult than landing a man on the moon is the search for an AIDS vaccine. Therefore, scientists are not disheartened by the numerous strange occurrences; rather, they are cautiously confident that a dental caries vaccine will become available sooner for use by people worldwide.

Author(s) Details:

A. S. M. Giasuddin,
Medical Research Unit (MRU), The Medical & Health Welfare Trust (MHWT), Bangladesh.

Syed Nazrul Huda,
Department of Dentistry, Mendy Dental College & Hospital, Bangladesh.

Khadija Akther Jhuma,
Department of Biochemistry, Medical College for Women & Hospital (MCW&H), Bangladesh.

A. M. Mujibul Haq,
Department of Internal Medicine, The Medical & Health Welfare Trust (MHWT), Bangladesh.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/ANUMS-V6/article/view/13352

Antimicrobial Cytidine Derivatives as Anticancer Agents with in Silico Studies | Chapter 9 | Novel Aspects on Chemistry and Biochemistry Vol. 7

 The present study focuses on the computational inquiry of the antibacterial, anticancer, and construction-activity connection (SAR) properties of cytidine and allure analogs. Nucleosides are glycosylamines that can be thinking of as nucleotides without a phosphate group. A nucleoside exists simply of a nucleobase (more termed a nitrogenous base) and a five-element sugar (ribose or 2'-deoxyribose) when in fact a nucleotide is composed of a nucleobase, a five-element sugar, and individual or more phosphate groups. In a nucleoside, the anomeric carbon is connected through a glycosidic bond to the N9 of a purine or the N1 of a pyrimidine. Nucleotides are the microscopic building blocks of DNA and RNA. Nucleoside analogs have a meaningful role in the drug and clinical areas as therapeutic powers and authorized pharmaceuticals. Microdilution persistent the modified analogs' completely clean activity, MIC, and MBC against human and phytopathogenic isolates. Compounds (7), (10), and (14) were ultimate potent against Escherichia coli and Salmonella abony strains, accompanying MIC and MBC values from 0.316 ± 0.02 to 2.50 ± 0.03 and 0.625 ± 0.04 to 5.01 ± 0.06 mg/ml, individually. The highest inhibitory venture was observed against grandam-positive microorganisms. Numerous analogs (10), (13), (14), and (15) exhibited good venture against the tested fungi Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus flavus. The anticancer project of the cytidine analogs was examined through an MTT colorimetric assay against Ehrlich’s ascites malignant growth (EAC) tumor containers, whereas compound 6 granted the maximum antiproliferative activity accompanying an IC50 value of 1168.97 µg/ml. Their microscopic docking studies against the urate oxidase 1R51 from A. flavus look at the binding mechanism, affinities, and nonbonding interplays to define this finding. The most of analogs bind more tightly than the original drug. The reinforced pharmacokinetic profile of cytidine analogs accompanying decreased severe oral toxicity was illustrated by in silico ADMET prediction, that was used to assess the drug-reproduction features. This research power result in the production of potential cytidine-based antimicrobial drug(s) established the in vitro and in silico results.

Author(s) Details:

Sarkar M. A. Kawsar,
Laboratory of Carbohydrate and Nucleoside Chemistry (LCNC), Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Chittagong, Chittagong-4331, Bangladesh.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/NACB-V7/article/view/11967

Antimicrobial Nanoemulsions for Pathogen Reduction in Fruits and Vegetables | Chapter 12 | Emerging Issues in Agricultural Sciences Vol. 4

 Postharvest deficits of fruits and vegetables are cause they are perishable products, that undergo abundant physiological changes during depository, such as the loss of organoleptic characteristics, the decrease in nutritional components, apart from the loss of dampness that generates the softening of the tissue and as a consequence the rotting of the fruit, that leads to a concise, shelf life. Therefore, the crop must reach its goal with the best feature characteristics such as image, color, flavor, texture, and the minimization of organic, chemical, and material risks that affect human health. Postharvest deficits affect many producers and exporters; preservation methods have been grown in recent age to prolong its beneficial life. In recent age, conservation methods to a degree controlled atmospheres, cooling techniques, chemical situations, and coatings have been developed to combat these determinants. Food coatings are thin layers of material that serve as a hurdle between food and allure environment all along handling, processing, and depository. In recent decades, they have been widely intentional and applied in foods to a degree peppers, mushrooms, tomatoes, and carrots, due to their cheap and environmentally friendly biological matters composition. They are classified into three types: hydrocolloids, lipids, and compounds. Within lipid coatings, we find emulsified systems. Nanoemulsion is delineated as a kinetically stable colloidal dispersal of two immiscible liquids. One is dispersed as narrow spherical particles accompanying an r<100 nm in the other liquid. This chapter inspected the formation process of nanoemulsion as covering, the functionality, the application of biocompounds to insulate fruits and vegetables from microorganisms all the while storage, and the response of doctored vegetal medicated tissues.

J. A. Estefes-Duarte,
ICAP—Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Autonomous University of the State of Hidalgo, Tulancingo de Bravo, Hidalgo C.P. 43000, Mexico.

G. Medina-Pérez,
ICAP—Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Autonomous University of the State of Hidalgo, Tulancingo de Bravo, Hidalgo C.P. 43000, Mexico.

E. Morales-Luna,
ICAP—Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Autonomous University of the State of Hidalgo, Tulancingo de Bravo, Hidalgo C.P. 43000, Mexico.

S. R. Pérez Ríos,
ICAP—Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Autonomous University of the State of Hidalgo, Tulancingo de Bravo, Hidalgo C.P. 43000, Mexico.

A. J. Cenobio-Galindo,
ICAP—Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Autonomous University of the State of Hidalgo, Tulancingo de Bravo, Hidalgo C.P. 43000, Mexico.

Pérez-Soto Elizabeth,
ICAP—Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Autonomous University of the State of Hidalgo, Tulancingo de Bravo, Hidalgo C.P. 43000, Mexico.

U. González Lemus,
ICAP—Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Autonomous University of the State of Hidalgo, Tulancingo de Bravo, Hidalgo C.P. 43000, Mexico.

L. N. Afanador-Barajas,
Master in Bioenginering and Nanotechnology, Engineering and Basic Sciences Faculty, Universidad Central, Bogotá 110311, Colombia.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/EIAS-V4/article/view/10822

Evaluation of the Effect of Biostimulants Based on Beneficial Microorganisms on the Amino Acid and Elemental Composition of Carrot Roots | Chapter 11 | Novel Perspectives of Geography, Environment and Earth Sciences Vol. 6

 The result of products accompanying the optimum content of vegetable protein and the essential macro- and microelements is an main task for farming. Biostimulants containing the microorganisms Azotobacter chroococcum, Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus megaterium, and the fungus Trichoderma harzianum were used to evolve carrots on soddy-podzolic soil in the Moscow Region. The compound of amino acids in the of age root crops was determined on the Kapel-105 M analyst, as well as the basic arrangement using inductively connected plasma bulk spectrometry on a Nexion 300 D ploy (Perkin Elmer, USA). The determination of 17 amino acids in reward roots presented that the amount of essential amino acids in the variant accompanying biostimulants was 46.3% higher than in the control variant, and totalled 5.12 g/kg DM, while in the control - 3.50 g/kg DM. At the same time, the compound of 11 amino acids increased (g/kg of DM): aspartic acid (from 3.73 to 4.12), serine (from 0.93 to 1.08), proline (from 0.03 to 0.04), valine (from 0.003 to 0.046), isoleucine (from 0.02 to 0.67), leucine (from 0.75 to 0.82), tyrosine (from 0.55 to 0.64), phenylalanine (from 0.62 to 0.72), histidine (from 0.42 to 0.52), lysine (from 0.02 to 0.69), arginine (from 0.05 to 1.00). The situation carrots granted the increased level of alive macroelements (phosphorus, calcium, magnesium) and microelements (iron, metallic mineral, silicon, manganese, law enforcement officer, chromium, nickel, vanadium, iodine, sea color).

Author(s) Details:

S. P. Zamana,
State University of Land Use Planning, 15 Kazakova St., Moscow-105064, Russia.

T. D. Kondratieva,
Bioelements limited Office G56, The Bio Centre, Innovation Way, York Science Park, YO10 5NY, United Kingdom.

V. I. Savich,
Russian State Agricultural University,49, Timiryazevskaja St., Moscow-127550, Russia.

T. G. Fedorovsky,
State University of Land Use Planning, 15 Kazakova St., Moscow-105064, Russia.

S. A. Sokolov,
State University of Land Use Planning, 15 Kazakova St., Moscow-105064, Russia.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/NPGEES-V6/article/view/10188

A Curious Case of Cryptococcosis: When the Yeast Gets in the Blood and Brain Fluid | Chapter 4 | Research Advances in Microbiology and Biotechnology Vol. 4

 The present study focal points a case of disseminated cryptococcosis in an immuno-compromised patient. Cryptococcosis is an contamination caused by Cryptococcus neoformans in immunosuppressed victims. Oral lesions associated with cryptococcosis can present as purple knots of granulation tissue, lump and ulcers. They can appear on the palate, gingiva and in the cuspid socket following in position or time extraction. Sometimes the ulcerated lesions guide Cryptococcosis can be hardened. A 50 year old female patient was confessed to Dr. Vitthalrao Vikhe Patil Pravara Rural hospital, Loni, a country tertiary health care centre in Maharashtra; accompanying complains of on and off turmoil and weakness since about a period. Cryptococcosis, although thought-out as an AIDS defining disease, doesn’t appear to be stated less from immunocompetent patients. The study would emphasize the significance of early suspicion of cryptococcal contamination in AIDS patients; so that early organization of full lab work up and institution of antifungal analysis can be finished to improve patient outcomes.

Author(s) Details:

Vaibhav V. Rajhans,
Department of Microbiology, Dr. Balasaheb Vikhe Patil Rural Medical College, Loni, India.

S. Roushani,
Department of Microbiology, Dr. Balasaheb Vikhe Patil Rural Medical College, Loni, India.

D. S. Bhalerao,
Department of Microbiology, Dr. Balasaheb Vikhe Patil Rural Medical College, Loni, India.

S. M. Jain,
Department of Microbiology, Dr. Balasaheb Vikhe Patil Rural Medical College, Loni, India.

A. Kinikar-Vaidya,
Department of Microbiology, Dr. Balasaheb Vikhe Patil Rural Medical College, Loni, India.

A. Nair,
Department of Microbiology, Dr. Balasaheb Vikhe Patil Rural Medical College, Loni, India.

Vishal L. Kulkarni,
Bharatratna Atalbihari Vajpayee Medical College, Pune, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/RAMB-V4/article/view/10130

Bacteriological Quality, Safety and Anti-microbial Resistance of Microorganisms Isolated from Various Animal Derived Food Products| Chapter 8 | Current Perspectives in Agriculture and Food Science Vol. 1

 The present unit illustrated the isolation of microorganisms that harbour miscellaneous food commodity like meat, poultry and seafoods composed from the killing place, butcher shops and local seafood advertise and to determine the antimicrobial opposition pattern of unique pathogens that are being the reason for various fare carried diseases cruel beings. The main obstacle to lowering the likelihood of drug opposition is the wise use of antimicrobial drugs.  A total of forty inexperienced animal brand samples were got from the killing place, butcher shops and local fish display of Visakhapatnam. The study's samples contain inexperienced hen, pork, crab, prawns, and various types of find. A established random sampling planning was used to achieve the study samples. All of the samples were urgently processed utilizing sanctioned microbiological processes. The microorganisms isolation and description were reached by judging semantic properties accompanying staining orders, enlightening traits by isolating and increasing the pathogenic microorganisms in differing discriminating and characteristic culture environments. Antimicrobial susceptibleness experiment was acted by the Kirby -Bauer pattern by following Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) flags. EDTA-Disc Potentiation Test and Imipenem-EDTA Double plate collaboration test are used to determine the metallo suspect-lactamase combining of unique microorganisms. Pseudomonas aeruginosa (18) trailed by Vibrio species (14) and few isolates concern Enterobacter variety (4).  In the study, the adulthood of the microbiological isolates were multidrug resistant. The isolates from killing place surroundings, slaughterhouses, and cast markets were found to exhibit variable opposition patterns to the medicines secondhand in the current study, containing aminoglycosides, macrolides, β-lactams, cephalosporins, and quinolones, while most of them were still naive to the carbapenem medicine imipenem. Antimicrobial opposition (AMR) hampers the creation and estimate of productive cures. If specific a correlation maybe settled, before the following of antibiotic custom and devouring dossier maybe furthermore working as a proxy sign for the risk of attainable antibiotic fighting (ABR) arising.

Author(s) Details:

Rajani Chowdary Akkina,
Department of Microbiology, Food Science and Technology, GITAM School of Science, GITAM (Deemed to be University) Visakhapatnam-530045, Andhra Pradesh, India.

Payala Vijayalakshmi,
Department of Microbiology, GITAM Institute of Medical sciences and Research, GITAM (Deemed to be University), Visakhapatnam-530045, Andhra Pradesh, India.

Indugula Jyothi Padmaja,
Department of Microbiology, GITAM Institute of Medical sciences and Research, GITAM (Deemed to be University), Visakhapatnam-530045, Andhra Pradesh, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/CPAFS-V1/article/view/8994

Determination of Antimicrobial Properties of Trifala, Java Plum, Cinnamon, Henna and Cumin | Chapter 2 | Innovations in Microbiology and Biotechnology Vol. 2

 The population uses crude plant extracts in the form of herbal extracts for the treatment of ailments, including infectious disorders, in herbal medicine. Hundreds of plant genera are used as key sources of potent and effective medications. The goal of this study was to investigate the antibacterial effect of several natural products derived from herbal and spice extracts, as well as to compare the antimicrobial activity of these aqueous and ethanolic extract test items using MIC and MBC as a reference. The current analysis was conducted on five fresh samples from different circumstances. The antibacterial properties of Tripfala, Java plum, Cinnamon, Henna, and Cumin against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria were examined using the agar well and disc diffusion methods. Aqueous extracts of selected sample extracts had a higher zone of inhibition or antibacterial activity than ethanolic extracts. Klebsiella sp. demonstrated the lowest sensitivity to Tripfala and Java plum extracts among the five microorganisms tested, despite the fact that these aqueous and ethanolic extracts had substantial antibiotic action against four other microbes. All of the natural compounds had MIC values ranging from 12.5-25.0 ug/ml, whereas the MBC values ranged from 25 to 100.0 ug/ml. There was no change in antibacterial activity during the four-month preservation of these natural plant materials' produced discs. Tripfala and Java Plum may have the potential to be employed as a source of new broad-spectrum oral antibiotics, according to this study.

Author(S) Details

Zakaria Ahmed
Microbiology Department, Technology Wing, Bangladesh Jute Research Institute, Dhaka 1207, Bangladesh.

Taslima Rahman
Microbiology Department, Technology Wing, Bangladesh Jute Research Institute, Dhaka 1207, Bangladesh.

Sanchita Sarker
Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering Faculty, Sylhet Agricultural University, Sylhet-3100, Bangladesh.

View Book:- https://stm.bookpi.org/IMB-V2/article/view/4714

A Comparative Evaluation of Proximate Compositions of Boiled and Fermented Underutilised Melon Seeds: An Approach towards Alternative Substrates for Indigenous Soup Flavouring | Chapter 6 | Emerging Challenges in Agriculture and Food Science Vol. 1

A comparison of the proximate composition of five melon seed species boiled and fermented (Citrullus vulgaris (CV), Citrullus lanatus (CL), Colocynthis citrullus (CC), Cucurbita pepo (CP), and Cucumeropsis edulis (CE) is offered. Five different undehulled melon seed varieties were separated, cleaned, washed, and boiled in deep water for 3 hours, then cooled and dehulled by hand. The cotyledons were wrapped in blanched banana leaves (Musa sapientum), tied and pierced in three places with a fork, then boiled for another two hours, drained/cooled, and allowed to ferment at room temperature for 96 hours. For a second fermentation, the fermented seeds were mashed to a paste, wrapped with ofoala leaf (Icecina trichantha), and kept near a fire for another 144 hours. Following that, the boiled and fermented pulp samples of the melon seed kinds, as well as the microbial load, were analysed for proximate components. For ANOVA and mean separation, data were analysed statistically at p0.05 using SAS and WINDOW 7. When compared to raw melon seed samples, boiling somewhat lowered the protein content of the melon seeds from 19.63 percent (CP) to 26.73 percent (CE), which was further reduced during the first stage of fermentation (13.26-17.22 percent ). During the second stage of fermentation, however, there was a rise (17.22-22.86 percent). During boiling and fermentation, ash, crude fibre, carbohydrate, and fat were all minimally changed. Bacillus sp., Enterococcus sp., Staphylococcus sp., Micrococcus sp., Corynebacterium sp., and Serratia sp. were all isolated in the first stage of fermentation in all melon seed varieties. These alternate melon seeds could potentially be employed in the creation of food flavourings, according to the findings of this study.

Author (S) Details

A. I. Peter–Ikechukwu
Department of Food Science and Technology, School of Engineering and Engineering Technology, Federal University of Technology Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria, West Africa.

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/ECAFS-V1/article/view/3099

An Assessment of the Hygiene Level in the Dairy Processing Plant: Recent Development | Chapter 1 | Emerging Challenges in Agriculture and Food Science Vol. 1

Hygiene and sanitation play a critical role in the dairy business, as their level has a significant impact on food quality and safety. The HACCP system, which is necessary for all producers and anyone who handle or place food on the market, is used in the Slovak Republic's food business. HACCP stands for Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points, and it is an organisational method that ensures the production of health-friendly food by analysing and controlling chemical, biological, and physical dangers that could jeopardise food safety throughout the manufacturing process. Furthermore, needs for plant cleaning and disinfection are a significant aspect of it. Milk is a superb substrate for the growth and multiplication of a wide range of microorganisms and is used as the major raw material in the dairy plant in the production of drinking milk and dairy products. Food contamination and the development of foodborne illness in consumers are frequently caused by multiplied microorganisms. The success of disinfection is influenced by not only microorganism resistance, but also disinfectant selection and application methods, as well as the external environment in which the disinfection process takes place. The application of the right disinfectant is critical to getting the intended result. We concentrated on sanitation's sanitary level and efficiency in this project. Microbiological swabs were gathered from various surfaces and technological equipment in the dairy operation that was being observed, as well as personal hygiene in selected staff. We also employed the fingerprint technology to check personal hygiene, which is a critical component in the manufacture of safe food. The HACCP system, which must be established and supervised by the individual team based on the regulatory requirements of each operation, is used to check the hygiene level of food enterprises. The findings show that hygiene is maintained at a good level throughout the production process. With the exception of the working table in the cottage cheese manufacturing section, where we found 40 CFU of total count of microorganisms and 2 CFU of coliform bacteria, the sanitation of the premises and technological equipment was adequate. Except for one employee who worked in the cottage cheese production department, the personal hygiene of the employees' hands at the dairy processing plant was rated as satisfactory. After disinfection, we found 50 CFU of total count of microorganisms and 1 CFU of coliform bacteria on his right hand. Food contamination can occur if sanitary standards of surfaces in production sections and employee hands in dairy processing plants are not followed, putting the consumer's health at risk.

Author (S) Details

Katarína Veszelits Lakticova
Department of the Environment, Veterinary Legislation and Economy, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Košice, Slovakia.

Mária Vargova
Department of the Environment, Veterinary Legislation and Economy, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Košice, Slovakia.

F. Zigo
Department of Nutrition and Animal Husbandry, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Košice, Slovakia.

Nad'a Sasáková
Department of Public Veterinary Medicine and Animal Welfare, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Košice, Slovakia.

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A Peep into Microbial Isolates from Various Vegetable Oil Polluted Sites | Chapter 11 | Recent Progress in Microbiology and Biotechnology Vol. 2

 Spills of vegetable oil are becoming popular and potentially more difficult than spills of petroleum hydrocarbons. Among biocatalysts, microbial lipases occupy a position of prominence, sometimes used for the remediation of contaminated vegetable oil sites. This work was carried out to isolate microorganisms and screen them for their lipolytic activity from oil-polluted sites. Microorganisms were extracted from eight experimental soil samples contaminated with various forms of vegetable oil, soil from the Ibadan oil mill, and usual uncontaminated soil as soil samples were also obtained from the Oyo town palm oil mill at the same time as the control. The isolates were characterised, categorised and their lipolytic activity was screened for those common to at least one of the experimental sites and oil mill sites. Using the Duncan Multiple Range Test, the data obtained was analysed. 73 microorganisms have been isolated from the contaminated soil and have been classified as Bacillus species (16), Pseudomonas (12), Micrococcus (1), Aspergillus (9), Penicillium (6), Saccharomyces (4), Geotrichum (1), Kluveromyces (1), Flavobacterium (6), Alcaligenes (2), Proteus (3). Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus licheniformis, Pseudomonas cepacia, Flavobacterium sp., Pseudomonas fluorescens, Alcaligenes sp. Aspergillus niger, Pseudomonas fluorescens, Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus licheniformis, Bacillus cereus, Bacillus circulans, Bacillus pumilus and Saccharomyces cerevisae were preliminarily screened for lipolytic activity and Candida parapsilosis, common to at least one of the experimental site and oil mill site in Ibadan, all nine verified by the existence of halos around the colonies The potential for oxidation of fatty waste is present in these tested species. Consequently, they may be used in the environmental clean-up of vegetable oil spill sites.

Author (s) Details

Bukola Margaret Popoola
Department of Biological Sciences, Ajayi Crowther University, Oyo State, Nigeria.

A. A. Onilude
Department of Biological Sciences, Ajayi Crowther University, Oyo State, Nigeria.

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Influence of Electron-ion Technology on the Microbiology of Production Processes | Chapter 10 | Recent Progress in Microbiology and Biotechnology Vol.1

 Study on the use of electron-ion technology with a view to the inactivation of microorganisms, e.g., a

byproduct of ozone gas, have been further developed in response to the need to suppress any
microflora in fermentation processes in the microbiological industry, as well as with the development
methods of storing vegetables and food products in the presence of ozone disinfection of municipal
wastewater. The question of ozone destruction of microorganisms of various taxonomic groups
covered extensively in the literature. Until recently, in connection with the use of ozone for disinfection
of drinking water the majority of works were devoted to study ozone effects on pathogen
microorganisms.

Author(s) Details

M. Ya. Burlev
Myker Ltd., Moscow, Russia.

V. D. Kharitonov
All-Russian Scientific Research Institute of Dairy Industry, Moscow, Russia.

N. S. Nikolaev
Moscow State University of Food Industry, Moscow, Russia.

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Analysis of Photochemical Constituents and Anti- bacterial Activity on Tridax procumbens Plant Extract for Wound Care Applications | Chapter 12 | Trends in Pharmaceutical Research and Development Vol.2

The serviceable necessities of shielding textiles are very important need of current environmental issues and based on the requirements the use of natural plants with various healing properties for wound care infections. The special factor of perfect comfort also has become the necessary for protective care textiles. The Tridax procumbens is one of the incredibly important natural plant available in the all areas with hygienic properties. The Tridax procumbens herb leaves were collected and extracted and it was coated on bamboo fabric. The extract coated samples was tested under phytochemical analysis and exhibited the incidence of phytochemicals. The anti-microbial activity of 6% and 12% conc tridax plant ethanolic extract coated samples were tested namely AATCC 147 and AATCC 100 tests against both gram positive and gram negative bacterial pathogens.The test result shows that the tridax plant 12% coated sample proved greater antibacterial activity than 6% coated sample. Based on the results, the coated extract can be applied to any textile material for wound care applications.
  

Author(s) Details 

Dr. V. Krishnaveni,
Department of Fashion Technology, Kumaraguru College of Technology, Coimbatore – 641049, Tamil Nadu, India.

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