Phytochemical Screening, Chemical Characterisation, and Antibacterial Activity of Essential Oils from Different Types of Medicinal Plants against Multidrug-Resistant Bacteria | Chapter 6 | Pharmaceutical Science: New Insights and Developments Vol. 10

 

Medicinal plants represent the most ancient form of medication, used for thousands of years in traditional medicine in many countries around the world. Essential oils and plant extracts are sources of beneficial chemical compounds that have potential applications in food, cosmetics, agriculture and the medicine industry.  The purpose of this study is to extract three medicinal plants, including seeds of Syzygium aromaticum (S. aromaticum), leaves of Thymus vulgaris (T. vulgaris) and Myrtus communis (M. communis) using the steam distillation method. It evaluated their ability to inhibit pathogenic and antibiotic-resistant bacteria, including Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa), and Escherichia coli (E.coli) isolated from skin ulcers. Seeds of S aromaticum and leaves of T. vulgaris were purchased from the local markets in the holy Karbala, Iraq, while the leaves of M. communis were collected from local farms in the same governorate. Moreover, the extracts were analysed to evaluate their phytochemicals and chemical constitutions using classical methods and GC-mass spectroscopy. The phytochemical screening of these three crude extracts has been evaluated to present chemical groups, i.e., alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids, tannins, steroids, glycosides, phenols, and saponins. The phytochemicals results showed that the Flavonoids and terpenoids were observed in all samples, while the Alkaloids didn't appear. The extracts of S. aromaticum, T. vulgaris, and M. communis showed interesting compounds during the GC-mass spectroscopy test. It showed the presence of chemical compounds with active groups that could have a significant role in bacterial treatment, such as 9-octadecenamide, Caryophyllene, and Limonene. Moreover, the results of the bacterial test showed a high effectiveness of these oils on the types of bacteria used, especially S. aureus and E. coli, where the highest results were for Myrtus on E. coli bacteria, with an inhibition diameter of 56 mm, while clove oil did not show any effectiveness against S. aureus; the inhibition zone diameter is zero. In general, the effectiveness of these essential oils against Gram-negative P. aeruginosa was very weak compared to the effectiveness of these essential oils on other bacterial species used in the study, where the highest diameter of inhibition of these bacteria was by clove oil and reached 15 mm. In conclusion, the essential oils of S. aromaticum, T. vulgaris, and M. communis demonstrated significant antibacterial activity against certain pathogenic bacteria, particularly S. aureus and E. coli, but showed limited efficacy against P. aeruginosa.

 

Author(s) Details

Maryam Mansoor Mathkoor
Department of Therapeutic Nutrition Techniques, Al Taff University College, Kerbala, Iraq.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/psnid/v10/6970

 

Role of Oil Pulling on Oral Health: An Overview | Chapter 5 | An Overview of Disease and Health Research Vol. 8

 

Oil pulling is a powerful and detoxifying Ayurvedic technique. It is an alternative medical practice in which an edible oil is swished around the mouth for a period of time and then spat out, similar to mouthwash. This chapter presents the role of oil pulling in oral health. Chronic use of mouth rinses containing phenol and other agents, such as chlorohexidine gluconate, used in taking care of the oral cavity, stains the teeth. Also, microorganisms in the oral cavity consist of a single cell covered with a lipid membrane, which, when it comes in contact with some of the oil used in oil pulling, adheres to it to achieve its oral cleansing. The results of studies conducted show that some of the oils, such as coconut oil, sesame oil, and sunflower oil, used in oil pulling therapy can reduce dental plaque, prevent gingivitis, halitosis, dental caries and other dental conditions. This is due to its antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral and antioxidant properties. Outside of offering several oral health benefits, it also contributes positively to overall health with minimal side effects when practised as recommended. Being one of the cheapest, cost-effective, safe, easy and efficient ways to control oral diseases, it should be used as a supplemental oral hygiene aid. It was recommended that oral health professionals should incorporate some of these products into patients’ oral hygiene materials. Additionally, these products should be made in a form that will be handy for patients.

 

 

Author(s) Details

Ngwu Justina Nnenna
Dental Therapy Department, Faculty of Dental Health Federal, University of Allied Health Sciences, Enugu State, Nigeria.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/aodhr/v8/6630

 

Synthesis, In silico, and Pharmacokinetic Drug Likeness of Some Schiff Bases as Hybrid Antibacterial and Antifungal Agents | Chapter 6 | Pharmaceutical Science: New Insights and Developments Vol. 9

 

Background: Schiff bases, which may be synthesised from sulfonamide and aldehydes, have a broad range of biological effects in clinical medicine, are also referred to as anticancer and antiviral medicines. Sulfonamides and their derivatives are frequently reported for their antibacterial, antiviral, antifungal, anticancer, and anti-inflammatory properties.

 

Objective: The aim of the study was to synthesise new derivatives of sulfonamide compounds containing azo and Schiff base fragments and confirm the structures by 1H-NMR and FT-IR spectroscopy, as well as to investigate the antibacterial activities against medically important Gram (+) and Gram (-) bacterial strains.

 

Methods: Novel sulfonamide derivatives S1, S2, S3, A1, A2, and A3 were synthesised and tested with Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa as well as against Candida albicans fungi. Studies on antimicrobial agents were carried out using the agar diffusion method. Molecular docking was used to study the theoretical binding of the compounds with some selected proteins. Docking studies were carried out using the program MOE (2015.10).

 

Results: The results of antimicrobial evaluation revealed that especially compounds of Schiff bases (S1, S2, and S3) exhibited good activity against all microorganisms of bacteria and fungi as compared with A1, A2, and A3. Against Candida albicans, it was found that compounds S1 and S3 gave the best activity, 21 and 20 mm, respectively. Antibacterial activity showed that compound A2 gave the best activity (34 mm at 1000 µg/mL) against Staphylococcus aureus. Other compounds S1, S2, S3, A1, and A3 gave very good activities against the same bacteria, 29, 13, 29, 28, and 28 mm, respectively, at the same concentration. Antibacterial activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa revealed that the compound S1 gave the best inhibition zone (25 mm) at 1000 µg/mL, whereas compounds S2 and S3 showed good potent activity (15 and 20 mm, respectively). In Silico studies showed that free binding energy (S) of the compounds against S. aureus using protein 1JIJ were -7.15 to -8.60 kcal/mol, whereas free binding energy (S) using 5V5Z fungi protein gave the values -7.10 to -8.22 kcal/mol.

 

Conclusion: Schiff base derivatives exhibited superior antimicrobial activity compared with azo derivatives. A clear correlation was observed between the activity of the compounds and their molecular docking through the high negative values of free binding energy. This investigation revealed these compounds with binding energies that were on par with those of typical medications. Additionally, these compounds were shown to be powerful antibacterial agents bioactivity score and bioavailability radar analysis.

 

 

Author(s) Details

Munther Abduljaleel Muhammad-Ali

Department of Ecology, College of Science, University of Basrah, Basra, Iraq.

 

Ekhlas Qanber Jasim
Department of Pathology Analyses, College of Science, University of Basrah, Basra, Iraq.

 

Abdullah H. Al- Saadoon
Department of Pathology Analyses, College of Science, University of Basrah, Basra, Iraq.

 

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/psnid/v9/6835

 

Chitosan-stabilized ZnO Nanoparticles: Synthesis, Characterization, and Antibacterial Applications in Wastewater Treatment | Chapter 5 |Chemistry and Biochemistry: Research Progress Vol. 7

Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) are widely recognised for their strong antibacterial properties, making them highly valuable in environmental and biomedical applications. Their appeal lies in their affordability, non-toxic nature, and environmental friendliness. Thanks to their high chemical stability and low toxicity, ZnO nanoparticles are frequently used in disinfectants and in the removal of pollutants from water.

 

One promising strategy for enhancing the utility of these nanoparticles involves combining them with natural polymers. Among these, chitosan—a biodegradable, biocompatible, and hydrophilic polymer derived from chitin—stands out for its own intrinsic antibacterial properties. When metal-based nanoparticles like ZnO are embedded in chitosan, the resulting nanocomposites benefit from both the antimicrobial strength of the metal and the stability and safety of the polymer.

 

This chapter presents a green synthesis approach where zinc oxide nanoparticles are stabilised within a chitosan matrix using an alkaline solidification process. The resulting chitosan–ZnO nanocomposite offers multiple advantages, including improved dispersion (non-aggregated nature), recyclability, and enhanced antibacterial action. Such materials hold great promise for diverse applications, particularly in water purification, bacterial control, and prevention of biofouling.

 

Author(s) Details

Anitta Antony
Department of Chemistry, St. Teresa’s College, Ernakulam, Kochi, 682035, India.

 

Ajil PA
Department of Chemistry, St. Teresa’s College, Ernakulam, Kochi, 682035, India.

 

Jaya T Varkey

Department of Chemistry, St. Teresa’s College, Ernakulam, Kochi, 682035, India.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/cbrp/v7/5858

Biosynthesis and Characterization of Selenium Nanoparticles Using Ethanol Extract of Bee Propolis and its Therapeutical Properties | Chapter 9 | Research Perspectives of Microbiology and Biotechnology Vol. 6

Aim: Biosynthesis of selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) has gained significant interest due to their distinctive chemical and biological properties that are essential for their potential application in various fields. Selenium (Se) is a vital trace element essential for various biological functions in living organisms. Its deficiency or excess can lead to significant health issues in humans. Selenium exists in different chemical forms, including selenite and selenate can be toxic at high concentrations. These forms of selenium are known to have adverse effects when ingested in excess, causing selenosis. In contrast, SeNPs have gained attention for their potential health benefits. SeNPs can be synthesized using various methods, including physical, chemical, and biological approaches. The low toxicity of SeNPs is appropriate for biomedical applications, including cancer treatment.

 

Place and Duration of the Study: Azyme Biosciences Laboratory, Bangalore, between February 2018 and September 2018.

 

Methodology: In the present study, propolis, the beehive product collected from 5 different Indian states—Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Uttaranchal, Karnataka and Kerala, was used for the biosynthesis of SeNPs and characterized by using UV-vis Spectrophotometer, Fourier Transform Spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray Diffraction (XRD) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM).

 

Results: SeNPs biosynthesized by propolis were observed as crystalline, oval-shaped and smooth surface particles. The study also reports the efficiency of 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS), 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), Ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) assay to estimate the antioxidant potential. The antimicrobial assay was evaluated only for SeNPs synthesized from propolis extracts obtained from Karnataka state, which showed high antioxidant activity. The antibacterial activity against pathogenic gram-positive bacterial strains (Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus and Streptococcus mutans), gram-negative bacterial strains (Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) was evaluated by resazurin microtiter plate method to check the minimum inhibition concentration (MIC). The antifungal activity of pathogenic fungi such as Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavon and Candida albicans were determined by well diffusion method.

 

Conclusion: It is the first report describing the biosynthesis of selenium nanoparticles using bee propolis. This study demonstrated the antioxidant and antimicrobial potential of SeNPs biosynthesised by using ethanol extract of propolis. Extensive research is vital to develop less toxic and cost-effective synthesis methods for selenium nanoparticles, as well as to control particle size and its application in medicine and healthcare.

 

Author (s) Details

Shubharani R.
Department of Biotechnology, Azyme Biosciences Pvt. Ltd, Bengaluru-560069, Karnataka, India.

 

Mahesh M.
Department of Biotechnology, Azyme Biosciences Pvt. Ltd, Bengaluru-560069, Karnataka, India.

 

V. N. Yogananda Murthy
Department of Biotechnology, Azyme Biosciences Pvt. Ltd, Bengaluru-560069, Karnataka, India.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/rpmab/v6/1730

A Comprehensive Study on Nutritive Value, Polyphenol Constituents and Prevention of Pathogenic Microorganism by Different Resin Extracts of Commiphora myrrh | Chapter 9 | Microbiology and Biotechnology Research: An Overview Vol. 2

Commiphora myrrh are small tree family Burseraceae. The resin extract of Commiphora myrrh is Widely used in folk medicine. The study of myrrh resin extract includes moisture. Minerals such as (Ca, Fe, Mg, Na, Cu and Zn), protein, total fat and crude fiber. This study used a Muffle furnace, Kjeldahl methods Soxlet and atomic absorption. HPLC is used to evaluate Polyphenol constituents of myrrh in different resin extracts (ethanol, ethyl acetate, petroleum ether and chloroform) as Conc. (µg / g) and in all extracts (ethanol, ethyl acetate and petroleum ether and chloroform) it contained Chlorogenic acid, gallic acid Catechin, Coffeic acid, caffeine, Syringic acid, Coumaric acid, Ferulic acid, Naringenin, 4`.7-Dihydroxyisoflavone, Cinnamic, Propyl Gallate Vanillin, Querectin and Acid Ellagic acid in different concentration percentage and area The effect of Commiphora myrrh (ethanol, ethyl acetate, petroleum ether and chloroform) resin extract against four different pathogenic bacteria Salmonella typhimurium, Pseudomona aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, and Bacillus cereus, were examined by Mueller Hinton Agar and measuring inhibition zone (diameter mm), show that there were significantly different among bacteria and different method of extract. All different Commiphora myrrh seed extracts (aqueous, ethyl acetate and petroleum ether) have high activity against Candida albicans fungus. The study was conducted to identify the Commiphora myrrh nutritive value, polyphenol Compound and the activity against bacteria and fungi. In conclusion, Commiphora myrrh contains polyphenol compounds that have potent antioxidant, antibacterial and antifungal activity in all different leaf extracts.

 

Author (s) Details

 

Rasha Khalid Abbas
Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Arts in Mukhwa, University of Albaha, 65931, Saudi Arabia and Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Applied and Industrial Science, University of Bahri, Sudan.

 

Amina A.M. Al-Mushhin
Department of Biology, Science and Humanity College in Al-kharj, Prince Sattam bin Abdul-Aziz University, Al- Khaarj 11942, Saudi Arabia.

 

Fatima S. Elsharbasy
Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Humanity Studies, Sattam bin Abdul Aziz University, Alkharj City 11942, Saudi Arabia and Department of Chemistry of Natural and Microbial Products, National Research Center, Dokki 12622, Egypt.

 

Kother Osman Ashiry
Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Arts in Mukhwa, University of Albaha, 65931, Saudi Arabia.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/mbrao/v2/4817

Antibacterial Potential of Methanolic Extracts from Azadirachta indica (Neem) Leaves against Gram-Positive and Gram-Negative Bacteria | Chapter 8 | Contemporary Research and Perspectives in Biological Science Vol. 4

With the increasing rate of antibiotic/multidrug resistance and the growing demand for plant-based therapies, Azadirachta indica (neem) emerges as one of the leading medicinal plants due to its wide range of compounds with antioxidant and cytotoxic activities. This study analysed the A. indica leaf methanol extract for its antibacterial activity against Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus) and Gram-negative (Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli) bacteria using the agar diffusion assay with methanol extracts of varying concentrations (5%, 10%, 20%, and 40%) initially for S. aureus and P. aeruginosa. Later, methanol extracts with concentrations of 0.5%, 1.0%, 1.5%, and 2.0% were used for S. aureus and E. coli. Gentamicin was used as a positive control. The results indicated the antibacterial activity of the A. indica leaf methanol extract against all three bacteria, irrespective of the concentration used. However, compared to gentamicin, the antibacterial activity of A. indica was relatively lower. These findings indicate the potential of A. indica as a plant-based antibacterial agent, offering an alternative or complementary treatment strategy to combat antibiotic/multidrug resistance. Further clinical studies/trials on the leaf extract are required to ensure its safety for human use.

 

Author (s) Details

Neema Kumari
Department of Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, Banasthali Vidyapith, Rajasthan-304022, India and Department of Microbiology, Malla Reddy Institute of Medical Sciences, Suraram, Hyderabad-500055, Telangana, India.

 

Niketa Jaiswal
Department of Biotechnology, Banasthali Vidyapith, Rajasthan-304022, India.

 

Mamta Sharma
Department of Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, Banasthali Vidyapith, Rajasthan-304022, India.

 

Poonam
Department of Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, Banasthali Vidyapith, Rajasthan-304022, India.

 

Pranjul Asthana
Department of Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, Banasthali Vidyapith, Rajasthan-304022, India.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/crpbs/v4/3012

Indian Honey Exports in Context to Standards of the International Market | Chapter 6 | Business, Management and Economics: Research Progress Vol. 7

The honey bee has a significant number of antioxidants and flavonoids. These benefits have heightened honey's appeal in the home remedy market, establishing it as a prominent product in the organic sector. The honey bee is one of humanity's most significant insects. Bees and humans are two of the rare species that complement one another. By 2025, the organic honey market is expected to grow to a value of 923.6 million US dollars worldwide. China leads the world in honey production volume (31.4%), followed by Turkey (6.9%), Russia (5%), Iran (5%), and other nations (approximately 41% combined). The workflow involved in exporting Indian honey from farmers to manufacturers is covered in this study chapter, along with the legal specifications needed to export Indian honey to the global market. The last two years have seen a major slowdown in the growth of the Indian honey business due to a decrease in export orders. Measures implemented by the national bee board to reinvigorate the industry have been discussed. In addition to routine authenticity testing, the presence of natural chemicals like pinocembrin, apigenin, cardamomin, luteolin, quercetin, chrysin, and tectorigenin in honey can help determine its country of origin. NBB must accurately align export data with beekeeper colony production data.

 

Author (s) Details

Shanmuganathan S
Department of International Business, Alagappa University, Karaikudi, India.

 

Gopalsamy S
Department of International Business, Alagappa University, Karaikudi, India.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/bmerp/v7/2895

Enhancing Antibacterial Activity through Structural Modification by Benzenesulfonylation of Methyl α-D-Glucopyranoside | Chapter 2 | Recent Developments in Chemistry and Biochemistry Research Vol. 8

The significance of carbohydrates necessitates the development of a new approach to producing prescription drugs based on carbohydrates in the current context of global health and illness. This study investigated the synthesis of a novel series of benzenesulfonyl derivatives of methyl α-D-glucopyranoside (MGP) by reacting benzenesulfonyl chloride in pyridine followed by direct acylation to yield a 6-O-benzenesulfonyl derivative (2). To obtain newer products for antibacterial evaluation studies, the 6-O-benzenesulfonyl derivative was further transformed into a series of 2,3,4-tri-O-acyl derivatives (3--11) containing a wide variety of functionalities in a single-molecule framework. To determine the structures of these derivatives, spectral and elemental analyses were performed. In vitro, antibacterial screening was performed against two gram-positive and two gram-negative human pathogenic bacterial strains. The D-glucopyranoside derivatives exhibited moderate to good antibacterial activities. Interestingly, the proposed compounds showed greater sensitivity against gram-negative bacteria than against gram-positive bacteria. In conclusion, the outcomes of this work indicate that benzenesulfonyl-based MGP compounds have significant potential as antibacterial agents for treating infectious diseases.

 

Author (s) Details

 

Sarkar M. A. Kawsar
Laboratory of Carbohydrate and Nucleoside Chemistry (LCNC), Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Chittagong, Chittagong-4331, Bangladesh.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/rdcbr/v8/2614 

In-vitro Evaluation on the Antimicrobial Potential of Allium sativum L. (Garlic) and Allium cepa L. (Onion) against Clinically Relevant Bacterial and Fungal Strains | Chapter 6 | Research Perspectives of Microbiology and Biotechnology Vol. 8

Synthetic drug adversities and emerging multi-drug-resistant microbial invasions pose a serious threat in unveiling natural counterparts of which phytochemicals are the best choice. Antimicrobial studies (disk-diffusion method) tested against Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proteus mirabilis, Enterobacter species, Bacillus subtilis, Enterococcus species and Staphylococcus aureus, Candida albicans and Aspergillus niger using onion and garlic fresh extract, aqueous dilution as well as by combining both pure extracts (1:1) proves its potentiality with significant antimicrobial activity. Both extracts can serve as a powerful broad-spectrum antibiotic having comparable or even better activity to that of the control. Pure onion extract exhibits better activity against Enterococcus species (19.3mm against 17mm) whereas pure garlic extract (1:1) shows remarkable activity (18.3mm against 17mm) for Enterobacter species. Moreover, aqueous garlic extract shows a pronounced effect even against the selected gram-positive species also compared to its pure counterpart. Synergism records an appreciable activity against all the selected bacterial as well as fungal species comparable to that of the control itself proving its potentiality as a broad-spectrum antibiotic.

 

Author (s) Details

 

Nivetha. S.
Department of Chemistry, Arignar Anna College, Aralvoimozhy, Tamil Nadu, India.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/rpmab/v8/3522

Antioxidant and Antibacterial Activities of Catharanthus roseus and Ocimum basilicum: Indian Traditional Medicinal Plants | Chapter 7 | Innovations in Biological Science Vol. 5

 

The objective of the present study was to evaluate the in vitro antioxidant and antibacterial activities of methanol extracts of Catharanthus roseus and Ocimum basilicum. Plants are a rich source of therapeutic compounds that have tremendous applications in the pharmaceutical industry. Medicinal plants have been used to treat human diseases for thousands of years because they have a vast and diverse assortment of organic compounds that can produce a definite physiological action on the human body. The methanol extracts of the leaves were used to investigate the antioxidant activity using DPPH (2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) and superoxide radical scavenging assays. The disc diffusion method was employed to evaluate the antibacterial activities of four major infective pathogenic agents, namely, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Bacillus subtilis. Phytochemical screening of the extract shows that the plant leaves are rich in flavonoids, alkaloids, glycosides, saponins, steroids, terpenoids, tannins and phenolic compounds. Both the plant extracts exhibited strong DPPH and superoxide radical scavenging activities in a dose-dependent manner. The DPPH scavenging activities by Catharanthus roseus and Ocimum basilicum extracts were found to be 78.62±5.4% and 62.72± 4.2%, respectively. At the concentration of 100 µg/ml, the superoxide radical-scavenging activities of methanol extracts of Catharanthus roseus and Ocimum basilicum were found to be 72.36±3.21 and 68.76±3.16, respectively. Moreover, both the extracts showed a remarkable inhibition of bacterial growth at a concentration of 300 μg/ml compared to the two other doses tested (100 and 200 μg/ml). The overall results of this study can be considered as very promising in the perspective of obtaining new drugs from plant sources, especially when the medical importance of the tested microorganisms is considered. The current research offers experimental proof that the leaves of Ocimum basilicum and Catharanthus roseus possess potential antibacterial and antioxidant properties, suggesting that they could be employed as a safe treatment for infectious diseases. Further studies are warranted to elucidate and understand the antioxidants and antibacterial constituents / active principles of these plants using various biochemical and molecular biology tools such as LC/MS and GC/MS and in vivo studies.

 

Author(s)details:-

 

Rajamanickam Karthika
Department of Biochemistry, Mohamed Sathak College of Arts and Science, Affiliated to University of Madras, Chennai - 600 119, Tamil Nadu, India.

 

Packirisamy Meenatchi
Department of Biochemistry, Mohamed Sathak College of Arts and Science, Affiliated to University of Madras, Chennai - 600 119, Tamil Nadu, India and Department of Biochemistry, Bharathidasan University Constituent College for Women, Orathanadu 614 625, Thanjavur-District, Tamil Nadu, India.

Ramalingam Sundaram
Central Research Laboratory, Meenakshi Ammal Dental College and Hospital, Maduravoyal, Tamil Nadu, India.

 

Ayyakkannu Purushothaman
Department of Biochemistry, Mohamed Sathak College of Arts and Science, Affiliated to University of Madras, Chennai - 600 119, Tamil Nadu, India and Department of Biochemistry & Microbiology, PERI College of Arts and Science (Affiliated to University of Madras), PERI Knowledge Park, Chennai - 600 048, Tamil Nadu, India.

 

Please See the book here :-  https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/ibs/v5/213

Nano-Crystalline Tricalcium Silicate Bio-cement: Fabrication, Characterization and Antibacterial Activity| Chapter 7 | Current Innovations in Chemical and Materials Sciences Vol. 9

 

The synthesis of tricalcium silicate phases in nanoscale particles was achieved by two distinct techniques: the solid-state reaction and the sol-gel approach. The solid-state procedure depends on the direct firing of a mixture of molar ratios of ultra-pure calcium carbonate and silicon dioxide at around 1500°C, whereas the sol-gel method is dependent on when calcium nitrate tetrahydrate and tetraethyl orthosilicate combine at pH = 4.5, a C3S gel is created. An investigation was conducted to compare the two produced powders using various techniques such as infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), pH values, calcium ion concentration, micro-hardness test, and X-ray diffraction analysis. The agar diffusion method is used to assess the antibacterial activity of free-released Ca2+ ions. The results show that compared to the sample made using a solid-state process, the C3S powder synthesized using the sol-gel approach has higher chemical reactivity with an increasing rate of hydration reaction. The sol-gel sample has a higher pH and calcium ion concentration, a more alkaline hydration medium, improved hardness values, and a faster setting time. The test sol-gel sample's higher influence from Ca ions generated throughout the hydration process allowed it to demonstrate substantially better antibacterial activity.

Author(s) Details:

Ass. Prof. H. K. Abd El-Hamid,
Department of Refractories, Ceramics and Building Materials, National Research Centre (NRC), Dokki, 12622, Cairo, Egypt.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/CICMS-V9/article/view/14338

A Review on the Antibacterial Property of Curcuma longa L. | Chapter 1 | Research Perspectives of Microbiology and Biotechnology Vol. 1

 The utilization of herbal products as therapeutics and nutraceuticals is becoming more prevalent in today’s world. Novel medicinal plants with their natural biomolecules are being analysed to provide effective alternative to the synthetic chemical drugs being used in disease treatments. The present review is a comprehensive enumeration of the reports of antibacterial potential of turmeric - Curcuma longa L., which also has a number of other various pharmacological activities. The significant pharmacological properties of the plant are by virtue of the polyphenolic compounds, curcumin. The investigations already done by different workers have emphasized the remarkable potential of turmeric extract, both aqueous and alcoholic, to inhibit bacterial growth. The essential oil extract of the rhizome and leaves of turmeric have been reported to show remarkable inhibitory effect on a wide spectrum of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. This plant proved to be a promising candidate for usage as an antibacterial product in many endodontic treatment cases. The evidences provided in this review would encourage more experimental approaches regarding the antibacterial activity of C. longa in diverse fields using modern techniques like nanotechnology.

Author(s) Details:

Sonali Ray,
Department of Botany, Surendranath College, Kolkata-700009, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/RPMAB-V1/article/view/13758

Molecular Docking, Synthesis, Characterization of Sulphamethoxazole Schiff Base Metal Complexes and its Antibacterial, Anti-Inflammatory and Anti Depressant Activity | Chapter 9 | Advanced Concepts in Pharmaceutical Research Vol. 1

 The aim of the study is to create mineral complexes that are above schiff's base using metals like copper, hardware, and metallic material, as well as to synthesis schiff's base, an uncontaminated medication, utilizing aromatic organic compounds like p-diethyl amino benzyldehyde and p-dimethyl amino benzyldehyde. Schiff bases are adjustable organic compounds that are widely used and synthesized by abridgment reaction of various amino compound with aldehydes or ketones known as imine. Schiff base ligands are thought-out as privileged ligands as they are plainly synthesized by condensation. The combined schiff’s bases were regenerate to allure ion Schiff bases by treating with methyl group halide. The ion Schiff bases were rejuvenate to metal composites by treating with metals like CuCl2, ZnCl2 and CdCl2. All the combined compounds were characterised by Elemental analysis, IR and 1H proton drawing resonance.  Docking study was performed to experience the interaction of binding sites accompanying protein receptor using MAO-B enzymes (PDB ID: 2BK5) and COX-2 enzyme (PDB ID: 5IKR) by Virtual Screening operating system for Computational Drug Discovery. Synthesized metal aggregates were evaluated for antibacterial, antagonistic inflammatory and antidepressant endeavor. Copper metal complexes demonstrated potent decontaminating and anti-inflammatory endeavor. Significant anti-sedative activity was shown for 2A2 and 2B2 metallic mineral metal aggregates.

Author(s) Details:

Mugdivari Sangeetha,
Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Vels Institute of Science, Technology and Advanced Studies (VISTAS), Pallavaram, Chennai-600117, Tamilnadu, India.

R. Gandhimathi,
Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Vels Institute of Science, Technology and Advanced Studies (VISTAS), Pallavaram, Chennai-600117, Tamilnadu, India.

Shushma Voggu,
Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Vels Institute of Science, Technology and Advanced Studies (VISTAS), Pallavaram, Chennai-600117, Tamilnadu, India.

Jammula Prathyusha,
Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Vels Institute of Science, Technology and Advanced Studies (VISTAS), Pallavaram, Chennai-600117, Tamilnadu, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/ACPR-V1/article/view/12080

Galactopyranoside Derivatives as Potential Antibacterial Therapeutic Drugs for Pharmaceutical Uses | Chapter 8 | Novel Aspects on Chemistry and Biochemistry Vol. 6

Carbohydrate products are an important part of biochemical and healing studies, so it is important to understand their allure and biochemistry. Carbohydrates, the most handy organic biomolecules, remain an appealing research subject for scientists on account of their vital role in organic systems. Previously, a group of methyl-D-galactopyranoside (MGP, 1) descendants were synthesized, and their structures were distinguished. In vitro biological tests against five microorganisms and two fungi, as well as the forecast of activity spectra for elements (PASS), revealed that the antifungal and uncontaminated activities were greater than their antiviral exercises. On the basis of their uncontaminated properties, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum completely clean concentration (MBC) experiments were administered on derivatives 3 and 9 to decide their MIC and MBC. The mycelial growth of fungi was inhibited by >780% by most of these compounds. The synthetic descriptors and thermodynamic properties were determined using density working theory (DFT). Additionally, microscopic docking was conducted against decontaminating drug targets, expressly PDB: 4QDI, 5A5E, 7D27, 1ZJI, 3K8E, and 2MRW, as well as antifungal drug targets, that is to say, PDB: 1EA1 and 1AI9. The objective was to label potential drug candidates for microbial pathogens. Stable shape and binding patterns were observed in a fascinating atmosphere using a microscopic dynamics simulation accompanying a duration of 100 ns. All of the settled -MGP derivatives exhibited potential in silico pharmacokinetic studies due to their improved kinetic characteristics and discounted aquatic and nonaquatic toxicities. The recently synthesized MGP products were shown to be hopeful antibacterial/antifungal nominees based on the results of biological, makeup-activity connection (SAR) [lauroyl-(CH3(CH2)10CO- group was found to have potential] and in silico computational analyses and can be a part of therapeutic drug marks for pharmaceutical uses.

Author(s) Details:

Sarkar M. A. Kawsar,
Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Carbohydrate and Nucleoside Chemistry (LCNC), Faculty of Science, University of Chittagong, Chittagong-4331, Bangladesh.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/NACB-V6/article/view/11720

Determination of Antibacterial, Anticancer, Catalytic, and Antioxidant Activities of Green Synthesized Silver Nanoparticles Derived from Alternanthera sessilis Leaf Extract | Chapter 11 | Research Advances in Microbiology and Biotechnology Vol. 5

 The study evaluates the biogenesis of Ag NPs utilizing an liquid extract of Alternanthera sessilis (Linn) leaf (A.S).  Green nanotechnology is a novel field that employs green allure to generate nanoparticles Biological NP combination approaches provide up new hope for NP synthesis by taking advantage of natural lowering and stabilizing powers. It is a less expensive and more environmentally companionable alternative to chemical and physical processes because it does not demand any strength or toxic factors. The formation of Ag NPs was rooted by UV-vis spectra study. The UV-visible spectrophotometer obtained a different peak at 420 nm, the XRD validated the Transparent FCC nature of biogenic Ag NPs, and the FTIR and Zeta-potential (±14) tests told that phyto-chemicals were being the reason for Ag NP reduction and counterweight. TEM analysis disclosed a spherical shape with a capacity of about 24 nm. According to FTIR and Zeta-potential examinations, the terpenoids and alkaloids in the liquid extract of A.sessilis leaves acted as lowering and capping powers to stabilise the produced Ag NPs. Biogenic Ag NPs further displayed antioxidant, decontaminating, and catalytic activity against DPPH and ABTS+., two Gram beneficial and two Gram negative microorganisms, and Various dyes (MB,Mo,CV,RhB,EY), individually.The tests also told that Ag NPs were more effective against Gramme negative microorganisms than Gramme positive microorganisms in terms of antibacterial exercise. Additionally, they manifested that Hela cells and the MCF-7 bosom cancer container line were resistant to the anticancer belongings of Ag NPs. Stronger anticancer belongings are produced at higher doses.

Author(s) Details:

B. HariBabu,
Department of Chemistry, M.A.L.D Govt. Degree College, Palamuru University, Gadwal-509125, Telangana-76, India.

G. Vijaya Lakshmi,
Department of Chemistry, University College for Women, Koti, Osmania University, Hyderabad-500009, Telangana, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/RAMB-V5/article/view/10489

Comparative Study of Bacteriocin and Antibiotics Employed to Treat Upper Respiratory Tract Infections in Local Population of District Sargodha, Punjab, Pakistan | Chapter 6 | Research Advances in Microbiology and Biotechnology Vol. 4

 Anti-biotic fighting is aggravated worldwide. Frequently captured infections in the way that respiratory infections produced by bacteria are occasionally found resistant. The present study was engaged to isolate antibiotic opposing bacteria being the reason for upper respiratory area infections (URTI) and to reveal the approximate efficacy of bacteriocin accompanying generally used medicines. Three bacterial strains (Moraxella catarrhalis, Neisseria meningitidis and Alcaligenes sargodhrensis) were identified and private from throat swabs of 391 patients of URTI populating the District Sargodha. Bacteriocin was attained from L. acidophilus following standard available processes. Molecular characterization of bacteriocin was still executed using SDS-PAGE. To pass the comparative study of bacteriocin and commercially applicable antibiotics, varied concentrations of medicines were used against purified bacteriocin. The effects of this research work revealed that normal micro vegetation of throat is upholding the pathogenic bacterial strains. Alcaligenes sargodhrensis was found to be novel strain in this place study based on results of ribotyping and Phylogenetic relationship accompanying Alcaligenes family. All strains (Moraxella catarrhalis, Neisseria meningitidis and Alcaligenes sargodhrensis) were erect resilient to antibiotics (moxifloxacin, ciprofloxacin, levofloxicin, medicine and erythromycin) at more and less degree. Activity of bacteriocin was establish analogous accompanying antibiotics to control the developing medicines resistance between bacterial strains. The present study proposes bacteriocin as innocuous combine of antibiotics as it not only has anti-bacterial venture comparable accompanying antibiotic drugs but also it strengthens the invulnerable system against bacterial explosion.

Author(s) Details:

Faiza Zubair,
Department of Zoology, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/RAMB-V4/article/view/10132

Antioxidant and Antibacterial Content of Methanolic Extract of Ocimum sanctum and Acalypha indica | Chapter 9 | Current Topics on Chemistry and Biochemistry Vol. 9

 Plants rich in subordinate metabolites could be a drug beginning for many untreatable disorders. Being common in the neighborhood, Acalypha indica and Ocimum sanctum were preferred for antioxidant and antimicrobial studies. Bacterial species E.coli, Klebsiella pneumonia, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterobacter, Proteus mirabilis, Enterococcus, Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus were proven against the methanolic extract of two together the plant species acquired by cold maceration means. O.altar exhibit a better antioxidant content (258.25 µg/ml GAE and 94 µg/ml QE) with better decontaminating activity against all the class with a maximum of 17mm against E. coli.

Author(s) Details:

S. Nivetha,
Arignar Anna College, Aralvoimozhy, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/CTCB-V9/article/view/9979

Antibacterial and Antifungal Activity of Carica papaya L. Seed Extracts: A Recent Study| Chapter 9| Challenges and Advances in Pharmaceutical Research Vol. 10

 Antimicrobial powers are abundant in medicinal plants. Many strong and useful cures are derived from medicinal plants, that are used in various nations. Carica papaya roots, crops, bark, seeds, and pulp have existed shown to have therapeutic belongings. It has been used to treat conditions in the way that eczema, warts, sinusitis, cutaneous tubercles, upset stomach, blood pressure, amenorrhoea, and constipation. Carica fruit is a more important medicinal spice that is used as a traditional medicine for the treatment of various disorders all over the world. Carica fruit seeds were approved and rooted in some studies for their productive anthelmintic properties against nematodes found in mammals.  It is a member of the Caricaceae family. Carica fruit (Papaya) seeds were gleaned using a soxhlet apparatus utilizing solvents such as flammable liquid, methanol, and chloroform. The completely clean and antifungal activity of extracts at differing concentrations (50, 100, and 150 μg/ml) was examined using the agar plate diffusion method accompanying three gramme positive, three gramme negative microorganisms, and two fungal species. For antibacterial and antifungal ventures, gentamicin and fluconazole were chosen as standard medicines. Methanol and toxin extracts inhibited gramme negative germs in a more excellent manner than ethanol extract. Ethanol and poison extracts demonstrated a larger district of inhibition (10-15 mm) than methanol extract for gramme helpful microorganisms. Candida albicans exhibited a 15, 16 mm district of inhibition in chloroform and intoxicating extracts at concentrations of 150 μg/ml, respectively. Similarly, Aspergillus niger exhibited a district of inhibition of 11, 13 mm in 150 μg/ml methanol and solvent extracts, respectively. According to the judgments of these investigations, Carica papaya children extracts have very strong antibacterial and antifungal venture in both intoxicating and chloroform extracts.

Author(s) Details:

S. Sundar,
Department of Pharmacology, Vijaya Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences for Women, Enikepadu, Vijayawada, Krishna District, Andhra Pradesh, India.

K. Padmalatha,
Department of Pharmacology, Vijaya Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences for Women, Enikepadu, Vijayawada, Krishna District, Andhra Pradesh, India.

A. Jayarami Reddy,
Department of Pharmacology, Vijaya Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences for Women, Enikepadu, Vijayawada, Krishna District, Andhra Pradesh, India.

A. Bhavana,
Department of Pharmacology, Vijaya Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences for Women, Enikepadu, Vijayawada, Krishna District, Andhra Pradesh, India.

N. K. S. Neeraja,
Department of Pharmacology, Vijaya Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences for Women, Enikepadu, Vijayawada, Krishna District, Andhra Pradesh, India.

S. Jaya Sai Keertana,
Department of Pharmacology, Vijaya Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences for Women, Enikepadu, Vijayawada, Krishna District, Andhra Pradesh, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/CAPR-V10/article/view/8803

Application of Medicinal Plant Synthesized Silver Nanoparticles on Seedling Growth and Antimicrobial Efficacy- A Holistic Approach | Chapter 2 | Current Innovations in Medicine and Medical Science Vol. 4

 From collected leaf extracts of the plants Oldenlandia corymbosa, Euphorbia heterophylla, Heliotropium indicum, and Leonurus sibiricus, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were created. By using UV-VIS spectroscopy, a PSA, and Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis, the synthesised AgNPs were verified and described. We looked examined how AgNPs affected the vigna radiata seedling evaluation and the effectiveness of pathogenic bacterial species' antibacterial defences. Compared to control seeds, seeds treated with concentration-varying manufactured AgNPs demonstrated a greater activity for seedling growth at 0.6 gm/mL concentration. Furthermore, at a dosage of 75 g/mL, bactericidal activity was greater against Gram-negative bacteria than against Gram-positive bacteria. Thus, biobased nano-treated seeds were employed in place of chemical fertilisers to expose seedlings in agricultural areas, reducing environmental risks and enhancing a sustainable agricultural ecosystem. Additionally, silver nano made in these labs from biobased materials is utilised to stop the spread of dangerous microorganisms.

Author(s) Details:

Sk Md Abu Imam Saadi,
Department of Biological Sciences, Aliah University, IIA/27, New Town, Kolkata-700160, West Bengal, India.

Sk Saruk Islam,
Department of Zoology, Raja N.L. Khan Women's College, Midnapore, West Bengal-721102,                  India.

Amal Kumar Mondal,
Department of Botany and Forestry, Vidyasagar University, Midnapore-721102, West Bengal,                  India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/CIMMS-V4/article/view/8391