Pathogen Detection on Inanimate Surfaces in Healthcare Institutions: Phenotype and Genotype Detection Methods | Chapter 3 | Medicine and Medical Research: New Perspectives Vol. 12

Aims: The persistence and transmission of microorganisms, especially in hospitals and other healthcare-associated facilities, are critical concerns in addressing healthcare-associated infections (HCAI). This comprehensive chapter addresses various facets of environmental hygiene and pathogen detection. Emphasis has been made on the importance of effective sanitation practices and advanced detection methods in mitigating healthcare-associated infections based on the results of 10 of our previously published studies on the detection and survival of pathogens on surfaces.

Methods: Studies on the detection of pathogens on surfaces are conducted using various phenotype and genotype methods using different databases. For the detection of pathogenic bacteria and fungi on surfaces, several incubation-based methods like contact plates, swabbing, elution, and some other methods can be used. In contrast, genotype methods such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR) offer a rapid alternative to phenotype incubation methods. The detection of viruses is mainly conducted using PCR for gene amplification, followed by virus isolation in cell cultures.

Results and Discussion: Hospital surfaces can harbour microorganisms for extended periods, significantly contributing to nosocomial infections. Amidst the COVID-19 pandemic, understanding surface contamination by SARS-CoV-2 became paramount. Implementing rigorous sanitation measures and continuous hygiene monitoring, including regular employee education on hand hygiene are crucial in preventing recontamination. Hospital laundries are potential hotspots for pathogen transmission if textiles are not properly disinfected and handled. Microorganisms can survive on surfaces for various periods at different temperatures. Traditional methods for assessing surface cleanliness, involving surface sampling and classical incubation, are time-consuming methods that may take 2-4 days to analyse the results.

Conclusion: This chapter emphasizes the critical need for robust environmental hygiene protocols, advanced detection methods, and continuous monitoring to mitigate the risk of HCAIs. Implementing stringent sanitation measures, educating healthcare workers, and utilizing sensitive detection technologies are some of the essential strategies for the ongoing battle against healthcare-associated pathogens.

 

Author (s) Details

Sabina Fijan
Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Maribor, Žitna Ulica 15, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia.

 

Urška Rozman
Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Maribor, Žitna Ulica 15, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia.

 

Sonja Šostar Turk
Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Maribor, Žitna Ulica 15, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia.

 

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/mmrnp/v12/2626

Evaluation of the Antimicrobial Activity of the Leaf and Seed Extracts of Moringa oleifera on Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa | Chapter 4 | Research Perspectives of Microbiology and Biotechnology Vol. 7

The aim of the study was to ascertain the antimicrobial activities of the extract of Moringa oliferea leaf and seed, to compare the size of the inhibition zone on bacteria isolates, and to ascertain the different concentration of Moringa oleifera seed and leaf that shows inhibition. For thousands of years, ancient people depended mostly on flowers, barks, leaves and fruits of plants for medicine. Only recently have synthetic drugs, most of which are similar to compounds identified in plants, come into use. Information on the activities and curative actions of medicinal plants was obtained from the introduction of the European scientific method. Specifically, this study focused on the antimicrobial activity of alcohol (ethanol) and aqueous extracts of Moringa oleifera seed and leaf on Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The plant material of Moringa oleifera leaves and seeds used in this study was collected from Dilomat Farms and Service Limited in Rivers State University of Science and Technology, Nkpolu–Oroworuwku, Port Harcourt, Rivers State. The ethanol and aqueous extracts of the seed and leaf at a concentration of 10g/100ml and the diluted ethanol and aqueous extracts at concentrations of 0.1g/ml, 0.2g/ml, 0.4g/ml, 0.6g/ml and 0.8g/ml were impregnated into sterilized filter paper discs. Also, ethanol alone was impregnated into sterilized filter paper discs and used as a control. The agar disc diffusion method was adopted to obtain zones of inhibition. The zones of inhibition obtained for ethanol extract of Moringa oleifera seed for Staphylococcus aureus was 12 mm, Escherichia coli was 13 mm and Pseudomonas aerucginora was 10 mm. The ethanol extract of Moringa oleifera leaf gave an inhibitory zone of 11 mm for Staphylococcus aureus, 10mm for Escherichia coli, and 9mm for Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Different degrees of inhibition were observed for the diluted ethanol extracts of Moringa oleifera seed. The diluted ethanol extracts of Moringa oleifera leaf were resistant to the test organisms at concentrations of 0.1g/ml, and 0.6g/ml but were sensitive at concentrations of 0.8g/ml. The aqueous and diluted aqueous extracts of Moringa oleifera seed and leaf were resistant to the test organisms. The zones of inhibition obtained for ethanol alone on the test organisms ranged between 8mm and 10mm. The degree of the zone of inhibition differs, however, the ethanol extracts exhibited the highest inhibitory effect than the aqueous extracts. This study revealed that Moringa oleifera seed and leaf extracts are potential antimicrobial agents. It should be used successfully for treating food poisoning, wound, diarrhea, dysentery, boil, sexually transmitted diseases and arthritis caused by the test organisms. The addition of Moringa oleifera to meals is highly recommended. Additionally, there is a need for detailed scientific study of traditional medical practices to ensure that valuable therapeutic knowledge of some plants is preserved and to provide scientific evidence for their efficacies.

 

Author (s) Details

 

Mbata Christian A
Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Rivers State University of Science and Technology, Port Harcourt, Nigeria.

 

Adegoke O. Adebayo
Madonna University Elele, Rivers State, Nigeria.

 

Nwagu Chinyere
Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Imo State University, Owerri, Nigeria.

 

Dimkpa Cecilia
Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Rivers State University of Science and Technology, Port Harcourt, Nigeria.

 

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/rpmab/v7/2470

Antibacterial Potential of Methanolic Extracts from Azadirachta indica (Neem) Leaves against Gram-Positive and Gram-Negative Bacteria | Chapter 8 | Contemporary Research and Perspectives in Biological Science Vol. 4

With the increasing rate of antibiotic/multidrug resistance and the growing demand for plant-based therapies, Azadirachta indica (neem) emerges as one of the leading medicinal plants due to its wide range of compounds with antioxidant and cytotoxic activities. This study analysed the A. indica leaf methanol extract for its antibacterial activity against Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus) and Gram-negative (Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli) bacteria using the agar diffusion assay with methanol extracts of varying concentrations (5%, 10%, 20%, and 40%) initially for S. aureus and P. aeruginosa. Later, methanol extracts with concentrations of 0.5%, 1.0%, 1.5%, and 2.0% were used for S. aureus and E. coli. Gentamicin was used as a positive control. The results indicated the antibacterial activity of the A. indica leaf methanol extract against all three bacteria, irrespective of the concentration used. However, compared to gentamicin, the antibacterial activity of A. indica was relatively lower. These findings indicate the potential of A. indica as a plant-based antibacterial agent, offering an alternative or complementary treatment strategy to combat antibiotic/multidrug resistance. Further clinical studies/trials on the leaf extract are required to ensure its safety for human use.

 

Author (s) Details

Neema Kumari
Department of Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, Banasthali Vidyapith, Rajasthan-304022, India and Department of Microbiology, Malla Reddy Institute of Medical Sciences, Suraram, Hyderabad-500055, Telangana, India.

 

Niketa Jaiswal
Department of Biotechnology, Banasthali Vidyapith, Rajasthan-304022, India.

 

Mamta Sharma
Department of Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, Banasthali Vidyapith, Rajasthan-304022, India.

 

Poonam
Department of Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, Banasthali Vidyapith, Rajasthan-304022, India.

 

Pranjul Asthana
Department of Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, Banasthali Vidyapith, Rajasthan-304022, India.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/crpbs/v4/3012

Metallo Beta-Lactamase Resistance Mechanisms among Multi-Drug Resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa (MDRPA) | Chapter 9 | Research Advances in Microbiology and Biotechnology Vol. 9

 Background: Pseudomonas aeruginosa is one of the most important pathogens causing nosocomial infections, it is naturally resistant to many antimicrobial agents. It has a distinctive capacity to become resistant to many available antimicrobial agents via multiple mechanisms. One of the major clinical problems regarding Pseudomonas aeruginosa is attributed to the production of Metallo-Beta lactamase (MBL) enzymes. This group of enzymes is members of beta-lactamases which constitute Ambler class B that hydrolyze-carbapenems.

 

Aim: This study was carried out to find out the predominant resistance mechanisms among Multi-drug Resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa (MDRPA) and the prevalence of corresponding resistance genes.

 

Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional study, MDRPA isolates collected from various clinical samples for a period of one year from March 2015 to February 2016 were included to detect the predominant mechanism of resistance using phenotypic and molecular methods. Molecular characterization of all these isolates was done by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) for the presence of blaVIM2, blaIMP-1, blaOXA-23, and blaNDM-1 genes with specific primers.

 

Results: Among 120 MDRPA isolates 70 (58.33%) were MBL producers. Molecular characterization studied by PCR showed 15 (12.5%) of vim2 gene and only 2 (1.66%) of IMP 1 gene. None of the 120 MDRPA has produced OXA 23 and NDM gene in our study. MDRPA infections are likely to affect critically ill patients who require prolonged hospitalization. Infections with MDRPA are also associated with adverse clinical outcome. Strict isolation of patients infected with MDRPA and judicial use of antibiotics should be emphasized in order to prevent the spread of MDRPA infections.

 

Conclusion: The prevalence of MBLs has been increasing worldwide, particularly among P. aeruginosa, leading to severe limitations in the therapeutic options for the management. Thus, proper resistance screening measures and appropriate antibiotic policy can be strictly adopted by all the healthcare facility providers to overcome these superbugs.

Author(s) Details:

Mohammed Ansar Qureshi,
College of Medicine, Najran University, Najran, KSA.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/RAMB/article/view/13228

In vitro Antibacterial Activity of Direct Crude Extracts of Carica papaya Leaves and Allium sativum Cloves Alone and in Combination against Multidrug Resistant Bacterial Strains | Chapter 10 | Advanced Concepts in Pharmaceutical Research Vol. 7

 

Aim: Medicinal plants have potential pharmacological effect and Screening of natural extracts is a focused intensive study that aims to find active principles sorted from plant resources both safe and environmental friendly.

The present study was aimed to evaluate the antibacterial activity of direct crude extracts of Carica papaya leaves and Allium sativum cloves alone and in combination against multiple drug resistant strains.

Methods: The antibacterial potency of each plant extract individually and in combination was evaluated using five bacterial strains causing infections. Two Gram positive (Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus cereus) and three strains of Gram negative (Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) bacteria were used to evaluate the antibacterial activity of Carica papaya leaves and Allium sativum using Agar Disk Diffusion Method.

Results: The results revealed that Carica papaya leaves extract and Allium sativum cloves extracts were potentially effective in suppressing microbial growth with variable potency. The combination of extracts of both plants was found to be most effective combination in retarding microbial growth of all tested pathogenic bacteria at concentration of 10 mg/disc than individual extracts.

Conclusion:  The extracts have the potential to serve as natural alternatives for preventing food poisoning and preserving food while avoiding the potential health risks associated with the use of chemically antibacterial agents.

Author(s) Details:

Srividya Lonkala,
Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Beside LMD Police Station, Thimmapur, Karimnagar-505481, Telangana, India.

Prasadaswamy Thirunahari,
Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Beside LMD Police Station, Thimmapur, Karimnagar-505481, Telangana, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/ACPR-V7/article/view/13776

Phytochemicals and Bioactivities of Garcinia latissima Miq. Stem Bark | Chapter 9 | Novel Aspects on Pharmaceutical Research Vol. 8

Purpose: This study fixated on the ability to combat microorganisms of the ethyl acetate fraction of Garcinia latissima Miq. extract against Bacillus subtilis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, antioxidant and completely clean activity against B. subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus from G. latissima Miq. methanolic extract of stem bark, to explore and inquire explanations from G. latissima Miq. that inhibits the something which incites activity elastase. Successive maceration procedures carried out plant ancestry. Inhibition of elastase enzyme project was carried out by measuring the action of the enzyme N-succ-(Ala)-3- nitroanilide adaptation to p-nitroaniline (substrate) spectrophotometry at 405 nm and using pertaining to pigs pancreatic elastase (PPE) as an enzyme, to find the potential of unaffected skin lightening elements, from G. latissima Miq. and to assess the antibacterial endeavor of hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol extracts from the stem bark of G. latissima Miq.Techniques: For the paper plate defined all bacterium, the width of the inhibition district, while the antibacterial test was accomplished by bioautography, and the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) value was settled by microdilution. Gradient elution was used for the fractionation, accompanying a silica gel procession as the stationary stage. The degree of opposition-based separation was evenly increased while exploiting a combination of the eluents n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and intoxicating and carried out by pillar chromatography. The ability to be in a dispute or fight bacteria, the part of G. latissima Miq. stem bark was tested utilizing bioautography, the restriction zone approach, and littlest inhibitory concentration. The DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1picrylhydrazyl) and FRAP (Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power) methods were used to assess antioxidant project—successive process to make softer methods carried out plant origin. Inhibition of elastase enzyme endeavor was carried out by weighing the kinetics of the catalyst N-succ-(Ala)-3- nitroanilide conversion to p-nitroaniline (substrate) spectrophotometry at 405 nm and utilizing porcine pancreatic elastase (PPE) as the catalyst. Bark, fruit, and leaves of G. latissima Miq. extracted by following maceration. Tyrosinase inhibitory project assay was measured spectrophotometrically at 490 nm utilizing 3,4-dihydroxy-L-phenylalanine (L-DOPA) as substrate and kojic acid as a positive control. G. latissima Miq. was found in Bogor. A multilayer maceration ancestry method is used in this place investigation. The spread and broth something for dunking methods were used to judge antimicrobial activity.According to the verdicts, G. latissima Miq. methanol extract and extract of ethyl acetate are alive as elastase enzyme inhibitors. G. latissima Miq. extract can maintain skin stretchiness.Conclusion: The results of this study tell the most advantageous details and boost the long-term use of G. latissima Miq. bark in common medicinal systems.

Author(s) Details:

Neneng Siti Silfi Ambarwati,
Department of Cosmetology, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Negeri Jakarta, Jl. Rawamangun Muka, East Jakarta, Jakarta 13220, Indonesia.

Asya Aulia Nifa,
Department of Cosmetology, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Negeri Jakarta, Jl. Rawamangun Muka, East Jakarta, Jakarta 13220, Indonesia.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/NAPR-V8/article/view/11656

New Paradigm in Explaining Dry Socket: Case Studies| Chapter 7 | Perspective of Recent Advances in Medical Research Vol. 6

 Dry hole is considered as ultimate common complication following premolar extraction. It is principally manifested by harsh irradiating pain that start 1 to 4 days after dental distillation with a denuded cavity. Although many risk factors are guide it, no clear and direct cause has been specified to explain allure etiopathogenesis. Here, we suggest a new pathogenesis and management of Dry cavity based on new microbiological and dispassionate findings from 11 dispassionate cases.We present a series of 6 Dry cavity cases from which alveolar swabs have been captured for microbial exploration. Materials from the 6 cases were assign bacterial culture and susceptibleness testing. Microbiological results granted the presence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in 4 samples. Furthermore, the antibiogram showed nervousness to ciprofloxacin.Then, a serial of 11 cases opposing to local management, were doctored by ciprofloxacin that was prescribed at 500 mg 3 periods per day for 5 days. After taking medicines,9 patients knowledgeable complete relief in 12 to 24 hours. In addition to former laboratory data, this dispassionate outcome lends better credence to the plan that an infectious means contributes to the pathophysiology of Dry socket.

Author(s) Details:

Wael Khalil,
Lebanese University, Lebanon.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/PRAMR-V6/article/view/9152

A Compilation of Cases Suffering from Pneumonia Caused by Pseudomonas mosselli in Immunocompromised Patients | Chapter 7 | Innovations in Microbiology and Biotechnology Vol. 6

Background: Pseudomonas mosselli is a Gram-negative, rod-shaped, aerobic, non-sporing, motile bacterium that lives in the soil alongside plants and defends them from bacterial and fungal diseases by producing a range of chemicals. It results in opportunistic infections in immunosuppressed individuals. Fever, respiratory discomfort, and a purulent cough are the most typical respiratory infection manifestations. Our research aims to demonstrate the infectious potential of uncommon isolates like Pseudomonas mosselii in immunosuppressed individuals.

Three cases make up our case series. Case 1 had type 2 diabetes mellitus, chronic kidney disease, hypertension, and was also found to be SARS-CoV-2 positive by RT-PCR (Real time polymerase chain reaction). Case 2 had Takosubo cardiomyopathy and was on the verge of going into heart failure. Case 3 had advanced renal failure and was receiving steroid therapy as well as weekly dialysis. From respiratory samples of these individuals who had been hospitalised to a tertiary care facility, Pseudomonas mossellii was identified. Culture features, biochemical processes, and species identification using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight-mass spectrometry were used for identification (MALDI-TOF-MS).

In conclusion, immunocompromised people who contract opportunistic infections from Pseudomonas mosselii. It may readily be tested for antibiotic susceptibility after causing respiratory infections that can be treated with medicines.

Author(s) Details:

Mitra Kar,
Department of Microbiology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India.

Akanksha Dubey,
Department of Microbiology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India.

Chinmoy Sahu,
Department of Microbiology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India.

Sangram Singh Patel,
Department of Microbiology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/IMB-V6/article/view/7247