Pathogen Detection on Inanimate Surfaces in Healthcare Institutions: Phenotype and Genotype Detection Methods | Chapter 3 | Medicine and Medical Research: New Perspectives Vol. 12

Aims: The persistence and transmission of microorganisms, especially in hospitals and other healthcare-associated facilities, are critical concerns in addressing healthcare-associated infections (HCAI). This comprehensive chapter addresses various facets of environmental hygiene and pathogen detection. Emphasis has been made on the importance of effective sanitation practices and advanced detection methods in mitigating healthcare-associated infections based on the results of 10 of our previously published studies on the detection and survival of pathogens on surfaces.

Methods: Studies on the detection of pathogens on surfaces are conducted using various phenotype and genotype methods using different databases. For the detection of pathogenic bacteria and fungi on surfaces, several incubation-based methods like contact plates, swabbing, elution, and some other methods can be used. In contrast, genotype methods such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR) offer a rapid alternative to phenotype incubation methods. The detection of viruses is mainly conducted using PCR for gene amplification, followed by virus isolation in cell cultures.

Results and Discussion: Hospital surfaces can harbour microorganisms for extended periods, significantly contributing to nosocomial infections. Amidst the COVID-19 pandemic, understanding surface contamination by SARS-CoV-2 became paramount. Implementing rigorous sanitation measures and continuous hygiene monitoring, including regular employee education on hand hygiene are crucial in preventing recontamination. Hospital laundries are potential hotspots for pathogen transmission if textiles are not properly disinfected and handled. Microorganisms can survive on surfaces for various periods at different temperatures. Traditional methods for assessing surface cleanliness, involving surface sampling and classical incubation, are time-consuming methods that may take 2-4 days to analyse the results.

Conclusion: This chapter emphasizes the critical need for robust environmental hygiene protocols, advanced detection methods, and continuous monitoring to mitigate the risk of HCAIs. Implementing stringent sanitation measures, educating healthcare workers, and utilizing sensitive detection technologies are some of the essential strategies for the ongoing battle against healthcare-associated pathogens.

 

Author (s) Details

Sabina Fijan
Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Maribor, Žitna Ulica 15, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia.

 

Urška Rozman
Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Maribor, Žitna Ulica 15, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia.

 

Sonja Šostar Turk
Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Maribor, Žitna Ulica 15, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia.

 

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/mmrnp/v12/2626

Rotavirus Genotypes in Children under the Age of Five with Acute Diarrhoea in Asokoro District Hospital, Abuja, Nigeria| Chapter 3 | Innovations in Microbiology and Biotechnology Vol. 8

 The present study aims to recognize the predominant rotavirus genotypes and test the effects of existing local immunization programs on prevailing rotavirus genotypes and on forestalling rotavirus diarrhoea. The rotavirus immunization was supposed to be amounted to Nigeria's National Immunization Program in 2014, however this hasn't took place yet. Nigeria has preeminent supporter death rate on the continent from diarrheal diseases, yet skilled is little knowledge about particular, common rotavirus genotypes.A one-year potential descriptive study of adolescents under 5 with severe diarrhoea was conducted from June 2018 to May 2019. Children accompanying acute looseness of the bowels attending Asokoro District Hospital, Abuja. Children outside diarrhoea were also inducted as a control group. Rotavirus ELISA and RNA extraction were accomplished commercially available kits, and helpful samples were subjected to RT-PCR and electrophoresis to determine VP7 (G) and VP4 (P) genotypes.Rotavirus-ELISA was helpful among 231 (17.8%) toddlers with looseness of the bowels and 29 (2.2%) of controls, with November, December identified as peak for rotavirus contaminations. The predominant VP7 genotypes was G1 (n=116, 50.2%) understood by G9 (n=66, 28.5%). Viral Protein, VP4 (P) was mostly P [8] (n=143, 74.8%) trailed by P [4] (n=21, 10.9%). The predominant genotype combinations establish were G1 P [8] (n=108, 46.7%), G9 P [8] (n=62, 26.8%), and G2 P [4] (n=18, 7.7%). Very few mixed contaminations were found in the study, 2 (0.8%). Among 94 unvaccinated minors with rotavirus isolates that were genotyped, G1 P [8] (n=88, 49.4%) and G9 P [8] (n=43, 24.1%) were predominant. Among 32 immunized children, G1 P [8] (n=13, 40.2%) and G9 P [8] (n=9, 28.1%) were ruling.The results affirm the projected (but postponed) introduction of the rotavirus immunization in Nigeria but highlight the need for sufficient capital for virological and quality confident surveillance to track this. Additionally, the future influence of the vaccination concede possibility be threatened for one appearance of new rotavirus genotypic combinations. In the future, the use of a pentavalent cure may be overthrown by an enemy into consideration.

Author(s) Details:

B. Balarabe-Musa,
Department of Biological Sciences, University of Abuja, Nigeria.

N. T. Dabo,
Department of Biological Sciences, Bayero University Kano, Nigeria.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/IMB-V8/article/view/8517

Epidemiology of Cryptosporidium and Rotavirus Diarrhoea in Children under the Age of Five in Asokoro District Hospital, Abuja, Nigeria | Chapter 9 | Innovations in Microbiology and Biotechnology Vol. 7

 In Abuja, Nigeria, a hospital setting over a year, this study aims to assess some of the clinical indicators, causes, and mortality linked to severe diarrhea in children under the age of five. In Nigeria, where there is a high frequency of Rotavirus and Cryptosporidium and little understanding of the specific etiology, diarrhea is the second leading cause of death in children. The Federal Capital Territory of Nigeria, Abuja, hosted the one-year cross-sectional survey. According to the 2006 population census, Nigeria has a total population of 150 million people, of which 5 million people lived in Abuja between June 2018 and May 2019.

With commercially available kits, ELISA tests for Rotavirus and Cryptosporidium were conducted.

Stool samples were taken from 1450 participants, of whom 156 (10.7%) were controls without diarrhea, 109 (7.5%) were hospitalized, and 1185 (81.7%) were ambulatory participants. With August and September being the peak months for infection, 274 (21.1%) children with diarrhea and 23 (1.7%) children without diarrhea tested positive for cryptosporidium-ELISA. 231 (17.8%) children with diarrhea and 29 (2.2%) controls tested positive for rotavirus using ELISA, with the peak months being November, December, and January. The most vulnerable age group for both Rotavirus (39.8%) and Cryptosporidium (37.2%) infections was 12 to 17-month-old children. Pediatric illnesses like Rotavirus and Cryptosporidium are serious, especially in the unvaccinated children of Abuja. It will be important to build local and national infrastructure for diarrhoeal illness monitoring and give access to virological and parasite stool testing in order to track the proposed vaccine program, particularly for Rotavirus. The results of this study will help with the planning of the rotavirus vaccine's potential inclusion in the National Immunization Program and set a baseline for evaluating the vaccine's impact on prevalence if it is incorporated in Nigeria's immunization program.

Author(s) Details:

B. Balarabe-Musa,
Department of Biological Sciences, University of Abuja, Nigeria.

N. T. Dabo,
Department of Biological Sciences, Bayero University, Kano, Nigeria.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/IMB-V7/article/view/8058