Association between Candida in Oral Submucous Fibrosis and Oral Lichen Planus | Chapter 7 | Research Perspectives of Microbiology and Biotechnology Vol. 6

Candida species are component of oral micro flora with prevalence of 3-70%, and are generally regarded as being commensals, hence probable role of candida in oral carcinogenesis cannot be excluded. Various microbiological studies suggest association of candida with potentially malignant lesions. Pathogenicity of candida depends on many factors such as; nutritional disorders, diabetes mellitus, long-term antibiotic or corticosteroid use, head and neck cancer, radiation therapy and HIV infections.

 

Oral Submucous fibrosis (OSMF) is considered a as a high-risk precancerous condition that is associated with chewing areca nut. This is noticed that OSMF, patients show Candida colonization and further leading to malignant transformation. Similarly Oral Lichen Planus (OLP) is an autoimmune potentially malignant disorder. Recently researchers have noticed pathogenic microorganisms, such as Candida albicans in patients with oral lichen planus. Few studies have suggested that symptoms of Oral Lichen Planus may be exacerbated by candida overgrowth or infection. According to our findings; higher candida carriage revealed in OSMF+ OLP groups (23.3%); as compared to controls (10%). The species level findings showed 13.3% of candida albicans in OSMF+ OLP and6.7% in controls, candida krusei 6.7% in OSMF+ OLP and 3.3% in controls and non-candida albicans were 10% in OSMF+ OLP and 6.7% in control group respectively.

 

Conclusion: The association of candida species with potentially malignant disorders such as OSMF and OLP aggravate to malignancies through secondary infections. So early assessment of these microbes in preliminary state of cancers can avoid further complications and help for better interventions.

 

 

Author (s) Details.

Ashok Vikey
Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Govt. College of Dentistry, MPMSU, Indore, M.P., India.

 

Astha Pusame
Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Govt. College of Dentistry, MPMSU, Indore, M.P., India.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/rpmab/v6/1477

 

The Use of Marine Algae as a Denture Cleanser: A Narrative Review | Chapter 3 | Research Perspectives of Microbiology and Biotechnology Vol. 6

 

Denture usage is increasing in the geriatric society, and denture stomatitis is one of the problems faced by the majority of denture wearers. Denture stomatitis is not merely a result of Candida albicans; it is formed by a biofilm of various species. Several mechanical and chemical methods have been employed, and many studies have tested the antifungal properties of commercially available denture cleansers and other agents such as coconut oil and eucalyptus oil. Marine bioactive products like seaweed have also been used. The brown seaweed Sargassum polycystum and Turbinaria conoides have antifungal and antibacterial activity. There is a need for further studies to be conducted to evaluate the efficacy of the seaweeds available.

 

Author (s) Details

Shivasakthy Manivasakan
Department of Prosthodontics and Crown and Bridge, Indira Gandhi Institute of Dental sciences, Sri Balaji Vidyapeeth University, Puducherry, India.

 

Gogula Sree Roopa
Department of Prosthodontics and Crown and Bridge, Indira Gandhi Institute of Dental sciences, Sri Balaji Vidyapeeth University, Puducherry, India.

 

David Livingstone
Department of Prosthodontics and Crown and Bridge, Indira Gandhi Institute of Dental sciences, Sri Balaji Vidyapeeth University, Puducherry, India.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/rpmab/v6/1692

Pathogen Detection on Inanimate Surfaces in Healthcare Institutions: Phenotype and Genotype Detection Methods | Chapter 3 | Medicine and Medical Research: New Perspectives Vol. 12

Aims: The persistence and transmission of microorganisms, especially in hospitals and other healthcare-associated facilities, are critical concerns in addressing healthcare-associated infections (HCAI). This comprehensive chapter addresses various facets of environmental hygiene and pathogen detection. Emphasis has been made on the importance of effective sanitation practices and advanced detection methods in mitigating healthcare-associated infections based on the results of 10 of our previously published studies on the detection and survival of pathogens on surfaces.

Methods: Studies on the detection of pathogens on surfaces are conducted using various phenotype and genotype methods using different databases. For the detection of pathogenic bacteria and fungi on surfaces, several incubation-based methods like contact plates, swabbing, elution, and some other methods can be used. In contrast, genotype methods such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR) offer a rapid alternative to phenotype incubation methods. The detection of viruses is mainly conducted using PCR for gene amplification, followed by virus isolation in cell cultures.

Results and Discussion: Hospital surfaces can harbour microorganisms for extended periods, significantly contributing to nosocomial infections. Amidst the COVID-19 pandemic, understanding surface contamination by SARS-CoV-2 became paramount. Implementing rigorous sanitation measures and continuous hygiene monitoring, including regular employee education on hand hygiene are crucial in preventing recontamination. Hospital laundries are potential hotspots for pathogen transmission if textiles are not properly disinfected and handled. Microorganisms can survive on surfaces for various periods at different temperatures. Traditional methods for assessing surface cleanliness, involving surface sampling and classical incubation, are time-consuming methods that may take 2-4 days to analyse the results.

Conclusion: This chapter emphasizes the critical need for robust environmental hygiene protocols, advanced detection methods, and continuous monitoring to mitigate the risk of HCAIs. Implementing stringent sanitation measures, educating healthcare workers, and utilizing sensitive detection technologies are some of the essential strategies for the ongoing battle against healthcare-associated pathogens.

 

Author (s) Details

Sabina Fijan
Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Maribor, Žitna Ulica 15, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia.

 

Urška Rozman
Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Maribor, Žitna Ulica 15, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia.

 

Sonja Šostar Turk
Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Maribor, Žitna Ulica 15, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia.

 

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/mmrnp/v12/2626

Incidence and Management of Fungal Urinary Tract Infection in Burn Patients | Chapter 10 |Disease and Health: Research Developments Vol. 10

Background: Urinary tract infection is the most common hospital-acquired infection. UTIs are infections of the urethra (urethritis), bladder (cystitis), or kidney (pyelonephritis). It is among the most common infections worldwide, with substantial morbidity, mortality, and economic burden. Fungal species are unusual causes of urinary tract infection in healthy individuals, but are common in the hospital setting or among patients with predisposing diseases and structural abnormalities of the kidney and collecting system. Burn patients are susceptible to nosocomial infections owing to the immunocompromising effects of burn injury, cutaneous and respiratory tract injury, prolonged intensive care unit stays and broad-spectrum antibiotic therapy.

 

Objective: The study aims to determine the prevalence of fungal urinary tract infection, the most common fungal species, and possible risk factors that may increase the occurrence of infection in burn patients.

 

Materials and Methods: A prospective study of 150 selected burn patients attending the Medical City Burn Centre in Baghdad from February 2015 to January 2017 was conducted. The study population includes adult patients of both genders who presented with different percentages of body burns. Urine sample was collected from each patient at the time of admission and weekly thereafter for 6 weeks and sent for general urine examination and urine culture to test for the possibility of fungal growth. Those who were found to develop fungal UTI by urine culture during their hospitalisation and had no infection at the time of admission were selected as subjects for our study. Informed consent was obtained from each participant before sample collection. Data on patient demographics, underlying diseases, previous and concurrent infections, antibiotic and immunosuppressive therapy, urinalysis results, urinary tract instrumentation, and duration of hospitalisation were collected from patients.

 

Results: 28 (18.6%) patients had positive fungal culture during their hospitalisation, 11 of them were males and 17 were females, the most common age of presentation was 41-50 years and the mean age ± SD was (44.4 ± 10.7) years. The most common isolated fungi were Candida albicans (64.3%), followed by Candida glabrata (21.4%) and Candida tropicalis (7.1%). The majority of patients developed infection within the 2nd and 3rd weeks of hospitalisation, however, those who presented with total body surface area burned > 40% developed an earlier infection within the 1st week. Female gender, urethral catheterisation and diabetes mellitus were significantly associated with higher risk of infection as the P values were 0.03, 0.005 and 0.004, respectively. In burn patients' management, infection with systemic sepsis is the most important consideration. This systemic sepsis resulting from invasive infection remains the most common cause of high mortality rates among patients with major body burns.

 

Conclusion: Fungal urinary tract infection occurred in 18.6% of burn patients. The most common causative fungi are Candida species. Advanced age, female gender, high percentage of body burn, urethral catheterisation and diabetes mellitus were identified as the most common risk factors of such infection.

 

Author (s) Details

 

Suad Yousuf Aldorkee
Department of Pathological Analysis Technology, Ibn Hayan University College, Iraq.

Mohammed F. Al. Jawed
Department of Pathological Analysis Technology, Ibn Hayan University College, Iraq.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/dhrd/v10/5261

 

Role of Candida in CAUTI | Chapter 1 | Disease and Health: Research Developments Vol. 10

Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are among the most commonly diagnosed infections in both hospital & community settings. Catheter-associated urinary tract infections (CAUTIs) are also one of the major contributors to the Healthcare-associated infection in hospitalized patients. Fungal infection mainly Candida also plays a part in CAUTI. Candida species are components of the normal flora of human beings. Candida albicans has been the most commonly isolated opportunistic pathogenic fungi from cases of UTI in the past. In recent years non-albicans candida has emerged as the most common agent causing UTI in ICU settings. Identification of Candida species is important as non-albicans Candida are more resistant to azoles compared to that of C. albicans. Antifungal susceptibility pattern depends largely on the infecting species of Candida.

 

Author (s) Details

Esha Singhal
Department of Microbiology, Rajshree Medical Research Institute, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh 243501, India.

 

Prashant Bhardwaj
Department of Pathology, Veerangana Avanti Bai Lodhi Autonomous State Medical College, Etah, Uttar Pradesh 207001, India.

 

Manjari Kumari
Department of Pharmacology, Veerangana Avanti Bai Lodhi Autonomous State Medical College, Etah, Uttar Pradesh 207001, India.

 

Rashmi Singh
Department of Pharmacology, Government Medical College, Badaun, Uttar Pradesh 243601, India.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/dhrd/v10/4889

Fabrication and Investigation of Luliconazole Based 2T-SLN Gel for the Amelioration of Vulvovaginal Candidiasis | Chapter 2 | Advanced Research in Biological Science Vol. 7

 This member primarily focuses on fabrication and review of luliconazole based 2T-SLN coagulate for the amelioration of vulvovaginal candidiasis. Vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC), is an exceedingly accepted mucosal infection of the lower female generative tract, caused mainly by the various opportunistic fungus Candida albicans. A appendage of the normal human microbiota, C. albicans usually colonizes the vaginal lumen asymptomatically. Fungal resistance and infection frequency are major questions with the existing situation regimens for VVC, that compromises the therapeutic efficacy of antifungal cures and results in protracted situation and low patient compliance. The gist of the present research was the lie and investigation of 2 T- SLN (solid lipid nanoparticles) coagulate carrying luliconazole for the improvement of VVC. ‘2T’ symbolizes transvaginal and thermosensitive attributes of the present expression. The optimized SLNs allowed a particle size, polydispersity index and entanglement efficiency of 62.18 nm, 0.263 and 81.5% individually. To formulate the 2 T-gel, the definitive SLNs were loaded into Carbopol 971P-NF and Triethanolamine-located gel. The 2 T-SLN gel was raise to be surely spreadable and homogenous with mean extrudability (15 ± 0.4 g/cm2), viscosity (696.42 ± 2.34 Pa•s) and %drug content (93.24 ± 0.73%) principles. The pH of the prepared 2 T-SLN coagulate (4.5 ± 0.5) was in concordance with the vaginal pH (usual conditions). For in-vitro description of an optimized 2 T-SLN gel, the release movement and anticandidal activity were evaluated which offers a %cumulative drug release of 62 ± 0.5% in 72 h and 37.3 ± 1.5 mm district of inhibition in 48 h. The developed 2 T-SLN gel was found expected stable at range temperature for two months without some visible non-regularity, cracking, or breaking. It also exhibits a skin-companionable profile accompanying no noticeable symptoms of erythema or oedema. Finally, the current research serves as a new therapeutic outlook in assessing the activity of luliconazole for vaginal drug transfer using a 2 T-SLN coagulate system.

Author(s) Details:

Salma Firdaus,
Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India.

Nazia Hassan,
Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India.

Mohd. Aamir Mirza,
Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India.

Tabasum Ara,
Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kashmir, J&K, India.

Hamed A. El-Serehy,
Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.

Fahad A. Al-Misned,
Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.

Zeenat Iqbal,
Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/ARBS-V7/article/view/12895

Impact of Dentures’ All-night Immersion in Distilled Water on Candidal Colonization | Chapter 1 | Research Advances in Microbiology and Biotechnology Vol. 8

 Objective: In order to maintain their dentures clean and correctly stored, patients mainly soak bureaucracy in water at night. Candida albicans is a commensal yeast muck that colonizes dentures, and in few conditions, it enhances an opportunistic pathogen and causes fungal contaminations known as candidiasis. This mycological study proposed to evaluate the effect of distilled water on Candida albicans settling dentures.Methods: Twenty sufferers (9 men, 11 women; age range 40-75 age) with complete maxillary false teeth infected by Candida albicans were contained in this study. The dentures of these sufferers were soaked in water purified by distillation for 4 days (8 hours at night). Swab samples from the dentures were calm before and after water purified by distillation use and examined mycologically.Results: The Candida albicans community counts increased after wetting the dentures in water purified by distillation for 8 hours for 4 days.Conclusion: Patients should be dissuaded from drenching their dentures journey in distilled water, as the result is a significant increase in fungal establishment.

Author(s) Details:

Georges Aoun,
Department of Oral Medicine and Maxillofacial Radiology, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon.

Wissam Sharrouf,
Department of Oral Medicine and Maxillofacial Radiology, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon.

Pamela Aoun,
MSc Food Technology, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon and Clinical Nutrition and Medical Assistant, Private Practice, Beirut, Lebanon.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/RAMB-V8/article/view/12486

Probiotic Factors Influencing Fungal Microecology: Strategies in Medical Biotechnology | Chapter 4 | Recent Progress in Microbiology and Biotechnology Vol. 2

 

For use in medical biotechnology, the own methods, findings and ideas are summarised. 1. Ordered and coordinated mucosal microbiocenoses (MMB) are open body cavities. In co-functioning probiotic and opportunistic microbes, abnormalities of MMB can be reported as alterations. The "Candida populations-Probiotic bacteria (PB)" systems function as a regular or disease status MMB sensor. Representatives of the epidemiological importance classes of Candida (I- C. albicans and C. tropicalis [Ia and Ib], II- C. glabrata, III-C. krusei) were examined. Candida pools were opposed to probiotic lectins (PL: LL-Lactobacillar and LBBifidobacterial) which imitate PB-specufuc metabolic products. 2. New methods were suggested for the study of PB or PL and yeast interactions such as ponds, and advanced antifungal strategies. Uh. 2.1. Increased sensitivity to Lactobacillus cells was seen compared to pools in group III group I, and Candida group I activity in the presence of lactobacillus was shown. Chiefs. Predictably, such leaders led to the redistribution of interniche equilibrium between C. Subgroups Ia and Ib. Albicans In the presence of representatives, the resulting Candida ordering disruption suggested weakening of Candida interspecies communications and increasing fungal accessibility to antifungal action. In group I cases, early increased and sustained destructive and lytic anti-Candida activities of PL (LB > LL) were reported as the outcome of the ability of PL systems to turn into sets of glycoconjugate recognising less molecular mass molecules. Uh. 2.2. Other significant characteristics of the Candida-PL/ (PL+antimycotics) systems have been established. Oh. 2.2.1. Multisynergistic activity (the triangle activity) between PL and antimycotics was systemized by Anti-Candida-group-I-directed. 2.2.2. 2.2.2. Early inhibitory efficacy was observed for PL (LL > LB) Virulent factors-IgA1- and IgG-proteinases against group II. 2.2.3.-2.2.3. The early Candida biorhythm became strongly dissonant between groups I and III in the presence of PL (LB > LL). These events synchronised Candida cells in the direction of their increased validity (results predicted antifungal efficacy as Ib > III) for further action of antifungals. 2.3.-2.3. Before inflammation grew, early diagnostic biomarker properties were discovered by cervico-vaginal pathological Candida cells interacting with PL. 3. New tactics are being proposed for anti-Candida niches.

Author (s) Details

Vladimir M. Lakhtin
Department of Medical Biotechnology, G.N. Gabrichevsky Institute for Epidemiology and Microbiology, Moscow, Russia.

Mikhail V. Lakhtin
Department of Medical Biotechnology, G.N. Gabrichevsky Institute for Epidemiology and Microbiology, Moscow, Russia.

Alexandra L. Bajrakova
Department of Medical Biotechnology, G.N. Gabrichevsky Institute for Epidemiology and Microbiology, Moscow, Russia.

Maxim S. Afanasiev
Department of Clinical Allergology and Immunology, The First Sechenov Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia.

Stanislav S. Afanasiev
Department of Medical Biotechnology, G.N. Gabrichevsky Institute for Epidemiology and Microbiology, Moscow, Russia.

Vladimir A. Aleshkin
Department of Medical Biotechnology, G.N. Gabrichevsky Institute for Epidemiology and Microbiology, Moscow, Russia.

View Book :- https://bp.bookpi.org/index.php/bpi/catalog/book/278