Antimicrobial Resistance and Phenotypic Detection of Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase in Entero bacteriaceae Isolated from Community-Acquired Urinary Tract Infections | Research Perspectives of Microbiology and Biotechnology Vol. 5

 

Introduction: Urinary tract infections can affect all individuals, regardless of gender and age, occupying a prominent place in nephrological pathology. The major issue is that pathology with a wide range of antibiotics and other hygiene measures that can remedy it remains so frequent with sometimes serious complications that can compromise the vital prognosis. Extended-spectrum \(\beta\)-lactamases (ESBLs) are a group of diverse, complex, and rapidly evolving plasmid-mediated enzymes that today pose a major therapeutic challenge in the treatment of hospitalized and community patients.

 

Objectives: The primary objective of this study is to determine the antibiogram profile of enterobacteria in urinary infections. This study assesses the beta-lactam resistance and detects extended-spectrum beta-lactamase in Enterobacteriaceae isolated from community-acquired urinary tract infections.

 

Methodology: This is a cross-sectional study with an analytical aim of enterobacteria isolated from urinary infections from samples from patients of all ages from January 1, 2020, to October 21, 2022. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing for all enterobacteria was done using the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method according to Clinical Laboratory Standard Institute (CLSI) guidelines.

 

Results: The isolated enterobacteria strains presented high rates of resistance, i.e. 92.61% for Ampicillin, 47.94% for cefadroxil, 45.14% for cefuroxime, and 46.46% for cefotaxime, 72.86% for amoxicillin and 40.44% for amoxicillin + clavulanic acid. Qualitative detection of extended-spectrum Beta-Lactamase was generally evaluated at 24.8% with peaks for Citrobacter sp., Klebsiella sp., and E coli. For the latter, cross-resistance to quinolones was evaluated in proportions ranging from 49.45% to 85.51%.

 

Conclusion: This situation poses a significant public health challenge and highlights the urgent need to improve sanitation and implement antibiotic stewardship in developing countries. This study shows that the level of resistance of enterobacteria to beta-lactams is very high. We have observed co-resistance between beta-lactams and quinolones, antibiotics commonly used against Gram-negative bacteria. This observation requires an improvement in the antibiotic management policy.

 

Author(s) Details

Kasamba Ilunga Éric
Faculty of Medicine, University of Lubumbashi, DR Congo.

 

Please see the link:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/rpmab/v5/1400

Association between Candida in Oral Submucous Fibrosis and Oral Lichen Planus | Chapter 7 | Research Perspectives of Microbiology and Biotechnology Vol. 6

Candida species are component of oral micro flora with prevalence of 3-70%, and are generally regarded as being commensals, hence probable role of candida in oral carcinogenesis cannot be excluded. Various microbiological studies suggest association of candida with potentially malignant lesions. Pathogenicity of candida depends on many factors such as; nutritional disorders, diabetes mellitus, long-term antibiotic or corticosteroid use, head and neck cancer, radiation therapy and HIV infections.

 

Oral Submucous fibrosis (OSMF) is considered a as a high-risk precancerous condition that is associated with chewing areca nut. This is noticed that OSMF, patients show Candida colonization and further leading to malignant transformation. Similarly Oral Lichen Planus (OLP) is an autoimmune potentially malignant disorder. Recently researchers have noticed pathogenic microorganisms, such as Candida albicans in patients with oral lichen planus. Few studies have suggested that symptoms of Oral Lichen Planus may be exacerbated by candida overgrowth or infection. According to our findings; higher candida carriage revealed in OSMF+ OLP groups (23.3%); as compared to controls (10%). The species level findings showed 13.3% of candida albicans in OSMF+ OLP and6.7% in controls, candida krusei 6.7% in OSMF+ OLP and 3.3% in controls and non-candida albicans were 10% in OSMF+ OLP and 6.7% in control group respectively.

 

Conclusion: The association of candida species with potentially malignant disorders such as OSMF and OLP aggravate to malignancies through secondary infections. So early assessment of these microbes in preliminary state of cancers can avoid further complications and help for better interventions.

 

 

Author (s) Details.

Ashok Vikey
Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Govt. College of Dentistry, MPMSU, Indore, M.P., India.

 

Astha Pusame
Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Govt. College of Dentistry, MPMSU, Indore, M.P., India.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/rpmab/v6/1477

 

Concise Teleost Immunology | Book Publisher International

 

This book is based on an overview of fish biology followed by inducer nature, genetic and immune molecules, receptors, cells, tissues and organs of the teleost fish immune system in comparison to that of mammals. In addition to special chapters on the nature of normal, subnormal and abnormal immune responses. Together with immunity to infection and vaccination. The text contains 5  parts, 10 sections and 26 chapters.

 

 

Author (s) Details

Professor Emeritus Dr. Ibrahim Shnawa
Deparment of Medical Biotechnology, College of Medical Biotechnology, AL-Qasim Green University, Babylon, Iraq and College of Nursing Technichians, Hilla University College, Babylon, Iraq.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/mono/978-93-48006-31-8

 

Clinical Characteristics of HIV/AIDS Central Nervous System Opportunistic Infections in Ecuadorian Patients | Chapter 3 | Disease and Health Research: New Insights Vol. 5

 

Background: Central nervous system (CNS) involvement is reportedly more common in AIDS-related infections. One of the leading causes of illness and death in people infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is still infection of the central nervous system (CNS) by different opportunistic pathogens. In HIV immunocompromised patients, the clinical and radiographic pattern of CNS infection might occasionally be used to confirm the diagnosis.

 

Aim: The aim of this study is to describe the distribution of etiologies, clinical parameters, evaluation methods, management and complications in a group of patients treated in a hospital’s AIDS unit in a developing country.

 

Methodology: An observational retrospective analytical study was conducted at Eugenio Espejo Hospital, Quito-Ecuador, between April 2002 and June 2010.

 

Results: The prevalence of CNS infections in HIV patients was 5.9%. The main clinical manifestations were fever, headache and focal neurological deficits. The most common opportunistic infections were Toxoplasmosis 46%, Cryptococcosis 20%, Tuberculosis 19%, Encephalopathy 5%, and Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy (PML) 5%. In the first decade of the 2000s, antiretroviral therapeutic (ART) regimens were established in 84% of cases, of which 66% followed the guidelines for treatment-naïve patients (AZT/3TC/EFV). The prevalence of mortality throughout the study was 21.31%, being the most common fatal complication lactic acidosis 38%, Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome (SIRS) 38%, and Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome (IRIS) 23%. The strategies for treatment adherence and reducing the risk of infections, combined with individual commitment, significantly improve both the virological response and ART resistance rates.

 

Conclusion: In Ecuador, until 2005, there were substantial rates of HIV-associated opportunistic CNS infections, which showed a dramatic reduction with the advent and consolidation of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). Since molecular testing is only useful in specific situations and is not always available in developing countries with limited resources, many of the diagnostic methods covered here are still implemented today.

 

Author (s) Details

César Prócel Ramírez
Internal Medicine Department, Hospital Metropolitano, Ecuador and Internal Medicine Department, Eugenio Espejo Hospital, Ecuador.

 

Lucy Baldeón R.
Biomedical Research Institute, Central University of Ecuador, Ecuador and Faculty of Medicine, Central University of Ecuador, Ecuador.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/dhrni/v5/1723

Seroprevalence of Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Antibodies among Healthcare Workers | Chapter 3 | Medicine and Medical Research: New Perspectives Vol. 9

The state of Guanajuato in Mexico has a high prevalence of COVID-19 cases, significantly affecting healthcare workers due to their contact with infected patients. It was made a review of the literature on seroprevalence of antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 in healthcare workers, and it was found a significant association between seropositivity and the type of work unit, as well as community exposure, while training in the proper use of personal protective equipment demonstrated a preventive and protective effect against SARS-CoV-2. These findings highlight the importance of healthcare workers adequately protecting themselves both in their work environment and in the community, not only in Guanajuato state.

 

Author (s) Details

Luis Ignacio Pérez-Velázquez
Department of Research and Technological Development, Directorate of Teaching and Research Institute of Public Health from Guanajuato State, Guanajuato, México.

 

Mónica Natalia Morales-García
Coordination of Research, Hospital General León, Institute of Public Health, Guanajuato State, León, México.

 

Ana Elisa Jiménez-Nieto
Coordination of Research, Hospital General León, Institute of Public Health, Guanajuato State, León, México.

 

Gilberto Flores-Vargas
Department of Research and Technological Development, Directorate of Teaching and Research Institute of Public Health from Guanajuato State, Guanajuato, México.

 

Nicolás Padilla-Raygoza
Department of Research and Technological Development, Directorate of Teaching and Research Institute of Public Health from Guanajuato State, Guanajuato, México.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/mmrnp/v9/2123

Diversity and Clinical Significance of Coagulase-negative Staphylococci: A Review of Identification, Virulence Factors & Drug Resistance | Chapter 11 | Pharmaceutical Science: New Insights and Developments Vol. 4

Coagulase-negative Staphylococci (CoNS) are normal flora of human skin and mucous membranes, they have previously been considered nonpathogenic or contaminant having little clinical significance. CoNS are gram-positive, nonmotile, non-sporeforming cocci. CoNS have gained more importance as a pathogenic organism in recent years as a causative organism for infections in both humans and animals. CONS are mostly prevalent in immunocompromised patients, critically ill patients and patients having invasive medical devices. This study provides a comprehensive review of the understanding of microbiological profile, identification method and virulence factors associated with different Coagulase-Negative Staphylococci (CoNS) species.

 

The incidence of CoNS varied across different geographic locations in humans and animals. Also, there are varying antibiotic resistance patterns observed in CoNS species, with high methicillin resistance and cross-resistance against many antibiotics. Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus hemolyticus, Staphylococcus xylosus are the most commonly reported species in various studies. Various virulence factors in CONS are responsible for enhanced pathogenicity. In addition to virulence factors, the presence of many antibiotic-resistant genes found in CoNS is concerning and complicates treatment. Because of advancements in diagnostic techniques understanding of molecular mechanisms of CONS pathogenicity is possible.  Recent advances in identification and typing methods and virulence screening methods will help to assess the true pathogenic potential of CoNS species. Future research should explore novel disinfection techniques, improved hand hygiene compliance strategies, and alternative antimicrobial agents to combat CoNS infection.

 

Author (s) Details

 

Suvarna Sande
Department of Microbiology, Datta Meghe Medical College, Wanadongri, Nagpur, DMIHER (DU), India.

 

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/psnid/v4/4760

Prevalence and Risk Factors of Intestinal Parasite Infestations in HIV-Positive Patients: A Cross-section Study in a Tertiary Care Center | Chapter 3 | Disease and Health Research: New Insights Vol. 10

Introduction: In many parts of the world where HIV/AIDS (human immunodeficiency virus) is common, the prevalence of intestinal parasitic infection is also common. Infections caused by intestinal parasites are one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in underdeveloped countries. The number of HIV-positive individuals increases annually as a result of more advanced infections and the positive effects of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). Gastrointestinal involvement is common, with 90% of patients seeking treatment for gastrointestinal problems as their HIV infection progresses. Nonetheless, identification and characterization of infectious agents are important for patient management by excluding a clinical diagnosis and determining appropriate treatment, as well as determining public healthcare policy for true pathogen prevalence and yielding epidemiological risk factors for specific infections.

Aim: The aim of this study is to evaluate the prevalence of symptomatic or asymptomatic intestinal parasitic infection among HIV or AIDS patients.

Materials and Methods: For this study, 80 HIV seropositive patients were recruited from various wards and the Integrated Counseling and Testing Center (ICTC) affiliated to the microbiology department. Patients with acute and chronic diarrhea with abdominal disorder were taken as symptomatic whereas patients without these clinical complaints and who came for routine investigations were taken as asymptomatic. Firstly stool samples were analyzed macroscopically for the presence of mucus, blood, larvae, segments of tapeworm and adult worms. The consistencies of stool were also recorded such as formed, watery, soft, or loose with odor and color. It was examined microscopically after macroscopically for protozoan cysts and trophozoites, helminthic ova and larvae, as wet mount preparation by saline and iodine preparation as well as formal ether concentrated. For the detection of intestinal coccidian parasites, smears were prepared from stool samples and a modified Ziel-Nelseen (MZN) stain was also performed. Stool samples with the detection of parasites were informed for treatment.

Results: Out of the total 80 stool samples, the prevalence of intestinal parasites was 23.75% with asymptomatic and symptomatic groups having a prevalence of 16.98% and 37.04% respectively. Out of the total patients, 45 were male and 35 were female. Among the male patients, 11(13.75%) were positive for intestinal parasitic infection and 8(10%) were positive among females. The age distribution data revealed that the age group 21-40 years old had the highest number of intestinal parasites. Most intestinal parasites were found in young and middle-aged patients, according to this study. The patient with HIV-positive with CD4+ T cell count <200 cells/μl had a higher possibility of infestation with intestinal parasitic as compared to those with CD4+ T cell count of 200–499 and those with CD4+ T cell count >500 cells/μl.

Conclusion: Intestinal parasitic infection is not uncommon in HIV seropositive patients. This study underscores the need for early diagnosis and treatment of these intestinal parasites in both symptomatic and asymptomatic HIV patients. The overall improvement of HIV/AIDS patients' quality of life is highly dependent on routine intestinal parasite infection screening and treatment. However, to improve the management of infection in the affected areas, deworming and good hygiene measures are required.

 

Author (s) Details

Dhruba Hari Chandi
Department of Microbiology, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research (DU), Sawangi, Wardha, Maharashtra, India.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/dhrni/v10/2874

Nationwide Eradication of Bovine Viral Diarrhea in Denmark: Strategies, Outcomes and Lessons (1994-2002) | Chapter 6 | Contemporary Research and Perspectives in Biological Science Vol. 10

A fundamental feature of the epidemiology of the pestiviral Bovine Viral Diarrhea (BVD) infection is that a bovine fetus infected in its first trimester will not be able to identify the virus as a foreign agent because of which it will not produce antibodies when becoming immunocompetent. Surviving fetuses will, therefore, be delivered persistently infected, shedding the virus lifelong in all body secretions. Most importantly, the infection will be spread airborne following air movements.

In 1991, it was evident that the eradication of BVD was desirable. The prevalence of the infection in cattle in Denmark was known to be very high. New sensitive Danish antigen and antibody ELISAs were available and a subunit BVD vaccine had been made at the State Veterinary Virus Research Institute, but their value had not been demonstrated. Methods to control and eradicate nationwide had never been tested anywhere. To clarify these questions, it was therefore arranged in collaboration with the Veterinary Virus Research Institute to perform the following three comprehensive pilot studies, 1) the vaccination efficacy study, 2) the test evaluation study, and 3) the Samsø island eradication study.

The vaccine was found unable to prevent fetal infection in pregnant cattle, but the ELISAs appeared to be safe and well suited for an eradication program. A bulk tank milk reaction in the blocking antibody ELISA below 50 % of blocking would indicate BVD-free status (no presence of persistently infected animals), and a blood sample examination of just three young animals free from colostral antibodies could with acceptable reliability be used to indicate infection status and to confirm an earlier likely BVD-free status. Finally, the Samsø island eradication study demonstrated that eradication would be feasible.

The pioneering decision to start eradication nationwide was taken by the farmers’ organizations with effect from January 1994. It was a huge advantage that the Danish Dairy Board had its own laboratory experienced in large scale control examinations and with any professional expertise. All test data were transferred to the central herd register also administered by the farmers’ organizations.

After two years, the Danish Veterinary Service supported the program with legal provisions but still rejected mandatory eradication. The most important legal regulations were that animals to be moved to other herds, exhibitions, or common pastures had to be accompanied by a certificate issued after blood testing of the individual animals and that persistently infected animals were not allowed on pasture. In 1999, the trade certificate conditions were relaxed for herds having been free for over two years so that a blood test of animals to be moved no longer was required. From the course of the program, it could later be concluded that it would have been far more effective and less expensive, if legal provisions including mandatory eradication had been implemented right from the beginning. Nevertheless, a cost-benefit estimation later showed that expenses had been paid back within eight years.

Veterinary practitioners had a central position. At regular intervals, they received circulars and overviews of the situation in dairy and non-dairy herds in their practice including deadlines for confirmatory free-status control for herds requiring control on blood samples.

Introduction of persistent infection in earlier free herds was a severe problem over the whole period. For 67 dairy herds found infected in a one-year period from July 1997, (1) a few were infected because a pregnant heifer had become infected in a common pasture, (2) for 39% of the herds, persistently infected animals had been present at neighboring farms, and (3) for 25% of the herds no immediate possible cause could be found. It was concluded that airborne introduction had to be the cause, not only for a high proportion of the infected herds where persistently infected animals were present on neighboring farms, but also for most of the cases where no immediate cause could be observed.

The most important experiences from the successful Danish BVD program are that the tests employed were supreme, that the lines selected for eradication and control were excellent, but also that eradication should have been mandatory right from the start. A such condition would most likely have reduced the eradication phase of the program to four years.

 

Author (s) Details

 

Viggo Bitsch
The State Veterinary Serum Laboratory (National Veterinary Diagnostic and Research Institute), later the Danish Dairy Board, Aarhus, Denmark.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/crpbs/v10/4361

Approaches to Emphysematous Pyelonephritis: Unresolved Questions and Management Predicaments | Chapter 9 | Newer Frontiers in Urology

Emphysematous pyelonephritis (EPN) is a life-threatening infection of the kidney characterized by the presence of gas-forming bacteria in the renal parenchyma. It is most commonly seen in patients with diabetes mellitus, but can also occur in those with urinary tract obstruction, immunocompromised states, or renal stones. EPN carries a high mortality rate, particularly in patients presenting with advanced disease or sepsis. Mortality rates range from 15% to 30%, with higher rates seen in patients with bilateral involvement, delayed diagnosis, or severe renal failure. Prognosis largely depends on early identification, the extent of renal involvement, and the patient’s overall health, with diabetes being a significant risk factor for poor outcomes. The primary treatment for EPN involves a combination of broad-spectrum antibiotics and supportive care. Percutaneous drainage has become the preferred method for managing non-complicated cases, while nephrectomy remains critical in severe cases or when renal function is irreversibly compromised. Management of EPN presents several challenges, including the difficulty of early diagnosis due to its nonspecific symptoms and the potential for rapid disease progression. Additionally, selecting the appropriate surgical approach remains contentious, as nephrectomy is often associated with high morbidity, while conservative measures may fail in severe cases. This manuscript explores unresolved questions surrounding its classification, risk stratification, and therapeutic approaches. Emphasis is placed on the role of early diagnosis through imaging, tailored antibiotic therapy, and the balance between conservative management and surgical intervention. Improved understanding of these aspects is critical to optimizing patient outcomes and reducing mortality rates.

 

Author (s) Details

Benjith Daniel F
Department of Urology & Renal Transplantation, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education & Research, Chennai, India.

Arvind Ramachandran
Department of Urology & Renal Transplantation, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education & Research, Chennai, India.

 

Velmurugan Palaniyandi
Department of Urology & Renal Transplantation, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education & Research, Chennai, India.

 

Hariharasudhan Sekar
Department of Urology & Renal Transplantation, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education & Research, Chennai, India.

Sriram Krishnamoorthy
Department of Urology & Renal Transplantation, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education & Research, Chennai, India.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/mono/978-93-49238-86-2/CH9

Enhancing Diagnostic Precision by Image Processing in γ-Camera Scintigraphy for Lower Extremity Inflammation | Chapter 4 | Science and Technology - Recent Updates and Future Prospects Vol. 2

 

The present study highlights the improvement of evaluation of the inflammation extent on the scintigraphic imaging, by utilizing statistical indices (Inflammation Projection Ratio - IPR, skewness, kurtosis and Mean Pixel Value - MPV). Inflammatory processes and infection imaging are forms of tissue characterization by Nuclear Medicine. Image analysis was performed by means of an Interactive Data Language (IDL) tool. Twelve patients were referred for a radionuclide (Tc99m- Leukoscan) scan, by a GE Healthcare gamma camera, on the suspicion of an infectious lesion in the extremities. The findings of the study are that pathological tissues have a higher IPR index (3.12 to 4.32) compared to normal tissue (~ 1). The calculated indices IPR in combination with the processed Isocontouring images, contribute to the conclusion that Tc99m- Sulesomab scintigrams are characterized by high projection ratios specific for each case and demonstrate the full extent of the inflamed area in the lower extremities, with great accuracy. Furthermore, MPV, skewness and kurtosis differ significantly (> 5%) from normal to inflammable extremities. As a conclusion, image processing provides effective information in the structure and facilitates diagnosis semi-quantitatively. Moreover, increased imaging research and discussed the limitations of the study, such as the need for a larger sample size.

 

Author(s)details:-

 

M. Lyra
Department Radiology of Radiation Physics Unit A´, University of Athens, GR-11528, Athens, Greece.

 

S. Kordolaimi
Department of Radiology, Medical School, University of Athens, 1 Rimini Str, 12462 Haidari, Athens, Greece.

 

A. L. Salvara
IATROPOLIS Medical Group, Athens, Greece.

 

Please See the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/strufp/v2/7877C

Phylogenetic Analysis of Omicron Variants and their Evolutionary Relationship with SARS-CoV-2 Spike Glycoprotein | Chapter 11 | Innovations in Biological Science Vol. 3

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is one of the most serious pandemics that has invaded the world in recent years. The virus responsible for this pandemic was isolated for the first time in China in 2019, and then it spread throughout the world, where it caused up today about over 7 million deaths and about 800 million confirmed cases. Therefore, several efforts have been made to study this virus. In about one year, has been sequenced the whole genome of SARS-CoV-2 and has been elucidated its mechanism of infection and duplication in host cells and its physiological effect on humans. Furthermore, the S spike glycoprotein has been  identified as the main protein involved in the viral infection mechanism and it has been used as an antigen to develop several vaccines, including new generation mRNA-based ones. The data from World Health Organization (WHO) indicated that approximately 14 billion doses of vaccines have been dispensed far.
 
Since the beginning of the pandemic, SARS-CoV-2 has evolved by accumulating mutations in the genome, resulting in new virus versions showing different characteristics, and which have replaced the pre-existing variants. To date, hundreds of variants of the virus have been isolated. As a general trend, the SARS-CoV-2 variants identified so far have increased their spread and reduced their danger and mortality. More than 15 million viral sequences have been carried out to monitor the virus spreading and its variability.
 
Among all new variants, a new group of variants was isolated in early 2022.They were named omicron, and in a few months replaced all the variants present up to then, because they were characterized by high transmissibility. We study the omicron variants (BA.1, BA.2, BA.2.12.1, BA.4 and BA.5) and their derivative variants (BQ.1, BQ.1.18 (CH.1.1), XBF, XBB, XBB.1.5, XBB.1.9 and XBB.1.16),  from a phylogenetic point of view. We generate a multiple alignment of the spike sequences and analyzed the mutations exhibited by these variants. Based on these results, we proposed a new phylogenetic tree of omicron variants, which includes several possible unidentified intermediate variants, proving insight into the origin of omicron variants.
 
SARS-CoV-2 has been characterized as a virus that has accumulated a high number of mutations in the genome that have drastically modified the infection mechanism by increasing the spread of the virus and reducing its mortality, transforming the pandemic form of SARS-CoV-2 into an endemic infection.

Author(s) Details:

Emilia Caputo,
Institute of Genetics and Biophysics-IGB-CNR, “A. Buzzati-Traverso”, Via Pietro Castellino 111, 80131 Naples, Italy.

Luigi Mandrich,
Research Institute on Terrestrial Ecosystems-IRET-CNR, Via Pietro Castellino 111, 80131 Naples, Italy.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/IBS-V3/article/view/14251

Keywords: Phylogenetic analysis, infection, SARS-CoV-2

Antimicrobial Resistance: A Global Challenge | Chapter7 | Advancement and New Understanding in Medical Science Vol. 7

Antimicrobial resistance is one of the most serious global health threats of our time. It causes huge obstacles in controlling infectious diseases. The world health organization explains the major problem is that it creates bacteria with high rates of resistance that can’t be fought easily to overcome common infections. Antimicrobial abuse has resulted in rapid emergence of AMR. It has become progressively serious as certain microbes have reached at a verge of no reasonable antimicrobial which brings about them not having the option to be dealt with. This shows the importance of further research required in the field of antimicrobial resistance as it poses a threat to global health.

Author(s) Details:

Farzeen Tanwir,
Department of Periodontology, Bahria University Health Sciences Campus Karachi (BUHSC), Pakistan.

Syeda Natasha Zaidi,
Department of Periodontology, Bahria University Health Sciences Campus Karachi (BUHSC), Pakistan.

Nabeel Hafeez,
Surg Lt Cdr PNS Shifa Hospital, Department of Oral Surgery, Karachi, Pakistan.

Tauqeer Bibi,
Department of Periodontology, Bahria University Health Sciences Campus Karachi (BUHSC), Pakistan.

Ahmed Bin Khalid Khan,
Department of Periodontology, Bahria University Health Sciences Campus Karachi (BUHSC), Pakistan.

Bushra Ijaz,
Department of Periodontology, Bahria University Health Sciences Campus Karachi (BUHSC), Pakistan.

Amna Waseem Satti,
Bahria University Health Sciences Campus Karachi (BUHSC), Pakistan.

Zia Batool,
Bahria University Health Sciences Campus Karachi (BUHSC), Pakistan.

Syed Hasnain Ali,
Bahria University Health Sciences Campus Karachi (BUHSC), Pakistan.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/ANUMS-V7/article/view/13423

Primary Fracture Management with Nail and Plate Fixation in Gustilo Anderson 3a n 3b with Antibiotic Cement Beads | Chapter 11 | Advancement and New Understanding in Medical Science Vol. 2

Aim and Objectives: The current study was carried out with the intention of investigating the Primary fracture management with nail and plate fixation in Gustilo Anderson 3a and 3b with antibiotic cement beads.

Materials and Methods: This study was carried out only after receiving the patients' permission to do so, which was required by the institution's Ethical Committee before it could be given the go-ahead for approval. Participants in the research comprised fifty people who had compound tibial shaft fractures of Gustilo Type IIIA and IIIB. These fractures were treated at a tertiary facility using antibiotic-impregnated intramedullary nails.

Results: Majority of patients in our study with compound tibia fractures are belonged to male gender. Left sided fractures were more than right. Majority of fractures in middle and distal third of tibia. There was Superficial infection in 4 (8.0%) and Deep infection among 2 (4.0%) patients. The complications reported were Non-union & Nail breakage among 3 (6.0%) cases and Knee stiffness among 1 (2.0%) case.

Conclusion: According to the findings of this research, the use of intramedullary nails that are coated with gentamicin might be beneficial in the treatment of high-grade open tibia fractures. Despite the fact that the number of patients and infections is too low to draw any firm conclusions, the study did find that there were no severe infections.

Author(s) Details:

Amit Dwivedi,
Santosh Medical College and Hospital, India.

Abhishek Malik,
Santosh Medical College and Hospital, India.

Chetan Raj Singh,
Santosh Medical College and Hospital, India.

Veerendra Mannan,
Santosh Medical College and Hospital, India.

Avishkar,
Santosh Medical College and Hospital, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/ANUMS-V2/article/view/13117

Potential of Sphingosine-1-phosphate in Preventing SARS-CoV-2 Infection by Stabilizing and Protecting Endothelial Cells | Chapter 1 | Diagnostic and Treatment Advances in COVID-19 and SARS-CoV-2

 Coronavirus disease 2019, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has spread worldwide, resulting in over 250 million infections and >5 million deaths. Most antiviral drugs and vaccines have shown limited efficacy against SARS-CoV-2. Clinical data revealed that except for the large number of self-healing mild cases, moderate and severe cases mostly survived after supportive treatment but not specific drug administration or vaccination. The endothelial system is the first physiological barrier, and its structural stability is of critical importance in conferring disease resistance. Membrane lipid components, particularly sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P), play a central role in stabilizing the cell membrane.

Here, we used “Boolean Operators” such as AND, OR, and NOT, to search for relevant research articles in PubMed, then reviewed the potential of S1P in inhibiting SARS-CoV-2 infection by stabilizing the endothelial system, this is the major aim of this review work.

Reportedly, vasculitis and systemic inflammatory vascular diseases are caused by endothelial damage resulting from SARS-CoV-2 infection. S1P, S1P receptor (SIPR), and signaling were involved in the process of SARS-CoV-2 infection, and S1P potentially regulated the function of EC barrier, in turn, inhibited the SARS-CoV-2 to infect the endothelial cells, and ultimately has the promising therapeutic value to coronavirus disease 2019.

Taken together, we conclude that maintaining or administering a high level of S1P will preserve the integrity of the EC structure and function, in turn, lowering the risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection and reducing complications and mortality.

Author(s) Details:

Zhang Rongzhi,
Department of Anesthesiology, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu, China.

Wang Qiang,
Gansu Medical College, Pingliang, Gansu, China.

Yang Jianshe,
Department of Anesthesiology, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu, China, Gansu Medical College, Pingliang, Gansu, China and Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/DTACSC/article/view/9551

Clinical Utility of Delta Neutrophil Index, Interleukin 8 and C-Reactive Protein as Indicators for Sepsis and Septic Shock in Non-COVID-19 Patients | Chapter 1 | Novel Research Aspects in Medicine and Medical Science Vol. 4

 The study proposed to assess the potential of DNI, CRP, and IL-8 as predictive tombstones for sepsis in non-COVID-19 inmates. Conducted within a Bulgarian ICU through a prospective non-interventional dispassionate follow-up, the research met on patients with and outside sepsis.DNI is a considerably critical marker for expanding sepsis (Exp (B)=1.329, p= 0.007). DNI has an union with developing infection of blood (r=0.363, p=0.001). ROC analysis accompanied a DNI value of 1.4 (the best halt value of 1.4), with 73% subtlety and 87% specificity (AUC 0.764, 95% CI 0.650-0.878, p=0.0001). CRP is a important marker for the severity of contamination and shows the likelihood of infection of blood events (Exp(B)=1.016, p=0.0001). The ROC curve results demonstrate that CRP, accompanying 82% sensitivity and 76% particularity, predicts sepsis growth (AUC 0.885, 95% CI 0.813-0.956, p -0.0001). There is a correlation, displaying an IL-8 increase as a marker for sepsis (r = 0.461. P = 0.0001). IL8 was considerably higher in septic groups than in the control group (t=3,537, p<0.001). Our judgments demonstrate the dependability of DNI, CRP, and IL-8 as robust indicators accompanying a strong predicting capacity for sepsis happening among non-COVID-19 inmates. Vigilant monitoring of these markers can considerably contribute to the early labeling of at-risk individuals, enabling proper interventions and appropriate situations.

Author(s) Details:

Pavlina Peneva,
St. Marina University Hospital – Varna, Medical University – Varna, Bulgaria.

Silviya P. Nikolova,
Department of Social Medicine and Healthcare Organization, Medical University – Varna, Bulgaria.

Yana Bocheva,
Department of Clinical Laboratory and Immunology, St. Marina University Hospital – Varna, Medical University – Varna, Bulgaria.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/NRAMMS-V4/article/view/12081

A Rare Case of Chronic Anogenital Ulcerations and Polymicrobial Pelvic Infections: Diagnosis and Management | Chapter 13 | New Advances in Medicine and Medical Science Vol. 9

 This phase highlights about a case of Chronic Anogenital Ulcerations and Polymicrobial Pelvic Infections. Chronic organs ulceration is outlined as a loss of superficial wealth more or less deep leaving not completely the dermis exposed (erosion) and constantly interesting the medium or deep skin (ulceration). They will be named chronic when their evolution is more a month. We endure in gynaecological consultation, a 26-period-old patient G1P1001, giving a menstrual cycle outside abnormalities, with a record of unprotected vaginal sexuality with a 44-period-old friend of whom she was unaware of the certain character of the HIV serological status before the conference. The physical examination discloses a hypogastric sensitivity to deep touch, the presence of a superinfected anogenital inflammatory condition exposing the open ocean dermis camouflaged with purulent serosities, specifically involving the labia minora, the posterior vaginal divaricate, the anal domain, the clitoris, and an extension of the lesions to the gluteal fold. The right inguinal fold shown a satellite lymphadenopathy, as was found. A protocol was put in place: the beginning consisted of seat baths, antifungi and medicines administration: fluconazole 150 mg and tinidazole 2g in distinct doses, then josamycin 1 g/24h in two doses per os for two weeks. The second stage exists of the administration of doxycycline 200 mg for 21 days, Aciclovir 500 mg for 10 days, and the presidency of ARV (Tenofovir + Lamivudine + Dolutegravir) or one pill daily.  The clitoris, the labia majora and labia minora, and the posterior vaginal fork evenly heal over occasion. In cases of chronicity, a biopsy to expect a tumour process is not necessary if the patient responds well to situation and heals properly. A likely invulnerable reconstitution syndrome maybe used to explain reason the patient passed away two weeks afterwards starting ARV cure.  The polymicrobial character shows that skilled may be an interaction middle from two points the different STDs. In case of chronicity, a examination in search of a tumour process is not necessary when there is a acceptable response to situation and good healing.

Author(s) Details:

Michèle Florence Mendoua,

Department of Gynaecology-Obstetrics, Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Yaounde I, Yaounde, Cameroon.

Grâce Anita Nkoro,

Department of Internal Medicine and Specialties, Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Yaounde I, Yaounde, Cameroon.

Lucie Nguizaye,

Department of Gynaecology-Obstetrics, Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Yaounde I, Yaounde, Cameroon.

Vanina Ngono Akam,

Department of Gynaecology-Obstetrics, Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Yaounde I, Yaounde, Cameroon.

Esther Ngo Um,

Department of Gynaecology-Obstetrics, Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Yaounde I, Yaounde, Cameroon.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/NAMMS-V9/article/view/11380Anogenital, ulceration, polymicrobial, infection

Incidence of Cacao Frosty Pod Rot in a Tree of the Clone CCN – 51 Exposed to a Concentrated Infection Source Originating of the Ground | Chapter 14 | Novel Perspectives of Geography, Environment and Earth Sciences Vol. 8

 The impact of an contamination ground source of Cacao frigid pod rot (Moniliophthora roreri (Cif. & Par.) Evans et al. was driven through the incidence of the affliction in a tree of cacao from clone CCN - 51. For this purpose, the beginning of infection combined by 27 diseased crops, of which 24 were in a abundant degree of sporulation, was brought in and deposited into 50 cm. about of the tree ambiguous. Every seven days, were made observations on the progress of the disease and were calm the healthy and unhealthy fruits present on the seedling. Two months and 10 days after the beginning of infection was popularized, only 1 fruit accompanying Frosty pod rot was collected, capable of being traced to external beginnings since it was erect seven days after the beginning of infection was established. Once again it was proved that unhealthy fruits located on the soil have no importance in the production of epidemics of Moniliphthora roreri.

Author(s) Details:

Gabriel Cubillos,
Carrera 86 No.34-56, Medellín, Colombia.

Nelson Ardila,
Calle 94 No. 47-89, Casa 28 Urbanización Santa Bárbara, Bucaramanga, Colombia.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/NPGEES-V8/article/view/11094

Analysis of Brinjal Germplasm for Resistance to Fusarium Wilt Disease | Chapter 12 | Current Perspectives in Agriculture and Food Science Vol. 4

 Fusarium sag, caused by Fusarium oxysporum, is a main constraint in brinjal production in India. The ailment is widely distributed in sweltering, subtropical and some warm sober regions of the realm. The pathogen is difficult to control because it is soil-borne and has a expansive host-range, including various hundred species describing 44 families of plants. Infection is through root-to-root transmission, flow of soil and dissemination by farm implements, and bug transmission.A total Fifty two lines of brinjal germplasm were secluded against the in a sick plot for fusarium wilt opposition at Develeela life science Pvt.Ltd. Raipur Chhattisgarh. six lines, namely., AB-2, AB-6, AB-8 , AB-24, AB-35, AB-50 showed well resistant backlash, with no wilting of plants; five lines, namely., Ab-26, AB-25, AB-52, AB-44 and AB-13, showed fighting reaction per insignificant value wilt 3.33 10.0. Two lines, AB-33 and AB-20, displayed a quite resistant backlash, with sag incidences of 11.0 and 12.0%, individually; in contrast, 25 lines were "moderately susceptible to very susceptible," accompanying wilt occurrence ranging from 25.45 to 100.0%.

Author(s) Details:

Akanksha Pandey,
Biotech Department, K. D. Rungta College of Science and Technology, Raipur, Chhattisgarh, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/CPAFS-V4/article/view/10840

Vaccines and Vaccine Interference | Book Publisher International

 Basic cure backgrownd and vaccine meddling were outlined. Prototype experimental cure candidates for arising and re-emerging microbial catching diseases are bieng established. The text was organized knowledgeable two parts. The first part inculdes monotypic vaccines. While the second part ensemble the combined vaccines and cure interference.

Author(s) Details:

Ibrahim Mohamed Saeed Shnawa,
College of Biotechnology, University of QASIM, Babylon, Iraq and Hilla University College, Babylon, Iraq.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/VAVI/article/view/10383

Assessment of Microbial Etiology of Febrile Neutropenia | Chapter 20 | Research Developments in Medicine and Medical Science Vol. 7

 Bacterial and fungal contaminations are a leading cause of melancholy and mortality in neutropenic patients. The practical antimicrobial regimen is preferred based on the susceptibleness pattern of locally prevalent pathogens. Blood and added clinical samples from 64 febrile neutropenic sufferers with clinical infection of blood have been treated to ascertain the bacterial and fungal range and antimicrobial susceptibility pattern. A case-control study was used to identify risk determinants for developing infection of blood.A total of 68 organisms were cured. Fifteen (22.05%) were Gram-positive cocci with reign of methicillin Sensitive S. aureus (10.29%), 47 (69.11%) were Gramnegative rods with reign of Klebsiella pneumoniae (30.88%) and four were Non albicans Candida. 81% and 60% of Klebsiella and E. coli were ESBL producers. All variety of Candida were sensitive to amphoterecin B and voriconazole. The event and severity of neutropenia, chemotherapy, immunosuppressive analysis, altered mucosal hurdles, and the existence of main venous lines were all statistically significant risk factors for cultivating sepsis. Gram-negative microorganisms were the most accepted isolates. Amongst the fungal isolates, non-albicans candida spp. were predominant. The selection of remedy for neutropenic patients concede possibility be based on the local range of microbes as well as local and local resistance patterns.

Author(s) Details:

Swati Mudshingkar,
Department of Microbiology, PCMC’s PG Institute and YCM Hospital, Pimpri Pune, India.

Gita Natraj,
Department of Microbiology, Seth GSMC & KEMH, Mumbai, India.

Sujata Bavej,
Department of Microbiology, LTMC & sion Hospital, Mumbai, India.

Preeti Mehta,
Department of Microbiology, Seth GSMC & KEMH, Mumbai, India.

Farah Jijina,
Department of Hematology, Seth GSMC & KEMH, Mumbai, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/RDMMS-V7/article/view/10126