Clinical Characteristics of HIV/AIDS Central Nervous System Opportunistic Infections in Ecuadorian Patients | Chapter 3 | Disease and Health Research: New Insights Vol. 5

 

Background: Central nervous system (CNS) involvement is reportedly more common in AIDS-related infections. One of the leading causes of illness and death in people infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is still infection of the central nervous system (CNS) by different opportunistic pathogens. In HIV immunocompromised patients, the clinical and radiographic pattern of CNS infection might occasionally be used to confirm the diagnosis.

 

Aim: The aim of this study is to describe the distribution of etiologies, clinical parameters, evaluation methods, management and complications in a group of patients treated in a hospital’s AIDS unit in a developing country.

 

Methodology: An observational retrospective analytical study was conducted at Eugenio Espejo Hospital, Quito-Ecuador, between April 2002 and June 2010.

 

Results: The prevalence of CNS infections in HIV patients was 5.9%. The main clinical manifestations were fever, headache and focal neurological deficits. The most common opportunistic infections were Toxoplasmosis 46%, Cryptococcosis 20%, Tuberculosis 19%, Encephalopathy 5%, and Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy (PML) 5%. In the first decade of the 2000s, antiretroviral therapeutic (ART) regimens were established in 84% of cases, of which 66% followed the guidelines for treatment-naïve patients (AZT/3TC/EFV). The prevalence of mortality throughout the study was 21.31%, being the most common fatal complication lactic acidosis 38%, Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome (SIRS) 38%, and Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome (IRIS) 23%. The strategies for treatment adherence and reducing the risk of infections, combined with individual commitment, significantly improve both the virological response and ART resistance rates.

 

Conclusion: In Ecuador, until 2005, there were substantial rates of HIV-associated opportunistic CNS infections, which showed a dramatic reduction with the advent and consolidation of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). Since molecular testing is only useful in specific situations and is not always available in developing countries with limited resources, many of the diagnostic methods covered here are still implemented today.

 

Author (s) Details

César Prócel Ramírez
Internal Medicine Department, Hospital Metropolitano, Ecuador and Internal Medicine Department, Eugenio Espejo Hospital, Ecuador.

 

Lucy Baldeón R.
Biomedical Research Institute, Central University of Ecuador, Ecuador and Faculty of Medicine, Central University of Ecuador, Ecuador.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/dhrni/v5/1723

The Conjecture of Analgesic Activity of Psidium guajava (L.) Implications of Fruit Extracts in Mice | Chapter 13 | Novel Aspects on Pharmaceutical Research Vol. 9

 This important objective of this division is to devote effort to something the usefulness of common medical processes and herbal remedies concerning the healthcare system and by means of what they may be applied to address worldwide health care challenges. The best opportunities to synthetic painkillers are before accessible, and they are from plant-based everyday compounds. They engage in any of actions. Eddy's Hot plate, Tail Immersion, and Acetic Acid Induced Pain Models in Mice were used to evaluate the Aqueous Extract and Methanolic Extract of the Fruits of P. guajava. Different dosages of the extract (100 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg) were given verbally by gastric gavage to P. guajava. It significantly (P 0.05) decreased the pain provoked by a hot plate (74.29%), a tail absorption (76.03%), and an abdominal shortening brought on by tart acid (73.92%), respectively. Its efficacy was raise to be prepared that of the common drugs pentazocin and diclofenac sodium. The extract of P. guajava holds flavonoids, tanins, and saponins, which are what present it its pain remover effects. According to the results, tannins and flavonoids two together contribute to the persuasive analgesic operation, making this a popular situation. These are the most productive tools for organizing and treating the pain remover action of PGs pathways.

Author(s) Details:

Sonu Prajapati,
Chameli Devi Institute of Pharmacy, Khandwa Road, Indore (M.P.), India.

Nikita Upadhyay,
Chameli Devi Institute of Pharmacy, Khandwa Road, Indore (M.P.), India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/NAPR-V9/article/view/11914

Insights into the Prevention and Treatment of Depression with Famous TCM Prescription Xiaoyaosan | Book Publisher International

 Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) prescription is a formula established based on clinical disease pattern differentiation, following the therapeutic principles and methods of TCM, in accordance with the compatibility rules of TCM as "Principals, associates, adjuvants and messengers". As the main method of TCM to treat diseases, TCM prescription is also the main embodiment of the philosophical speculation of TCM pattern differentiation and treatment. The elaboration of the mechanism of action and the material basis of traditional Chinese medicine prescription is of great significance to understanding disease pathogenesis and the revelation of therapeutic targets, embodying the scientific connotation of TCM. Xiaoyaosan (XYS) comes from the "Taiping Huimin Heji Bureau Prescription" in the Song Dynasty. As a representative prescription of TCM for the treatment of emotional diseases attributed to the pattern of liver depression and spleen deficiency, such as depression and anxiety, it has been used for thousands of years and has significant antidepressant and anti-anxiety effects.

Revealing the antidepressant and anti-anxiety pharmacodynamic mechanism of XYS and elaborating the material basis of XYS are of great significance for the research and treatment of emotional disorders and the elaboration of the scientific connotation of the correlation between Classical Prescription and pattern in TCM. By establishing three different depression models, including chronic unpredictable mild stress, chronic immobilized stress, and chronic restraint stress, combined with clinical research, network pharmacological analysis, ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q/TOF-MS), 16S rDNA high-throughput method and molecular biology, we have revealed the antidepressant and anxiolytic mechanism of XYS and the material basis of its pharmacodynamics from multiple levels.

Our results show that XYS could target the central nervous system (CNS), liver, and intestinal tract to exert its medicinal effect. In the CNS, XYS has been shown to interfere with the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrena axis, glial fibrillary acidic protein and Glu-NMDA receptors; regulate the expression levels of tryptophan hydrogenase 2 and indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 in the hippocampus; regulate the glutamate/glutamine cycle and the glutamate transporter GLT-1 in the hippocampus; downregulate tumour necrosis factor-α/janus kinase 2-signal transducer and activator of transcription pathway in hippocampus; improve the function of astrocytes and excitatory amino acid transporters in prefrontal cortex; regulate nesfatin-1-oxytocin-proopiomelanocortin neural pathway in hypothalamus; regulate mRNA expression of related anabolic enzymes in hippocampus and amygdala, for antidepressant/anti-anxiety effects. In the periphery, XYS has been revealed to improve the abnormal levels of insulin, blood glucose, cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein and high-density lipoprotein in plasma by regulating the expression of SHIP2 in the liver. In the intestinal tract, XYS has been found to treat mood disorders by regulating the abundance of intestinal flora and reducing intestinal permeability. The joint analysis of network pharmacological analysis and UPLC-Q/TOF-MS showed that paeoniflorin, quercetin, luteolin, acacetin, aloe-emodin, Glyasperin C, kaempferol in XYS could play an antidepressant effect by regulating the pathways related to metabolism, neuroendocrine function and neuroimmunity, and affecting the expression of AKT1, TP53 and VEGFA genes.

In summary, we have collected into this book the representative studies published by Prof. Chen’s laboratory in 2020 and before. These studies reveal the pharmacodynamic mechanism of XYS for anti-depression and anti-anxiety, as well as clarify the material basis of XYS, which could serve as a practical reference value for researching and treating stress-related emotional disorders.

Author(s) Details:

Jiaxu Chen,

Formula-pattern Research Center, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou-510632, Guangdong, China and School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, No. 11 North Third Ring Road Chaoyang District, Beijing-100029, China.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/IPTDFTPX/article/view/11261

Research on Surgery and Chronic Stress Ultimately Leading to Major Health Risks | Chapter 9 | Research Trends and Challenges in Medical Science Vol. 10

 This article discusses how surgery, regardless of age or organ, can become a major health issue. In general, about 50-60% of surgical patients experience mild/moderate/severe psychobiological illness in the future for a long time due to a concern that he/she (1:3) has lost a part of his body within an unhealed or prolonged healing phase. As a result, certain neuropsychiatric symptoms like anxiety, pain, emotion, and depression progressively become a part of their everyday lives, ultimately leading to chronic stress (about 10%) and significant health risks in the 4-6 years following surgery. Chronic stress is mostly caused by a poor socioeconomic situation and the effects of surgery.

Author (s) Details

Tarit Kanti Ghosh
Internal Medicine & Neurology, Clinical Neurology, University College of London UK and Research Clinical Neuroscience, The University of Melbourne, Australia

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/RTCMS-V10/article/view/712