An Overview of Donkey Genetic Resources of India | Chapter 1 | Contemporary Research and Perspectives in Biological Science Vol. 7

 

Donkeys play a crucial role in poor households in developing countries like India. Minimum maintenance cost is required for rearing of these animals and they tend to be very faithful to their owner. In India, donkeys are traditionally reared by washer-man community and pot makers. These animals are also used in brick kilns. The major utility of these animals is for carrying sand from the river bed and transportation of silted clay soil for the preparation of bricks. They demonstrate very good draught power, they are immune to many diseases and also possess high stress-bearing capabilities. However, they are largely invisible in development policy and plans and they often fail to find their place in agricultural and food security plans. They are neither on the livestock radar in agricultural or food security discussions nor do they feature in transport policy discussions. Donkeys occupy a place in government statistics but their economic value is not articulated correctly. Unlike bovines, they are never a part of the export or trade debate. Three registered breeds of Donkey in India are; Kachchhi, Halari and Spiti and there are a few more donkey populations that have been studied for their genetic variability. Molecular markers, primarily microsatellite markers are proven tools used to determine genetic diversity and relationships within and between animals. Many people efficiently used microsatellite markers to reveal genetic variation among various donkey breeds. This review focuses on the status of donkeys as a livestock resource in India with special reference to Marathwada.

 

Author (s) Details

 

Jadhav P.V.
College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Udgir, Latur, 413517, Maharashtra Animal and Fishery Sciences University, Nagpur, 440006, India.

 

Komatwar S.J.
College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Udgir, Latur, 413517, Maharashtra Animal and Fishery Sciences University, Nagpur, 440006, India.

 

Channa G.R.
College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Udgir, Latur, 413517, Maharashtra Animal and Fishery Sciences University, Nagpur, 440006, India.

 

Bankar P.S.
College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Udgir, Latur, 413517, Maharashtra Animal and Fishery Sciences University, Nagpur, 440006, India.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/crpbs/v7/2150

Phylogenetic Analysis of Omicron Variants and their Evolutionary Relationship with SARS-CoV-2 Spike Glycoprotein | Chapter 11 | Innovations in Biological Science Vol. 3

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is one of the most serious pandemics that has invaded the world in recent years. The virus responsible for this pandemic was isolated for the first time in China in 2019, and then it spread throughout the world, where it caused up today about over 7 million deaths and about 800 million confirmed cases. Therefore, several efforts have been made to study this virus. In about one year, has been sequenced the whole genome of SARS-CoV-2 and has been elucidated its mechanism of infection and duplication in host cells and its physiological effect on humans. Furthermore, the S spike glycoprotein has been  identified as the main protein involved in the viral infection mechanism and it has been used as an antigen to develop several vaccines, including new generation mRNA-based ones. The data from World Health Organization (WHO) indicated that approximately 14 billion doses of vaccines have been dispensed far.
 
Since the beginning of the pandemic, SARS-CoV-2 has evolved by accumulating mutations in the genome, resulting in new virus versions showing different characteristics, and which have replaced the pre-existing variants. To date, hundreds of variants of the virus have been isolated. As a general trend, the SARS-CoV-2 variants identified so far have increased their spread and reduced their danger and mortality. More than 15 million viral sequences have been carried out to monitor the virus spreading and its variability.
 
Among all new variants, a new group of variants was isolated in early 2022.They were named omicron, and in a few months replaced all the variants present up to then, because they were characterized by high transmissibility. We study the omicron variants (BA.1, BA.2, BA.2.12.1, BA.4 and BA.5) and their derivative variants (BQ.1, BQ.1.18 (CH.1.1), XBF, XBB, XBB.1.5, XBB.1.9 and XBB.1.16),  from a phylogenetic point of view. We generate a multiple alignment of the spike sequences and analyzed the mutations exhibited by these variants. Based on these results, we proposed a new phylogenetic tree of omicron variants, which includes several possible unidentified intermediate variants, proving insight into the origin of omicron variants.
 
SARS-CoV-2 has been characterized as a virus that has accumulated a high number of mutations in the genome that have drastically modified the infection mechanism by increasing the spread of the virus and reducing its mortality, transforming the pandemic form of SARS-CoV-2 into an endemic infection.

Author(s) Details:

Emilia Caputo,
Institute of Genetics and Biophysics-IGB-CNR, “A. Buzzati-Traverso”, Via Pietro Castellino 111, 80131 Naples, Italy.

Luigi Mandrich,
Research Institute on Terrestrial Ecosystems-IRET-CNR, Via Pietro Castellino 111, 80131 Naples, Italy.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/IBS-V3/article/view/14251

Keywords: Phylogenetic analysis, infection, SARS-CoV-2

Microbial Profiling, Bioremediation of Cadmium and Dye Decolourization Competence of Marine Bacterial Isolates | Chapter 11 | New Innovations in Chemistry and Biochemistry Vol.7

 The microbial community is one of the many varied groups found in the ocean. Studies have showed that microorganisms isolated from the marine environment are metabolically active and have adapted to life in the water. To battle heavy metal stress and decolorization of diverse textile dyes, marine microorganisms employ a variety of survival strategies, and hence play an essential role in cadmium bioremediation and textile dye degradation. The current research focuses on the isolation and 16S rRNA molecular characterisation of M3, M8 bacterial strains recovered from Visakhapatnam port marine water samples. The potential of M3 and M8 isolates to remove cadmium from the environment and decolorize various textile dyes was also examined. The tube dilution method was employed to isolate bacterial strains from the water sample, and 10 distinct isolates were examined. To identify the species, biochemical tests were performed on the isolates, as well as 16S rRNA molecular sequencing and phylogenetic analysis. Bacillus subtilis and Pseudomonas resinovorans were identified as Bacillus subtilis and Pseudomonas resinovorans, respectively, after 16srRNA molecular sequencing and phylogenetic analysis. The two bacterial strains showed promising dye degradation characteristics as well as removal of cadmium from the growing media when tested with nine different textile dyes with wavelengths ranging from 400 to 600nm. The isolates M3 and M8 are shown to be potential strains for dye decolorization and cadmium bioremediation in the current investigation.

Author(s) Details:

M. Teja,
Department of Biotechnology, Andhra University, Visakhapatnam-530003, India.

D. Muni Kumar,
Department of Biochemistry, Andhra University, Visakhapatnam-530003, India.

P. Bindiya,
Department of Biotechnology, Andhra University, Visakhapatnam-530003, India.

G. Sudhakar,
Department of Human Genetics, Andhra University, Visakhapatnam-53003, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/NICB-V7/article/view/5927

Cytochrome C Oxidase 1 Divergences among Indian and Global Mosquito Species | Chapter 8 | Recent Progress in Microbiology and Biotechnology Vol. 6

 Molecular phylogenetics investigates the relationships between organisms. It employs a combination of molecular and statistical techniques to establish evolutionary links between living organisms or genes. The number of mutations/evolutionary events that have occurred between species since their divergence is referred to as genetic distance. The simplest method is to count the number of differences between two sequences. Genetic distance can be used to reconstruct population history. The primary goal of molecular phylogenetic research is to reconstruct the sequence of transformational events and represent them graphically in developmental trees that show links between species or genes over time. At the same time, The distance analysis method compares two aligned sequences and generates a matrix of all possible sequence pairs. For each comparison, the number of modifications (base substitutions and insertion/deletion events) is counted and expressed as a percentage of the overall sequence length. Pairwise distances are the most accurate estimates of the difference between all possible pairs of sequences. Mosquito vectors are thought to be among the deadliest animals on the planet. It is estimated that millions of people die as a result of mosquito-borne diseases (WHO 2020). Climate change has allowed invasive mosquito species that were previously restricted to the tropics and subtropics to spread poleward and establish mosquito Populations with the potential to spread pathogens that cause disease.

Author (S) Details

Dr. Divya Damodaran
Department of Advanced Zoology and Biotechnology, Loyola college, University of Madras, Chennai, India.

Dr. D. Sudarsanam
Department of Advanced Zoology and Biotechnology, Loyola college, University of Madras, Chennai, India.

Dr. S. Siddhardha Solosan
Department of Advanced Zoology and Biotechnology, Loyola college, University of Madras, Chennai, India.

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/RPMB-V6/article/view/1682