Assessment of Genetic Divergence Using D2 Analysis in Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Germplasm | Chapter 5 | New Horizons of Science, Technology and Culture Vol. 5

 

Oryza sativa (2n=2x=24) is a diploid monocot flowering plant of the family Gramineae, which originated in Southeast Asia and is widely cultivated in the wet tropics and subtropics. India is remarkably rich in rice diversity, including cultivars, landraces, wild and weedy relatives. Genetic variability for quantitative traits is the basic component of the breeding programme for broadening the gene pool of rice and other crops. Understanding the extent and degree of genetic divergence aids in the selection of ideal parents for a breeding programme. The present investigation was conducted with 41 genotypes of Rice during Kharif 2023 under a Randomised Block Design (RBD) with three replications. Data were recorded for thirteen quantitative characters to obtain estimates of variability, heritability, genetic advance and genetic divergence through Mahalanobis’ D² analysis. The analysis of variance was worked out to test the significance of F and t-tests. Significant differences were observed among the genotypes for all the characters studied. From the findings, the highest grain yield was observed in VASUMATHI 38.9, followed by DHAN-69 34.33 based on mean performance at the Prayagraj region. The estimates of Genotypic Coefficient of Variation and Phenotypic Coefficient of Variation were consistent for all the traits, with PCV values being numerically higher than GCV values, which indicated greater genotype and environment interaction. A higher magnitude of PCV as well as GCV coefficient of variation was noted for the number of total tillers per plant (22.05) and (21.20). Whereas the lowest PCV and GCV coefficient of variation was recorded for Days to maturity (7.40 and 6.80). High estimates of heritability (above 60%) in the broad sense were recorded for all thirteen characters under study, which ranged from 92.45% number of total tillers per plant to 61.55% harvest index. along with high genetic advance for the number of spikelets per panicle (54.38), plant height (cm) (27.95), days to 50% flowering (22.93), and days to maturity (17.72). Biological yield (g) (15.33), harvest index (%) (11.06) and flag leaf length (cm) (10.05) D2 analysis distributed the 41 genotypes into six clusters.

 

The largest cluster was cluster I with 36 genotypes, followed by cluster II, III, IV, V, and VI with 1 genotype each. The highest contribution in manifestation of genetic divergence was exhibited by grain yield per plant (22.82), followed by biological yield (21.28) and test weight (12.56). The lowest intercluster distance was between cluster I and cluster IV, which was 60.58. The intercluster distance was maximum between cluster IV and VI (247.17). Overall, the study identified VASUMATHI and DHAN-69 as high-yielding genotypes, and the clustering pattern provides useful information for selecting genetically diverse parents in future breeding programmes.

 

 

Author(s) Details

Vinayak V. Thakare
Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, SHUATS, U.P., India.

 

G. M. Lal
Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, SHUATS, U.P., India.

 

Bineeta M. Bara
Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, SHUATS, U.P., India.

 

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/nhstc/v5/6329

 

HEV and Its Genetic Variability: Contribution from the ORF4 Region |Chapter 4 | Open Reading Frame 4 - A Multifunctional Protein of Hepatitis E Virus

 

Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is one of the causative agents for liver inflammation worldwide. The open reading frame 4 (ORF4) has been demonstrated to enhance the replication in HEV Genotype 1 (G1) isolates through regulation of an internal ribosome entry site (IRES)-like RNA element. HEV accounts for up to 30% mortality rate in pregnant women with the highest incidences reported for HEV G1. The HEV physiopathogenesis and adaptation to new hosts are attributed to its large genomic variability and constant evolution. Although previous investigations have reported extensive genetic diversity in HEV strains, data on the prevalence of genomic variability in ORF4 protein remains unexplored. The present study attempted a detailed characterization of the factors contributing to genetic variability in HEV ORF4 which included mutational, entropy and selection pressure analyses. The sequences of ORF4 genomes were retrieved and a total of three different datasets were built, representative of each host Human, Rat and Ferret, and comparative analyses were performed. Resulting alignments of ORF4 protein genes inspected for different datasets revealed the prevalence of both synonymous and non-synonymous mutations. Datasets I, II and III were observed with 1, 63 and 23 entropy sites, respectively, with Dataset I possessing the least variation and Dataset II with the largest variation. Several non-synonymous mutations in conjunction with higher entropy values were observed in the II (Rat) and III (Ferret) datasets, however, limited variation was observed in the I dataset (Human). Selection pressure analysis revealed ORF4 protein genes under both purifying (I) and positive (II and III) selection. A higher transition to transversion ratio was observed signifying bias towards transition in ORF4 genomes. This chapter aims to collect information and discuss new advances in the role of ORF4 heterogeneity in HEV variability. These findings are likely to augment information about the molecular evolution, adaptation and biology of this emerging viral protein.

 

Author(s) Details

Zoya Shafat

Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi 110025, India.

 

Please see the link:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/mono/978-81-976932-1-2/CH4

A Study on the Use of Vitrification–Dehydration Method as a New Protocol for In-vitro Cryopreservation of Date Palm Shoot Tip Cultivars | Chapter 4 | Research Perspectives of Microbiology and Biotechnology Vol. 6

 

Over the past 40 years, scientists have developed and tested a range of cryopreservation techniques for preserving plant cells and tissues, but the routine storage of plant germplasm other than seeds in liquid nitrogen (LN) is a relatively new practice. The main objective of this study was to collect and preserve the germplasm of the date palm cultivars in vitro. This study evaluated the in vitro preservation and genetic stability of date palm shoot tip explants using dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) in the medium for long-term storage. This study was conducted using two data palm cultivars ‘Khalass and Sukari’. Shoot tip explants of about 2-3 cm in length were excised from in vitro cultures and were transferred to preservation media. The genetic similarity was calculated using the average linkage between groups. The results showed that the highest rates of survival (80%) and recovery (75%) were observed with 1.2 M sucrose. To determine the effect of vitrification on freezing tolerances, cultures were exposed to a solution that dissolved the glaze for 60-80 minutes. The maximum survival rate obtained with exposed cultures was 85%. RAPD (randomly amplified polymorphic DNA) was used to explain the differences in the genetic characteristics of cryogenic tissue cultures and non-cryogenic tissues of date palm. Both were similar to the germinated date palm in the open field. Finally, the cryopreserved plants were able to adapt to free-living conditions after acclimatization. All aspects will contribute to the improvement of the currently available techniques for the in vitro germplasm conservation of date palms. RAPD (randomly amplified polymorphic DNA) was used to explain the differences in the genetic characteristics of cryogenic tissue cultures and non-cryogenic tissues of date palm. Both were similar to the germinated date palm in the open field.

 

Author (s) Details

Heba Allah A. Mohasseb
Department of Plant Biotechnology, College of Agricultural and Food Sciences, King Faisal University, P.O. Box 400, Al-Ahsa 31982, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and Department of Plant Biotechnology, Biotechnology Research Institute, National Research Centre, Dokki, Egypt.

 

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/rpmab/v6/1917

Importance of Morphometric Measurement to Predict Productivity Traits for Palestine Assaf Sheep | Chapter 4 | Agricultural Sciences: Techniques and Innovations Vol. 2

Assaf sheep, created through crossbreeding Awassi and East Friesian breeds, are pivotal to Palestine’s dairy production due to their adaptability to semi-arid climates and high milk yields. The hardy Awassi lends versatility, while the East Friesian excels in dairy productivity. Studies of morphometric and udder traits like body length, chest girth, udder depth, and teat positioning reveal strong links to lactation efficiency and growth rates, driving advancements in breeding strategies. Genomic tools, including single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) analysis and genome-wide association studies (GWAS), refine selection criteria for economic traits. Community-based breeding programs (CBBPs) foster sustainability, genetic progress, and resource optimisation through grassroots collaboration. Integrated phenotypic assessments and advanced computational methods, such as genomic selection algorithms and Bayesian models, enhance heritability predictions and identify superior candidates. Combining traditional practices with innovative genetic profiling, Assaf sheep development exemplifies the synergy between tradition and innovation, ensuring the sustainability and economic viability of Palestine’s dairy systems while preserving critical genetic diversity for future adaptability.

 

 

Author (s) Details

Ikram BenSouf
Animal and Food Resources Laboratory (LRAA), National Agronomic Institute of Tunisia, 43 Av. Charles Nicolle, Tunis, 1082, University of Carthage, Tunisia.

 

Medhat Wild ALI
Animal and Food Resources Laboratory (LRAA), National Agronomic Institute of Tunisia, 43 Av. Charles Nicolle, Tunis, 1082, University of Carthage, Tunisia and National Agricultural Research Center, Ministry of Agriculture, Palestine.

 

Angham Bani Odeh
Aquatic Ecosystems and Resources Laboratory, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, University of Carthage, 1082 Tunis, Tunisia.

 

Muayad Salman
Animal and Food Resources Laboratory (LRAA), National Agronomic Institute of Tunisia, 43 Av. Charles Nicolle, Tunis, 1082, University of Carthage, Tunisia.

 

Naceur M’Hamdi
Animal and Food Resources Laboratory (LRAA), National Agronomic Institute of Tunisia, 43 Av. Charles Nicolle, Tunis, 1082, University of Carthage, Tunisia.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/asti/v2/5355

The Details of Multi-elemental Analysis and 2D Image Mapping within Roots, Leaves, and Seeds from Oryza glaberrima: Application of the Micro-PIXE Technique | Chapter 3 | Scientific Research, New Technologies and Applications Vol. 7

The Oryza glaberrima Steud (OG) plant was domesticated 3,500 years ago in the inland delta of the upper Niger River in present-day Mali. From there, it spread across all of West Africa and adapted to very different environments from the desert region of Mali to the humid forests of Sierra Leone. Understanding metal accumulation at the organ level in roots, leaves and seeds in O. gla-berrima (OG) is crucial for improving physiological and metabolic aspects in growing Asian and African rice in salted areas. The micro-analytical imaging techniques are required to reveal its accumulation and distribution within plant tissues. The aim of the study is to investigate the metal accumulation at the organ level in roots, leaves, and seeds in African rice by performing 2D elemental image mapping and by determining their elemental composition. PIXE studies were performed to determine different elements in rice plants. The existing microbeam analytical technique at the iThemba LABS applied for the 2D image mapping of fresh rice tissues to perform a concentration of low atomic mass elements (such as Al, Si, P, S, Cl, Ca, Ti, Mn, Fe, Cu, Br, Zn and K) with detection limits of typically 1-10µg/g. Comparison of the distribution of the elements between leaves, root and seed samples using uptake and distribution of elements in particular environmental conditions with potential amount of salt in water was done. The results showed that there were significant correlations among most of the mineral element contents. Ca, Al, Si, Cl, K, S, and P contents were significantly correlated with most of the other mineral element contents, while Br, Cu, Zn, Ti, Mn, and Fe content showed significantly negative associations with the S, Cl and Ca contents of rice side leaves. The study also indicated metal exclusion as a salt tolerance strategy from leaves, root, and seed compartments using matrix correlation between samples and between elements on rice species. The study concluded that Micro PIXE analysis has shown the elemental distribution of Cl, Si, and K are localized on the epicuticular surface of the flag leaves, whereas other elements S, Zn, Cu, P, Mn, Ca, and Ti are on the cytoplasm.  

 

Author (s) Details

Alassane Traore
Department de Physique, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques Université Cheikh Anta Diop, Dakar, Senegal.

 

Anna Ndiaye
Department de Chimie, Faculté Des Sciences et Techniques Université Cheikh Anta Diop, Dakar, Senegal.

 

Christopher Bongani Mtshali
Tandetron laboratory – IBA group iThemba LABS, Cape Town, South Africa.

 

Manneh Baboucarr
Africa Rice Center, St Louis, Senegal.

 

Jean Paul Latyr Faye
Department de Physique, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques Université Cheikh Anta Diop, Dakar, Senegal.

 

Daouda Mbodj
Africa Rice Center, St Louis, Senegal.

 

Kandiaba Traore
Africa Rice Center, St Louis, Senegal.

 

Tapha Gueye
Africa Rice Center, St Louis, Senegal.

 

Ababacar Sadikhe Ndao
Department de Physique, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques Université Cheikh Anta Diop, Dakar, Senegal.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/srnta/v7/2477

An Overview of Donkey Genetic Resources of India | Chapter 1 | Contemporary Research and Perspectives in Biological Science Vol. 7

 

Donkeys play a crucial role in poor households in developing countries like India. Minimum maintenance cost is required for rearing of these animals and they tend to be very faithful to their owner. In India, donkeys are traditionally reared by washer-man community and pot makers. These animals are also used in brick kilns. The major utility of these animals is for carrying sand from the river bed and transportation of silted clay soil for the preparation of bricks. They demonstrate very good draught power, they are immune to many diseases and also possess high stress-bearing capabilities. However, they are largely invisible in development policy and plans and they often fail to find their place in agricultural and food security plans. They are neither on the livestock radar in agricultural or food security discussions nor do they feature in transport policy discussions. Donkeys occupy a place in government statistics but their economic value is not articulated correctly. Unlike bovines, they are never a part of the export or trade debate. Three registered breeds of Donkey in India are; Kachchhi, Halari and Spiti and there are a few more donkey populations that have been studied for their genetic variability. Molecular markers, primarily microsatellite markers are proven tools used to determine genetic diversity and relationships within and between animals. Many people efficiently used microsatellite markers to reveal genetic variation among various donkey breeds. This review focuses on the status of donkeys as a livestock resource in India with special reference to Marathwada.

 

Author (s) Details

 

Jadhav P.V.
College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Udgir, Latur, 413517, Maharashtra Animal and Fishery Sciences University, Nagpur, 440006, India.

 

Komatwar S.J.
College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Udgir, Latur, 413517, Maharashtra Animal and Fishery Sciences University, Nagpur, 440006, India.

 

Channa G.R.
College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Udgir, Latur, 413517, Maharashtra Animal and Fishery Sciences University, Nagpur, 440006, India.

 

Bankar P.S.
College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Udgir, Latur, 413517, Maharashtra Animal and Fishery Sciences University, Nagpur, 440006, India.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/crpbs/v7/2150

Temporal Analysis of Genetic Diversity in Plasmodium vivax Field Isolates from the Thai-Myanmar Border (2006-2016) | Chapter 3 | Achievements and Challenges of Medicine and Medical Science Vol. 8

Background: High-level genetic variants of Plasmodium vivax have previously been reported in Thailand. Circumsporozoite surface protein (CSP), merozoite surface protein (MSP), and microsatellite markers have been used to determine the genetic polymorphisms in P. vivax. This study aimed to investigate the molecular epidemiology of P. vivax populations at the Thai-Myanmar border.

Methodology: A total of 440 Plasmodium vivax clinical isolates were collected from two districts along the Thai-Myanmar border: Mae Sot and Sai Yok, during two sampling periods: 2006–2007 and 2014–2016. The isolates were collected from patients diagnosed with P. vivax malaria by microscopy. Blood samples were preserved on filter papers for subsequent DNA extraction. Genotyping of three      P. vivax genes—PvCSP, PvMSP-3α, and PvMSP-3β—was performed using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) followed by restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis. PCR was carried out using primers designed to amplify the CSP gene, which is known to be polymorphic with two major genotypes: VK210 and VK247. The PCR products were analyzed using gel electrophoresis to identify band size variations. The presence of specific alleles was determined by comparing the observed band sizes with the known standards for VK210 and VK247. The PvMSP-3α and PvMSP-3β genes were genotyped using PCR primers specific to these regions. PCR amplification was followed by RFLP analysis, in which the amplicons were digested with restriction enzymes that produce distinct fragment patterns depending on genetic polymorphisms within these genes. This allowed for the classification of alleles into distinct types. Three genotypic variants (A, B, and C) of both PvMSP-3α and PvMSP-3β were identified based on the distinct banding patterns observed following RFLP digestion. The allelic diversity within the PvMSP-3α and PvMSP-3β genes was quantified by determining the number of different alleles present in the population for each gene. The frequency of each allele and its distribution between the two sampling periods (2006–2007 and 2014–2016) were also assessed. A detailed comparison of genetic diversity between PvMSP-3α and PvMSP-3β was made to evaluate the relative levels of polymorphisms and multiple-genotype infections. Allelic frequencies were calculated, and diversity indices such as the Shannon index were used to quantify genetic variation within the study population. The data were compared between the two time periods to assess any temporal changes in genetic diversity. All statistical analyses were conducted using appropriate software, with significance at p<0.05.

Results: Fourteen different PvCSP alleles were identified based on PCR band size variations: 8 for VK210 and 6 for VK247. The VK210 genotype was the dominant variant during both sample collection periods. For both PvMSP-3α and PvMSP-3β, three distinct types (A, B, and C) were observed. RFLP analysis revealed 28 and 14 allelic variants of PvMSP-3α and 36 and 20 allelic variants of PvMSP-3β identified during the first and second sampling periods, respectively. PvMSP-3β exhibited higher genetic diversity and a higher frequency of multiple-genotype infections than PvMSP-3α.

Conclusion: The study found high genetic variability of P. vivax at the Thai-Myanmar border, with significant diversity in both PvCSP and PvMSP-3 genes. Among these, PvMSP-3β displayed a higher level of genetic diversity and was associated with multiple-genotype infections, indicating the complexity of P. vivax populations in this region.

 

Author (s) Details

 

Abdifatah Abdullahi Jalei
Chulabhorn International College of Medicine, Thammasat University (Rangsit Campus), Pathumthani 12121, Thailand.

 

Wanna Chaijaroenkul
Drug Discovery and Development Center, Thammasat University (Rangsit Campus), Pathum Thani 12121, Thailand.

 

Kesara Na-Bangchang
Chulabhorn International College of Medicine, Thammasat University (Rangsit Campus), Pathumthani 12121, Thailand, Drug Discovery and Development Center, Thammasat University (Rangsit Campus), Pathum Thani 12121, Thailand and Center of Excellence in Pharmacology and Molecular Biology of Malaria and Cholangiocarcinoma, Chulabhorn International College of Medicine (Rangsit Campus), Thammasat University, Pathum Thani 12121, Thailand.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/acmms/v8/3512

Analysis of Genetic and Molecular Diversity in Green Gram (Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek) Genotypes Using SSR Markers | Chapter 1 | Innovations in Biological Science Vol. 5

 

Mungbean, often known as Greengram, is a member of the Leguminosae family. A study on the genetic and molecular diversity of 40 genotypes of Greengram was conducted using SSR markers. The study of molecular markers is essential to genomic research. Because of their repeatability, multiallelic nature, codominant inheritance, relative abundance, and good genomic coverage, SSRs stand out among other marker systems like restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP), RAPD, sequence tagged sites (STSs), and AFLP. The experimental material contained significant genetic diversity; nevertheless, for all yield-related and yield-attributing features, phenotypic coefficient of variation exceeded genotypic coefficient of variation. The genotypes LGG 574 (8.80), PDM 139 (8.34), and Pant Mung 6 had the highest seed yields (7.78). The highest observed cluster distances were between clusters 5 and 6 (472.88) and clusters 4 and 5 (432.89). Among all the factors PC 1 to PC 10, PC 1 (19.99) accounted maximum proportion of variability in the set of all variables and the remaining components accounted for progressively lesser and lesser amounts of variation. The first six principal components (PC-1 to PC-6) with eigenvalues of 2.94, 2.62, 2.18, 1.40, 1.28, and 0.86, respectively, accounted for 86.95% of the total variance for all the qualities, according to principal component analysis. Genotypes 23, 32, 33, and 21 were spread out relatively far from other genotypes in the scatter plot, suggesting that they might be different from other genotypes. PIC values of 10 SSR loci, where the VR 86 marker produced the greatest PIC Value percentage and highest heterozygosity percent. The fixation index ranges from 1.000 to -0.076. In comparison to Cluster II, III, IV, and V, Cluster I has the most genotypes (25), and the use of SSR markers in this work to differentiate between genotypes was made possible by the high polymorphism information richness of this cluster. This study shows that SSR analysis can be used to evaluate the molecular diversity of various Greengram genotypes. For the purpose of marker-assisted breeding programmes, plant breeders highly value the information generated on marker data.

 

Author(s)details:-

 

Mr. S. Shanmukha Saikumar
Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences, Prayagraj - 211007, Uttar Pradesh, India.

 

Dr. P. S. Shanmugavadivel
Department of Plant Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Pulses Research, Kanpur- 208024, Uttar Pradesh, India.

 

Dr. Meenal Rathore
Department of Plant Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Pulses Research, Kanpur- 208024, Uttar Pradesh, India.

 

Dr. Meenal Rathore
Department of Plant Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Pulses Research, Kanpur- 208024, Uttar Pradesh, India.

 

Miss G. Gayathri
Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences, Prayagraj - 211007, Uttar Pradesh, India.

 

 

Please See the book here :-  https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/ibs/v5/3498G

Genetic Diversity of Plasmodium vivax Circumsporozoite Protein and Sexual Stage Antigens 25 in Malaria-Endemic Areas in Asia, Africa, and America during the Period 2004-2020: A Systematic Review | Chapter 6 | Research Advances in Microbiology and Biotechnology Vol. 9

 The knowledge of genetic diversity and transmission dynamics of Plasmodium vivax is essential in predicting the emergence of drug resistance and control of malaria, relapse patterns, and vaccine development. Plasmodium vivax circumsporozoite protein (pvcsp) is involved in sporozoite binding to liver cells. Moreover, the circumsporozoite proteins are essential in parasite transformation in mosquito development.  It comprises the domain of tandem repeated sequenced flanked by three non-repeated conserved sequenced. Three types of repeat elements, either VK210, VK247, or P. vivax-like types, are detected in clinical isolates of P. vivax. Thus, pvcsp serves as a tool for genotyping P. vivax variants.The VK210 pattern is a major pvcsp genetic diversity distributed worldwide, demonstrating vivax variation. Apart from pvcsp, P. vivax sexual stage antigen also plays a crucial role in various transformation processes in the mosquito's midgut. Among various P. vivax sexual stage antigens, pvs25 is the most extensively studied transmission-blocking vaccine (TBV) candidate antigen of P. vivax.  Considering the genetic diversity of P. vivax, it is necessary to accurately evaluate the transmission dynamics of vivax malaria. This systemic review focuses on analysing current information on the genetic diversity of pvcsp and pvs25 in P. vivax isolates from different malaria-endemic areas from 2004 to 2020. The prevalence and patterns of pvcsp and pvs25 reported from various studies depend on geographical distribution and the time of sample collection. This information would help understand the host immune response mechanism to identify potential vaccine candidates. The results of this study will be used as a baseline for future investigations.

Author(s) Details:

Kesara Na-Bangchang,
Graduate Studies, Chulabhorn International College of Medicine, Thammasat University (Rangsit Campus), Paholyothin, Klong Luang, Pathmtanee-12121, Thailand.

Wanna Chaijaroenkul,
Center of Excellence in Pharmacology and Molecular Biology of Malaria and Cholangiocarcinoma, Thammasat University (Rangsit Campus), Paholyothin, Klong Luang, Pathmtanee-12121, Thailand.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/RAMB/article/view/12977

New Microsatellite Markers for Perilla frutescens (L.) Britton | Chapter 3 | Emerging Issues in Agricultural Sciences Vol. 8

 Perilla crop (Perilla frutescens L.) is respected as a health food and established food in Korea. However, there is still a lack of Perilla plain sequence repeat (SSR) or microsatellite textbook sets for studying genetic variety and phylogenetic connections among accessions of refined and weedy types of Perilla crop from East Asia, especially Korea. In our premature study, we obtained 15,991 SSR positions from transcriptome sequencing by RNA-seq in one refined type (PF98095) of P. frutescens var. frutescens. 37 novel Perilla SSR primer sets were created for Perilla class based on RNA sequences got from transcriptome research. These novel Perilla SSR markers were used to examine the historical diversity of 15 farmed and thin Perilla crop accessions. There were 182 verified alleles in 37 positions, with an average of 4.9 alleles per locus and varying from 2 to 9 alleles per locus. The main allele frequency (MAF) per locus different from 0.200 to 0.733, with an average of 0.463. The deoxyribonucleic acid diversity (GD) categorized from 0.391 to 0.853, with an average of 0.670. The average polymorphic facts content (PIC) was 0.624, ranging from 0.315 to 0.838. The novel Perilla SSR tombstones presented in this place work may provide acceptable markers for resolving the genetic diversity and hereditary connections of cultured and weedy Perilla crop assortments. Furthermore, novel Perilla SSR markers derived from transcriptome reasoning can be secondhand for cultivar proof of similarity, conservation of Perilla germplasm resources, and ancestral mapping and mark of relevant genes/QTLs for future Perilla agricultural development efforts.

Author(s) Details:

Ju Kyong Lee,
Department of Applied Plant Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/EIAS-V8/article/view/12061

Morphological and Molecular Characterization of Indian Mustard Germplasm Lines| Chapter 10 | Research Developments in Science and Technology Vol.4

The goal of this study was to discover DNA variation among planted Brassica juncea accessions using a set of SSR molecular markers. Genetic diversity estimate is critical not only for crop development programmes, but also for the effective management and conservation of existing genetic variability. Using multiple morphological characteristics such as days to 50% blooming and maturity, genetic diversity was examined in forty germplasm lines and eight cultivars of Indian mustard. plant height (cm), length of main raceme (cm), number(s) of primary and secondary branches/plants, number(s) of siliques per plant and seeds per silique, 1000 seed weight (g), seed yield per plant (g), and 50 SSR molecular markers in preliminary investigation, of which 7 SSR molecular markers were found to be highly polymorphic between all mustard genotypes and were used in advance research. For each of the 48 genotypes, a UPGMA phonogram was created, with similarity coefficients ranging from 0.00 to 0.91. The number of alleles ranged from 3 to 4, genetic diversity was between 71 and 65 percent with a mean of 67 percent, heterozygosity was between 10 and 20% with an average of 12 percent, and PIC values for markers were between 0.65 and 0.59 percent with a mean of 0.61 percent. The PIC value of all seven SSR primers was more than 0.5 (50 percent), indicating considerable genetic diversity in the genetic stock tested.

Author(s) Details:

Narendra Singh Rajpoot,
Department of Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, College of Agriculture, Rajmata Vijayraje Scindia Agricultural University, Gwalior 474002, India.

M. K. Tripathi,
Department of Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, College of Agriculture, Rajmata Vijayraje Scindia Agricultural University, Gwalior 474002, India.

Sushma Tiwari,
Department of Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, College of Agriculture, Rajmata Vijayraje Scindia Agricultural University, Gwalior 474002, India.

R. S. Tomar,
Rani Laxmibai Central Agricultural University, Jhansi, India.

Niraj Tripathi,
Jawaharlal Nehru Agricultural University, Jabalpur 482004, India.

R. S. Sikarwar,
Department of Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, College of Agriculture, Rajmata Vijayraje Scindia Agricultural University, Gwalior 474002, India.

S. S. Tomar,
Office of Dean, College of Agriculture, Rajmata Vijayraje Scindia Agricultural University, Gwalior 474002, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/RDST-V4/article/view/6858

Analysis of the Optimum Productivity and Genetic Diversity of Garlic Selections with White and Colored Skin in Egyptian, Eggaseed-1 and Sids- 40 Varieties| Chapter 5 | Current Topics in Agricultural Sciences Vol. 7

 The major purpose of this study is to examine the performance and productivity, as well as the genetic diversity, of 18 garlic genotypes typically available in the Egyptian market (i.e., Eggaseed-1 cv., Sids-40 cv., and Egyptian cv.). Varietys with fewer cloves provided higher yields in both seasons of the research. Eggaseed-1 cv. and Sids-40 cv. yielded 9.7-11.9 tonnes per acre, whereas Egyptian cv. yielded 8.8-9.1 tonnes per acre (fresh yield). Simple sequence repeat markers (SSR) were used with a post-labeling approach to reveal the genetic diversity of garlic types. 18 garlic selections and SSR markers with high polymorphism richness were evaluated for genetic characterisation. A total of 61 DNA fragments were amplified by ten markers, with each marker amplifying an average of 6.1 pieces. The garlic choices were used to determine genetic distances using SSR data, and the relationships between selections were clearly displayed using a dendrogram cluster analysis. The genetic similarity scores for the garlic types ranged from 65.77 to 91.54 percent. The highest genetic closeness (91.54 percent) was found between Eggaseed-1 and Sids-40 choices, whereas the most genetic dissimilarity was found between Egyptian and Eggaseed-1 selections. These findings allow for the identification of two garlic-colored garlic varieties in Eggaseed-1 cv. and Sids-40 cv., as well as their differentiation from Egyptian cv. choices, which are classed as white garlic varieties. Because garlic reproduces asexually, finding the proper genotype(s) is critical for achieving good quality; in the interim, the results can assist in breeding and commercial production selection.

Author(s) Details:

Haitham E. M. Zaki,
Horticulture Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Minia University, El-Minia 61517, Egypt and Applied Biotechnology Department, University of Technology and Applied Sciences-Sur, 411, Sur, Sultanate of Oman.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/CTAS-V7/article/view/6781

Determination of Genetic Diversity in Morphological Traits of Mango Genotypes Using D2 Statistics | Chapter 8 | New Visions in Biological Science Vol. 6

 Using D2 statistics, an experiment was undertaken in mango genotypes from India's eastern tropical area between 2018 and 2020 to explore genetic diversity in 24 morphological features. The goal of the study is to figure out how much variability there is across mango genotypes, so that high genetic divergence between parents can be used in the breeding programme. The clustering pattern based on D2 statistics divided 40 genotypes of mango into seven clusters, with cluster VI (7397.45) having the highest intra cluster value, followed by cluster III (5346.99), and cluster V (4130.4), showing significant genetic divergence among accessions in this cluster. Cluster VI and VII (300180) had the greatest inter-cluster distance, followed by Cluster II and VI (289267.7) and Cluster I and VI (214380.5), indicating that the accessions in these groups were genetically the most diversified and might be employed as a parent in a hybridization programme. The wide range of genetic variation seen in clusters VI and VII can be used in breeding programmes for mango genetic improvement or directly accepted as a variety. Fruit yield (60.77 percent) contributed significantly to genetic divergence, followed by fruit weight (26.79 percent), stone percentage (4.74 percent), peel percentage (2.31 percent), and pulp percentage (2.31 percent) (2.05 percent ).

Author(S) Details

Swosti S. Das
Department of Fruit Science and Horticulture Technology, OUAT, Bhubaneswar, India and 2ICAR- Central Institute for Subtropical Horticulture, Rehmankhera, Lucknow-226101, India.

K. Kishore
Central Horticulture Experiment Station (ICAR-IIHR), Bhubaneswar, India.

D. Lenka
Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, OUAT, Bhubaneswar, India.

D. K. Dash
Department of Fruit Science and Horticulture Technology, OUAT, Bhubaneswar, India.

K. C. Samal
Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, OUAT, Bhubaneswar, India.

D. Samant
Central Horticulture Experiment Station (ICAR-IIHR), Bhubaneswar, India.

C. M. Panda
Department of Fruit Science and Horticulture Technology, OUAT, Bhubaneswar, India.

S. C. Sahoo
Department of Fruit Science and Horticulture Technology, OUAT, Bhubaneswar, India.

S. N. Dash
Department of Fruit Science and Horticulture Technology, OUAT, Bhubaneswar, India.

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Morpho-physiological and Molecular Characterization of Pearl Millet [Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br.] Germplam Lines for Drought Tolerance | New Visions in Science and Technology Vol. 5

 The goal of this study was to see if there was any genetic variation among different pearl millet germplasm lines using a combination of drought-related morpho-physiological characteristics and SSR molecular markers. Study Design: 96 pearl millet germplasm lines were tested for drought resistance utilising morphological and physiological parameters as well as SSR markers in this study. The current study was carried out from July 2019 to December 2020 at the College of Agriculture, Gwalior, Rajmata Vijayaraje Scindia Krishi Vishwa Vidyalaya, Gwalior, M.P., India. The study's goal was to document several morphological and physiological features associated with drought resistance and susceptibility. In the lab, 35 microsatellite markers were utilised to examine the variability among the pearl millet genotypes under investigation. The genotypes of pearl millet were classified based on their morpho-physiological properties. Twenty-two of the 35 SSR markers were effectively amplified across all germplasm lines, with seven SSR markers being polymorphic and fifteen being monomorphic. As a result, all seven polymorphic SSR markers were employed to amplify all 96 germplasm lines. PIC values ranged from 0.0939 to 0.2980, with an average of 0.2274. The markers Xibmsp26 and Xibmsp29 (0.2980) had the highest PIC value, followed by Xibmsp03 (0.2392), Xibmsp29 (0.2392), Xibmsp06 (0.2289), and Xibmsp07 (0.1948). The marker Xibmsp01 had the lowest PIC value (0.0939). The average major allele frequency value was 0.8363, with a range of 0.7604 to 0.9479. The genetic diversity value ranged from 0.0987 to 0.3644, with a mean of 0.2665. Conclusions: A total of 22 pearl millet genotypes were discovered to be clustered distantly from the rest of the genotypes based on morpho-physiological data. These genotypes may be drought tolerant since they are linked to drought tolerant morpho-physiological features, although the majority of the genotypes were found to be drought vulnerable.

Author (S) Details

M. L. Choudhary

Department of Plant Molecular Biology & Biotechnology, College of Agriculture, RVS Agricultural University, Gwalior, 474002 (M.P.), India.

M. K. Tripathi

Department of Plant Molecular Biology & Biotechnology, College of Agriculture, RVS Agricultural University, Gwalior, 474002 (M.P.), India.

Sushma Tiwari

Department of Plant Molecular Biology & Biotechnology, College of Agriculture, RVS Agricultural University, Gwalior, 474002 (M.P.), India.

R. K. Pandya

Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture, RVS Agricultural University, Gwalior, 474002 (M.P.), India.

Neha Gupta

Department of Plant Molecular Biology & Biotechnology, College of Agriculture, RVS Agricultural University, Gwalior, 474002 (M.P.), India.

Niraj Tripathi

Directorate of Research Services, JN Agricultural University, Jabalpur 482004, India.

Prerana Parihar

Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture, RVS Agricultural University, Gwalior, 474002 (M.P.), India.

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Micro-satellite Diversity in Kenyan Sorghum Landraces | Chapter 6 | Cutting-edge Research in Agricultural Sciences Vol. 12

 Climate change is hastening the genetic deterioration of several crops in Kenya's semi-arid regions, putting resource-poor farmers' food security in jeopardy. This study examined the genetic diversity of available Sorghum bicolor L. germplasm using simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers with the purpose of uncovering variants that can be chosen to meet the food security demands of these marginal areas. Based on their placement in the genome and the large repeat sizes they represented, 39 SSR markers were genotyped on accessions from four agro-ecological zones. The Gene Mapper software (version 3.7) was used to call the alleles, the allelobin software was used to assign sizes, and the data was then evaluated with the Power Marker software (version 3.25). The Arlequin programme was used to calculate the diversity indices and intra-population structure (version 2.0). The genetic distances were calculated using Rogers modified distance, and the accessions were clustered using principal component analysis (PCA). The average polymorphic information content (PIC) was 0.536, indicating modest levels of polymorphism. Within accessions, there was 56.37 percent heterogeneity among populations, 38.85 percent variability within individual accessions, and 4.78 percent variability among geographical sources. There was more allele fixation when there was a low level of genetic differentiation (FST = 0.048) and a high level of inbreeding (FIS = 0.59). Despite the fact that most of the accessions were identical, the findings demonstrated that there was significant genetic diversity within and among Kenyan sorghum landraces to contribute in the increase of sorghum output.

Author (S) Details

Rachel K. Kisilu
Department of Plant Sciences and Crop Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Sciences, University of Nairobi, P.O.Box 30197-00100, Nairobi, Kenya and Kenya Agricultural Research Institute- Katumani, P.O.Box 340-90100 Machakos, Kenya.

Kahiu Ngugi
Department of Plant Sciences and Crop Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Sciences, University of Nairobi, P.O.Box 30197-00100, Nairobi, Kenya.

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Exploring Genetic Diversity in Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) | Chapter 7 | Current Research in Science and Technology Vol. 4

Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) is one of the most important legumes for consumption in India as well as worldwide. In grain legumes, it ranks second in acreage and third in production with productivity of 913 kg/ha. India is the largest producer of chickpea, accounts 70.9% of the world cultivated area and produces 67.1% of the total world production. D2 statistical analysis is a tool which measures the degree of divergence among the population. Multivariate analysis with “Mahalanobis D2 statistics” a strong tool to know the pattern of clustering to verify the relationship between genetic and geographic divergence and to discover the importance of different quantitative traits towards the maximum divergence. The present investigation was undertaken to study the nature and magnitude of genetic diversity among chickpea genotypes. The experimental material comprised of forty genotypes of chickpea in Rabi 2016-17 at Pulse Research Farm, Bihar Agricultural University, Sabour (Bhagalpur). The experiment was laid in a randomized complete block design with three replications during Rabi with the inclusion of the recommended packages and practices needed for a healthy crop. Analysis of variance revealed highly significant differences among the forty genotypes for all the characters studied indicating that significant amount of genetic variability present in the material. The cluster I had maximum eleven genotypes followed by cluster VI, 08  genotypes, cluster III, 07 genotypes and IV having five genotypes, while cluster II and V had four genotypes, respectively.  The cluster VII was mono-genotypic having one genotype. The intra-cluster D2 value ranged from 0.00 to 25.16 while, inter-cluster D2 value ranged from 30.73 to 204.05. The maximum intra cluster distance was exhibited by cluster V followed by cluster I and cluster IV.  The maximum inter-cluster distance was observed between cluster II and VII (204.05), followed by cluster II and V (170.79) and cluster III and V (157.56)  suggesting that the genetic architecture of the genotypes in one cluster differ entirely from those included in other clusters. The genotypes BAUG 108, H12-63, RKG13-380, AKG1303 and KWR108 were identified as genetically diverse parents, which can be utilized for future crop improvement programme in Chickpea. The above results indicate that these genotypes have maximum genetic diversity and useful for developing a large number of segregants through crossing programme by using maximum diverse genotypes.

Author(s) Details

Anand Kumar
Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Bihar Agricultural University, Sabour (Bhagalpur)-813210, Bihar, India.


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