Temporal Analysis of Genetic Diversity in Plasmodium vivax Field Isolates from the Thai-Myanmar Border (2006-2016) | Chapter 3 | Achievements and Challenges of Medicine and Medical Science Vol. 8

Background: High-level genetic variants of Plasmodium vivax have previously been reported in Thailand. Circumsporozoite surface protein (CSP), merozoite surface protein (MSP), and microsatellite markers have been used to determine the genetic polymorphisms in P. vivax. This study aimed to investigate the molecular epidemiology of P. vivax populations at the Thai-Myanmar border.

Methodology: A total of 440 Plasmodium vivax clinical isolates were collected from two districts along the Thai-Myanmar border: Mae Sot and Sai Yok, during two sampling periods: 2006–2007 and 2014–2016. The isolates were collected from patients diagnosed with P. vivax malaria by microscopy. Blood samples were preserved on filter papers for subsequent DNA extraction. Genotyping of three      P. vivax genes—PvCSP, PvMSP-3α, and PvMSP-3β—was performed using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) followed by restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis. PCR was carried out using primers designed to amplify the CSP gene, which is known to be polymorphic with two major genotypes: VK210 and VK247. The PCR products were analyzed using gel electrophoresis to identify band size variations. The presence of specific alleles was determined by comparing the observed band sizes with the known standards for VK210 and VK247. The PvMSP-3α and PvMSP-3β genes were genotyped using PCR primers specific to these regions. PCR amplification was followed by RFLP analysis, in which the amplicons were digested with restriction enzymes that produce distinct fragment patterns depending on genetic polymorphisms within these genes. This allowed for the classification of alleles into distinct types. Three genotypic variants (A, B, and C) of both PvMSP-3α and PvMSP-3β were identified based on the distinct banding patterns observed following RFLP digestion. The allelic diversity within the PvMSP-3α and PvMSP-3β genes was quantified by determining the number of different alleles present in the population for each gene. The frequency of each allele and its distribution between the two sampling periods (2006–2007 and 2014–2016) were also assessed. A detailed comparison of genetic diversity between PvMSP-3α and PvMSP-3β was made to evaluate the relative levels of polymorphisms and multiple-genotype infections. Allelic frequencies were calculated, and diversity indices such as the Shannon index were used to quantify genetic variation within the study population. The data were compared between the two time periods to assess any temporal changes in genetic diversity. All statistical analyses were conducted using appropriate software, with significance at p<0.05.

Results: Fourteen different PvCSP alleles were identified based on PCR band size variations: 8 for VK210 and 6 for VK247. The VK210 genotype was the dominant variant during both sample collection periods. For both PvMSP-3α and PvMSP-3β, three distinct types (A, B, and C) were observed. RFLP analysis revealed 28 and 14 allelic variants of PvMSP-3α and 36 and 20 allelic variants of PvMSP-3β identified during the first and second sampling periods, respectively. PvMSP-3β exhibited higher genetic diversity and a higher frequency of multiple-genotype infections than PvMSP-3α.

Conclusion: The study found high genetic variability of P. vivax at the Thai-Myanmar border, with significant diversity in both PvCSP and PvMSP-3 genes. Among these, PvMSP-3β displayed a higher level of genetic diversity and was associated with multiple-genotype infections, indicating the complexity of P. vivax populations in this region.

 

Author (s) Details

 

Abdifatah Abdullahi Jalei
Chulabhorn International College of Medicine, Thammasat University (Rangsit Campus), Pathumthani 12121, Thailand.

 

Wanna Chaijaroenkul
Drug Discovery and Development Center, Thammasat University (Rangsit Campus), Pathum Thani 12121, Thailand.

 

Kesara Na-Bangchang
Chulabhorn International College of Medicine, Thammasat University (Rangsit Campus), Pathumthani 12121, Thailand, Drug Discovery and Development Center, Thammasat University (Rangsit Campus), Pathum Thani 12121, Thailand and Center of Excellence in Pharmacology and Molecular Biology of Malaria and Cholangiocarcinoma, Chulabhorn International College of Medicine (Rangsit Campus), Thammasat University, Pathum Thani 12121, Thailand.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/acmms/v8/3512

Genetic Diversity of Plasmodium vivax Circumsporozoite Protein and Sexual Stage Antigens 25 in Malaria-Endemic Areas in Asia, Africa, and America during the Period 2004-2020: A Systematic Review | Chapter 6 | Research Advances in Microbiology and Biotechnology Vol. 9

 The knowledge of genetic diversity and transmission dynamics of Plasmodium vivax is essential in predicting the emergence of drug resistance and control of malaria, relapse patterns, and vaccine development. Plasmodium vivax circumsporozoite protein (pvcsp) is involved in sporozoite binding to liver cells. Moreover, the circumsporozoite proteins are essential in parasite transformation in mosquito development.  It comprises the domain of tandem repeated sequenced flanked by three non-repeated conserved sequenced. Three types of repeat elements, either VK210, VK247, or P. vivax-like types, are detected in clinical isolates of P. vivax. Thus, pvcsp serves as a tool for genotyping P. vivax variants.The VK210 pattern is a major pvcsp genetic diversity distributed worldwide, demonstrating vivax variation. Apart from pvcsp, P. vivax sexual stage antigen also plays a crucial role in various transformation processes in the mosquito's midgut. Among various P. vivax sexual stage antigens, pvs25 is the most extensively studied transmission-blocking vaccine (TBV) candidate antigen of P. vivax.  Considering the genetic diversity of P. vivax, it is necessary to accurately evaluate the transmission dynamics of vivax malaria. This systemic review focuses on analysing current information on the genetic diversity of pvcsp and pvs25 in P. vivax isolates from different malaria-endemic areas from 2004 to 2020. The prevalence and patterns of pvcsp and pvs25 reported from various studies depend on geographical distribution and the time of sample collection. This information would help understand the host immune response mechanism to identify potential vaccine candidates. The results of this study will be used as a baseline for future investigations.

Author(s) Details:

Kesara Na-Bangchang,
Graduate Studies, Chulabhorn International College of Medicine, Thammasat University (Rangsit Campus), Paholyothin, Klong Luang, Pathmtanee-12121, Thailand.

Wanna Chaijaroenkul,
Center of Excellence in Pharmacology and Molecular Biology of Malaria and Cholangiocarcinoma, Thammasat University (Rangsit Campus), Paholyothin, Klong Luang, Pathmtanee-12121, Thailand.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/RAMB/article/view/12977

Rapid Diagnostic Tests for Malaria: Challenges and Future Prospects, a Brief Review | Chapter 13 | Challenges and Advances in Pharmaceutical Research Vol. 8

 Malaria imposes great socio- profitable burden on humanity and account for one of the major cause of global contagious complaint. This parasitic complaint affects nearly 90- 95 countries and homes in the tropical and tropicalregions.Approximately 40 of world populationpossess a threat to contract malaria. Malaria is a major vector- borne complaint in India. Climatic diversity, expansive geographical distribution and variable malarial epidemiology in India is associated with high sponger inheritable diversity and fleetly evolving medicine resistance. Malaria presents a individual challenge to laboratories in utmost countries.

In suspected cases of malaria accurate and raid opinion is demanded. It makes some of the more sensitive styles like skill grounded conventional, luminescence grounded microscopy and PCR methodsless suitable for routine laboratoryuse.Laboratory styles that bear further than 1- 2 hour to give a clear opinion of malaria aren't considered rapid-fire tests, although they might be used for referenceprocedures.Recently, there has been an upsurge of interest in developing malaria rapid-fire individual test( RDT) accoutrements for the discovery of Plasmodium species. Tests targeting HRP- 2 protein, p- LDH and Aldolase contribute to further than 90 of the malaria RDTs in current script. still, the variable particularity, perceptivity and number of false cons with or without false negatives illustrates the difficulties and challenges in view of using RDTs. The major challenges while using RDTs are inheritable variability in the Pfhrp2 gene and the continuity of antigens in the bloodstream indeed after the elimination of spongers. The unborn prospects of resolving theseminor issues associated with current RDTs with a newer generation of indispensable malaria antigen targets are being studied. colorful studies have handed effective comparisonsas well as explanation on the feasibility and clinical applicability of usingnon-microscopic styles similar as RDTs for diagnosing malaria.

Author(s) Details:

Priyanka Gupta,
Department of Microbiology, GBCM, Subharti University, Dehradun, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/CAPR-V8/article/view/8502

Assessing the Clinical Profile of Malaria and It’s Complications in Magadh Zone of Bihar, India | Chapter 10 | Current Overview on Disease and Health Research Vol. 1

The goal of the current study was to assess the clinical profile and its complications that aid in early malaria recognition and prompt treatment, thereby lowering morbidity and mortality.

One of the most frequent causes of fever and other associated human misery is still malaria. It continues to be a significant burden for tropical nations despite ongoing prevention initiatives. Despite being nearly eradicated from many nations, including the United States, Canada, Europe, and Russia, malaria has recently presented new challenges in terms of changing clinical profiles and management, particularly p. vivax infection, which is frequently found to cause severe malaria and, contrary to popular belief, defies early detection and timely antimalarial medication.

From the indoor and outdoor sections of the Magadh Medical College Hospital in Gaya, a total of 96 patients were enrolled. Rapid testing and a peripheral blood smear examination are used to identify malaria. A comprehensive clinical examination was conducted, and both regular and specialised lab tests were run. Current clinical features were also documented. A thorough examination was done, the right therapy was given, and frequent follow-up was done. Serious malaria was defined according to WHO standards.

54 percent were infected with vivax, 47 percent with P. falciparum, and 9 percent with mixed illness. More than 30% of individuals exhibited atypical clinical characteristics, 8.6% showed warning signals, and 31% experienced severe malaria. In contrast to common belief, P. vivax also experienced problems.

Early diagnosis is the key to reducing morbidity and death. Typical but deceptive clinical symptoms include cough, severe headache, severe myalgia, diarrhoea, stomach pain, severe arthralgia, oliguria, and malena. Unusual symptoms were seen in a large majority of the individuals in this group.

In India, different regions have different rates of malaria as well as different ratios of p. vivax and p. falciparum. P. vivax is the dominating species in the Magadh zone of Bihar. Malaria is still a significant problem for public health. P vivax's altered clinical profile and increased pathogenicity have drawn attention. Understanding these traits enables early detection and improves results.

Author (s) Details:

Pramod Kumar Sinha,
Department of Medicine, Anugrah Narayan Magadh Medical College Hospital , Gaya-823001 (Bihar), India.

S. N. Singh,
Department of Medicine, Anugrah Narayan Medical College Hospital, Gaya, (Bihar), India.

Deo Chaudhary,
Department of Medicine, Anugrah Narayan Medical College Hospital, Gaya, (Bihar), India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/CODHR-V1/article/view/7430