Susceptibility to Antimalarial Drugs of Plasmodium falciparum Isolates from Keffi Metropolis, Nasarawa State, Nigeria | Chapter 04 | Chemistry and Biochemistry: Research Progress Vol. 8

Background: Malaria remains a major public health challenge in Sub-Saharan Africa, with Plasmodium falciparum being one of the five species infecting humans. Despite the use of antimalarial drugs in the treatment of malaria, there is an emergence and spread of Artemisinin-resistant parasites, which have raised serious concerns. The increasing resistance of Plasmodium species to antimalarial drugs necessitates periodic susceptibility testing to monitor and detect resistant strains.

Aim: This study aimed to determine the Susceptibility to Antimalarial Drugs of Plasmodium falciparum Isolates from Keffi Metropolis, Nasarawa State, Nigeria.

Methodology: This hospital-based descriptive study was conducted at the Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Natural and Applied Sciences, Nasarawa State University, Keffi, between December 2024 and April 2025. A total of 385 blood samples were collected and screened for malaria parasites by microscopy. Species-specific screening was done using a Rapid Diagnostic Test (RDT). Stock and working solutions of selected antimalarial drugs were prepared using standard protocols. The parasite cultivation and its susceptibility to selected antimalarial drugs were determined using the WHO protocol. Matured schizonts were quantified. The degree of antimalarial drug inhibition of scizont maturation was determined and the drug's 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) required to prevent parasite schizont maturation, indicating resistance, was determined. Using microscopy as the gold standard, the performance of the Rapid Diagnostic Test (RDT) was compared to it using MedCalc version 22.009 statistical package (MedCalc Software Ltd. Diagnostic test evaluation calculator).

Results: Malaria prevalence by microscopy was 29.9% (95% CI = 25.34 to 34.71%) and 26.7% by RDT. The RDT had a sensitivity of 89.6% (95% CI = 82.48% to 94.49%), specificity of 100.00% (95% CI = 98.64% to 100.00%), Positive Predictive Value of 100.00% (95% CI = 96.48% to 100.00%); and Negative Predictive Value of 95.8% (95% CI = 92.94% to 97.46%). The accuracy of the RDT was 96.88% (95% CI = 94.62 to 98.38%). Six out of the 35 isolates showed 17.1% resistance to Artemether + Lumafantrine.

Conclusion: Malaria is present in the study population and is resistant to some of the antimalarial drugs in use. The need to also explore the reintroduction of Chloroquine in the treatment of malaria may also be considered since it is cheap, effective, readily available and a quick parasite clearance antimalarial drug. The need for periodic antimalarial drug surveillance to determine the efficacy of drugs in use is highly recommended.

 

Author(s)details:-

 

Igbawua IN
Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Natural and Applied Sciences, Nasarawa State University, P.M.B. 1022, Keffi, Nasarawa State, Nigeria.

 

Ngwai YB
Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Natural and Applied Sciences, Nasarawa State University, P.M.B. 1022, Keffi, Nasarawa State, Nigeria.

 

Nkene IH
Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Natural and Applied Sciences, Nasarawa State University, P.M.B. 1022, Keffi, Nasarawa State, Nigeria.

 

Yahaya I
Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Natural and Applied Sciences, Nasarawa State University, P.M.B. 1022, Keffi, Nasarawa State, Nigeria.

 

Timshana E
Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Natural and Applied Sciences, Nasarawa State University, P.M.B. 1022, Keffi, Nasarawa State, Nigeria.

 

IbrahimT
Department of Science Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Natural and Applied Sciences, Nasarawa State University, P.M.B. 1022, Keffi, Nasarawa State, Nigeria.

 

Please see the book here :-https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/cbrp/v8/6664 

Zoonotic Schistosomiasis in Naujan Lake, Oriental Mindoro, Philippines: The Role of Environment, Animals and Community Practices | Chapter 6 | Research Perspective on Biological Science Vol. 6

 

Aims: To identify endemic zones, locate intermediate host sites, and validate predictive screening parameters to support early detection and integrated disease control strategies. Likewise, to correlate and formulate models using environmental and epidemiological factors, ruminant faecal contamination, and presence of Oncomelania hupensis quadrasi snails to predict Schistosomiasis prevalence around Naujan Lake, Oriental Mindoro.

 

Study Design: Cross-sectional observation combining parasitological, malacological, and ecological assessments with statistical modelling for disease prevalence prediction.

 

Place and Duration of Study: Barangay in municipalities of Socorro, Pola, Victoria, and Naujan surrounding Naujan Lake, Oriental Mindoro, between October 2022 and May 2023.

 

Methodology: Formalin Ethylene Acetate Sedimentation Digestion (FEA-SD) technique and direct microscopy were conducted on ruminant faeces and Oncomelania hupensis quadrasi (Katsurada 1904) snails. Environmental factors (i.e., water pH, temperature, humidity, and air temperature) were recorded at each site. Correlation and regression analyses were performed to evaluate associations between Schistosomiasis prevalence and environmental variables. A predictive model was developed based on significant parameters.

 

Results: Schistosome-positive faecal samples significantly overlapped with snail sites. High-risk transmission areas were confirmed in Socorro and Pola, with carabaos identified as major contributors to parasite proliferation by defecating, particularly in 34 snail-positive sites. Environmental conditions associated with high disease prevalence included water pH 7.51–7.61, humidity 75.33–76.29%, water temperature 23.55–26.19°C, and air temperature 31.47–32.80°C. Formulated model for Schistosomiasis prevalence (Pₛₕᵢₛₜₒₘᵢₐₛᵢₛ) was predicted with 93% accuracy through the equation: Pₛₕᵢₛₜₒₘᵢₐₛᵢₛ = 5.85013(SF - presence of Schistosomes in faeces) – 0.08091(WTEMP - water temperature) – 0.09910 (ATEMP - air temperature).

 

Conclusion: Findings emphasise the strong influence of environmental conditions on disease proliferation. Thus, systematic monitoring of snail sites and environmental parameters to support control programs is recommended. To further mitigate disease transmission, collaborative efforts with local administrative and health agencies are crucial. Results will be translated into community-based awareness campaigns and used to inform local policy development for continuous surveillance and early detection in the four municipalities. Moreover, policy frameworks at both the local and provincial levels should be formulated and implemented to support the integrated control and eventual eradication of Schistosomiasis.

 

Author(s) Details

Dave Christopher G. Viňas
Regional Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, 76GW+335, Strong Republic Nautical Hwy, Barcenaga, Naujan, 5204, Oriental Mindoro, Philippines.

 

Nora C. Cabaral-Lasaca
College of Agriculture and Allied Fields, Mindoro State University; 555P+4R2, Alcate, Victoria, 5205, Oriental Mindoro, Philippines

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/rpbs/v6/5892

Bovine Babesiosis: Useful Diagnostic Tools for the Identification of Cattle Persistently Infected: An Update | Chapter 1 | Current Innovations in Disease and Health Research Vol. 5

 The objetive concerning this chapteris to describe an update of the main demonstrative techniques, that allow for the labeling of persistently polluted cattle that remain as asymptomatic warships of Babesia spp.Bovine babesiosis is a parasitic disease generated by intraerythrocytic protozoan organisms of the type Babesia. The most important variety that affect cattle are Babesia bovis, Babesia bigemina and Babesia divergens. Various methods have been implemented to recognize bovine babesiosis, usually the leader is the thin or thick blood Giemsa-tainted smear to microscopically show the presence of parasites as plant structure of the clinical symptoms. Babesial contaminations are difficult to detect by way of the low number of parasites in minor blood. Therefore, DNA-located molecular methods have happened developed with excellent advantages, such as extreme analytical sense and specificity rates.  As an alternative, indirect serological assays maybe used to check animals with determined infections for particular antibabesial antibodies. Serological techniques have the disadvantage of presenting with cross reactions between antibodies to Babesia sp. and are not forever reliable in identifying mammals that are persistently infected.

Author(s) Details:

J. Antonio Alvarez-Martínez,
CENID-Salud Animal e Inocuidad, Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrícolas y Pecuarias. Carretera Federal Cuernavaca Cuautla No. 8534, Colonia Progreso, Jiutepec, 62550, México.

Carmen Rojas-Martínez,
CENID-Salud Animal e Inocuidad, Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrícolas y Pecuarias. Carretera Federal Cuernavaca Cuautla No. 8534, Colonia Progreso, Jiutepec, 62550, México.

Julio V. Figueroa-Millán,
CENID-Salud Animal e Inocuidad, Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrícolas y Pecuarias. Carretera Federal Cuernavaca Cuautla No. 8534, Colonia Progreso, Jiutepec, 62550, México.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/CIDHR-V5/article/view/11582

Rapid Diagnostic Tests for Malaria: Challenges and Future Prospects, a Brief Review | Chapter 13 | Challenges and Advances in Pharmaceutical Research Vol. 8

 Malaria imposes great socio- profitable burden on humanity and account for one of the major cause of global contagious complaint. This parasitic complaint affects nearly 90- 95 countries and homes in the tropical and tropicalregions.Approximately 40 of world populationpossess a threat to contract malaria. Malaria is a major vector- borne complaint in India. Climatic diversity, expansive geographical distribution and variable malarial epidemiology in India is associated with high sponger inheritable diversity and fleetly evolving medicine resistance. Malaria presents a individual challenge to laboratories in utmost countries.

In suspected cases of malaria accurate and raid opinion is demanded. It makes some of the more sensitive styles like skill grounded conventional, luminescence grounded microscopy and PCR methodsless suitable for routine laboratoryuse.Laboratory styles that bear further than 1- 2 hour to give a clear opinion of malaria aren't considered rapid-fire tests, although they might be used for referenceprocedures.Recently, there has been an upsurge of interest in developing malaria rapid-fire individual test( RDT) accoutrements for the discovery of Plasmodium species. Tests targeting HRP- 2 protein, p- LDH and Aldolase contribute to further than 90 of the malaria RDTs in current script. still, the variable particularity, perceptivity and number of false cons with or without false negatives illustrates the difficulties and challenges in view of using RDTs. The major challenges while using RDTs are inheritable variability in the Pfhrp2 gene and the continuity of antigens in the bloodstream indeed after the elimination of spongers. The unborn prospects of resolving theseminor issues associated with current RDTs with a newer generation of indispensable malaria antigen targets are being studied. colorful studies have handed effective comparisonsas well as explanation on the feasibility and clinical applicability of usingnon-microscopic styles similar as RDTs for diagnosing malaria.

Author(s) Details:

Priyanka Gupta,
Department of Microbiology, GBCM, Subharti University, Dehradun, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/CAPR-V8/article/view/8502

Histopathological Spectrum of Non-neoplastic Nephrectomy Specimens: An Insight and Feedback of a Pathologist to the Clinician | Chapter 01 | Issues and Developments in Medicine and Medical Research Vol. 8

 The goal of this study was to look at the range of non-neoplastic disorders and their microscopic findings in non-neoplastic nephrectomy specimens, as well as the clinicopathological association. This is a three-year prospective and retrospective study conducted at a tertiary care hospital and teaching institute's pathology department. At the start of the study, the ethics committee gave its approval. Disorders such as calculus (in the kidney, pelvis ureteric junction, and ureter), hydronephrosis, and numerous miscellaneous conditions such as aplastic kidney, poor renal functioning, reflux disease, and so on were among the various indications for nephrectomy. In both male and female cases, the right sided nephrectomy was shown to be slightly more common than the left side in the current study. Right-sided nephrectomy was performed on 57 percent of males and 55 percent of females. According to the findings, persistent pyelonephritis is the most common non-neoplastic reason for nephrectomy.

Author(S) Details

Sushma Praveen Kulkarni
Department of Pathology, Dr. D. Y. Patil Medical College, D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune, Maharashtra, India.

View Book:- https://stm.bookpi.org/IDMMR-V8/article/view/5795

Study on Nanophosphors with Partially Polymerized SiO4 Tetrahedra Produced by Evaporation of Ca2Y8(SiO4)6O2: Eu Polycrystals | Chapter 12 | Recent Trends in Chemical and Material Sciences Vol. 2

 Pulsed electron beam evaporation of micrometer-sized polycrystalline phosphors of the composition Ca2Y8(SiO4)6O2: Eu generated nanophosphors in the amorphous form for the first time. When particle size decreases from micro to nanodimensional, the Raman spectra is altered, and the prohibited band width of the samples rises. The features of spectrum luminescence in polycrystalline and amorphous states have been investigated. It was discovered that when phosphors move to a nanoamorphous state, their photoluminescence hue changes from red-orange (Eu3+) to blue (Eu2+).

Author (S) Details

M. G. Zuev
Institute of Solid State Chemistry, Ural Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Ekaterinburg, Russia and Ural Federal University (Named After First President of Russia B. N. Yeltsin), Ekaterinburg, Russia.

V. G. Il'ves
Institute of Electrophysics, Ural Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Ekaterinburg, Russia.

S. Yu. Sokovnin
Ural Federal University (Named After First President of Russia B. N. Yeltsin), Ekaterinburg, Russia and Institute of Electrophysics, Ural Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Ekaterinburg, Russia.

E. Yu. Zhuravleva
Ural Federal University (Named After First President of Russia B. N. Yeltsin), Ekaterinburg, Russia.

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/RTCAMS-V2/article/view/2913

Study on Nanophosphors with Partially Polymerized SiO4 Tetrahedra Produced by Evaporation of Ca2Y8(SiO4)6O2: Eu Polycrystals | Chapter 12 | Recent Trends in Chemical and Material Sciences Vol. 2

 Pulsed electron beam evaporation of micrometer-sized polycrystalline phosphors of the composition Ca2Y8(SiO4)6O2: Eu generated nanophosphors in the amorphous form for the first time. When particle size decreases from micro to nanodimensional, the Raman spectra is altered, and the prohibited band width of the samples rises. The features of spectrum luminescence in polycrystalline and amorphous states have been investigated. It was discovered that when phosphors move to a nanoamorphous state, their photoluminescence hue changes from red-orange (Eu3+) to blue (Eu2+).

Author (S) Details

M. G. Zuev
Institute of Solid State Chemistry, Ural Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Ekaterinburg, Russia and Ural Federal University (Named After First President of Russia B. N. Yeltsin), Ekaterinburg, Russia.

V. G. Il'ves
Institute of Electrophysics, Ural Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Ekaterinburg, Russia.

S. Yu. Sokovnin
Ural Federal University (Named After First President of Russia B. N. Yeltsin), Ekaterinburg, Russia and Institute of Electrophysics, Ural Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Ekaterinburg, Russia.

E. Yu. Zhuravleva
Ural Federal University (Named After First President of Russia B. N. Yeltsin), Ekaterinburg, Russia.

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/RTCAMS-V2/article/view/2913