Monday, 2 March 2026

Phytochemical Screening, Chemical Characterisation, and Antibacterial Activity of Essential Oils from Different Types of Medicinal Plants against Multidrug-Resistant Bacteria | Chapter 6 | Pharmaceutical Science: New Insights and Developments Vol. 10

 

Medicinal plants represent the most ancient form of medication, used for thousands of years in traditional medicine in many countries around the world. Essential oils and plant extracts are sources of beneficial chemical compounds that have potential applications in food, cosmetics, agriculture and the medicine industry.  The purpose of this study is to extract three medicinal plants, including seeds of Syzygium aromaticum (S. aromaticum), leaves of Thymus vulgaris (T. vulgaris) and Myrtus communis (M. communis) using the steam distillation method. It evaluated their ability to inhibit pathogenic and antibiotic-resistant bacteria, including Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa), and Escherichia coli (E.coli) isolated from skin ulcers. Seeds of S aromaticum and leaves of T. vulgaris were purchased from the local markets in the holy Karbala, Iraq, while the leaves of M. communis were collected from local farms in the same governorate. Moreover, the extracts were analysed to evaluate their phytochemicals and chemical constitutions using classical methods and GC-mass spectroscopy. The phytochemical screening of these three crude extracts has been evaluated to present chemical groups, i.e., alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids, tannins, steroids, glycosides, phenols, and saponins. The phytochemicals results showed that the Flavonoids and terpenoids were observed in all samples, while the Alkaloids didn't appear. The extracts of S. aromaticum, T. vulgaris, and M. communis showed interesting compounds during the GC-mass spectroscopy test. It showed the presence of chemical compounds with active groups that could have a significant role in bacterial treatment, such as 9-octadecenamide, Caryophyllene, and Limonene. Moreover, the results of the bacterial test showed a high effectiveness of these oils on the types of bacteria used, especially S. aureus and E. coli, where the highest results were for Myrtus on E. coli bacteria, with an inhibition diameter of 56 mm, while clove oil did not show any effectiveness against S. aureus; the inhibition zone diameter is zero. In general, the effectiveness of these essential oils against Gram-negative P. aeruginosa was very weak compared to the effectiveness of these essential oils on other bacterial species used in the study, where the highest diameter of inhibition of these bacteria was by clove oil and reached 15 mm. In conclusion, the essential oils of S. aromaticum, T. vulgaris, and M. communis demonstrated significant antibacterial activity against certain pathogenic bacteria, particularly S. aureus and E. coli, but showed limited efficacy against P. aeruginosa.

 

Author(s) Details

Maryam Mansoor Mathkoor
Department of Therapeutic Nutrition Techniques, Al Taff University College, Kerbala, Iraq.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/psnid/v10/6970

 

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