Susceptibility to Antimalarial Drugs of Plasmodium falciparum Isolates from Keffi Metropolis, Nasarawa State, Nigeria | Chapter 04 | Chemistry and Biochemistry: Research Progress Vol. 8

Background: Malaria remains a major public health challenge in Sub-Saharan Africa, with Plasmodium falciparum being one of the five species infecting humans. Despite the use of antimalarial drugs in the treatment of malaria, there is an emergence and spread of Artemisinin-resistant parasites, which have raised serious concerns. The increasing resistance of Plasmodium species to antimalarial drugs necessitates periodic susceptibility testing to monitor and detect resistant strains.

Aim: This study aimed to determine the Susceptibility to Antimalarial Drugs of Plasmodium falciparum Isolates from Keffi Metropolis, Nasarawa State, Nigeria.

Methodology: This hospital-based descriptive study was conducted at the Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Natural and Applied Sciences, Nasarawa State University, Keffi, between December 2024 and April 2025. A total of 385 blood samples were collected and screened for malaria parasites by microscopy. Species-specific screening was done using a Rapid Diagnostic Test (RDT). Stock and working solutions of selected antimalarial drugs were prepared using standard protocols. The parasite cultivation and its susceptibility to selected antimalarial drugs were determined using the WHO protocol. Matured schizonts were quantified. The degree of antimalarial drug inhibition of scizont maturation was determined and the drug's 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) required to prevent parasite schizont maturation, indicating resistance, was determined. Using microscopy as the gold standard, the performance of the Rapid Diagnostic Test (RDT) was compared to it using MedCalc version 22.009 statistical package (MedCalc Software Ltd. Diagnostic test evaluation calculator).

Results: Malaria prevalence by microscopy was 29.9% (95% CI = 25.34 to 34.71%) and 26.7% by RDT. The RDT had a sensitivity of 89.6% (95% CI = 82.48% to 94.49%), specificity of 100.00% (95% CI = 98.64% to 100.00%), Positive Predictive Value of 100.00% (95% CI = 96.48% to 100.00%); and Negative Predictive Value of 95.8% (95% CI = 92.94% to 97.46%). The accuracy of the RDT was 96.88% (95% CI = 94.62 to 98.38%). Six out of the 35 isolates showed 17.1% resistance to Artemether + Lumafantrine.

Conclusion: Malaria is present in the study population and is resistant to some of the antimalarial drugs in use. The need to also explore the reintroduction of Chloroquine in the treatment of malaria may also be considered since it is cheap, effective, readily available and a quick parasite clearance antimalarial drug. The need for periodic antimalarial drug surveillance to determine the efficacy of drugs in use is highly recommended.

 

Author(s)details:-

 

Igbawua IN
Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Natural and Applied Sciences, Nasarawa State University, P.M.B. 1022, Keffi, Nasarawa State, Nigeria.

 

Ngwai YB
Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Natural and Applied Sciences, Nasarawa State University, P.M.B. 1022, Keffi, Nasarawa State, Nigeria.

 

Nkene IH
Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Natural and Applied Sciences, Nasarawa State University, P.M.B. 1022, Keffi, Nasarawa State, Nigeria.

 

Yahaya I
Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Natural and Applied Sciences, Nasarawa State University, P.M.B. 1022, Keffi, Nasarawa State, Nigeria.

 

Timshana E
Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Natural and Applied Sciences, Nasarawa State University, P.M.B. 1022, Keffi, Nasarawa State, Nigeria.

 

IbrahimT
Department of Science Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Natural and Applied Sciences, Nasarawa State University, P.M.B. 1022, Keffi, Nasarawa State, Nigeria.

 

Please see the book here :-https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/cbrp/v8/6664 

Synthesis and Biological Applications of Ferrocenyl Amino Acids, Sugar and Nucleic Acids Derivatives | Chapter 1 | Advancements in Science and Technology: Paving the Way to a Sustainable Future

Ferrocene, known for its aromaticity, relative lipophilicity, and stable redox properties, has been widely explored in functional molecules due to its unique chemical characteristics. Despite being an organometallic compound, ferrocene and some derivatives maintain stability in aqueous and aerobic environments. Its industrial applications span diverse fields such as petroleum, plastics, textiles, metallurgy, and catalysis. Medicinally, ferrocene and its derivatives demonstrate cytotoxic, antitumor, antimalarial, and antianemic properties, making ferrocene-conjugated biomolecules particularly promising. One approach to enhance ferrocene’s water solubility and biocompatibility is through covalent attachment to biomolecules like amino acids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids. These conjugates exhibit significant structural, electrochemical, and biological properties. This chapter reviews recent advancements in the synthesis of ferrocene-conjugated carbohydrates and amino acids, focusing on methods such as thio-alkylation, click chemistry, and amide linkage formation. Overall, the chemical versatility and bioactivity of ferrocene derivatives highlight their potential for future applications in medicinal and material science.

 

Author (s) Details

Dr. Anija Mol T Philip
Department of Chemistry, Hislop College, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India.

 

Dr. Mayur V Khedkar
Department of Chemistry, Hislop College, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India.

 

Dr. Shoeb R Khan
Department of Chemistry, Hislop College, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India.

 

Dr. Shibin Chacko
Department of Chemistry, Hislop College, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India.

 

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/mono/978-93-49473-39-3/CH1

Effective Treatments for Japanese Patients' Skin Lesions Associated with Discoid Lupus Erythematosus | Chapter 6 | Advanced Concepts in Pharmaceutical Research Vol. 3

 This branch aims to discuss about Effective Situations for Japanese Sufferers' Skin Lesions Associated with Discoid lupus erythematosus (DLE). DLE is an instigative skin disease that can occur in subjects with or outside systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Localized DLE, statement/widespread DLE, hypertrophic/ verrucous DLE, and mucosal DLE are all dispassionate characteristics. There are current and systemic therapies convenient. Corticosteroids and calcineurin inhibitors are examples of local treatments.  Antimalarials are widely accepted as first-line fundamental therapy around the planet. Dapsone and/or retinoids can also be advantageous if the positive and negative effects are cautiously considered. It is detracting to understand and explore the procedures of skin eruption development appropriating various methods such as mouse models so that find better treatments.This publication interprets the characteristics of DLE, allure pathogenesis, diagnostics, and current and novel targeted analysis. A PubMed and Cochrane Database of Systemic Reviews article search was conducted, and ultimate relevant references were deliberate. DLE treatment surrounds both topical and intrinsic treatments. Professional application of local corticosteroids and calcineurin inhibitors is considered first-line healing. When topical treatments are useless, antimalarials are accepted as a first-line systemic analysis.  An immunosuppressive or immunomodulator may be additional if the antimalarial treatment program is insufficient. Few novel promising medicines have existed evaluated or proven in patients who have enhance resistant to miscellaneous combinations of antimalarials and immunosuppressives/immunomodulators.

Author(s) Details:

Fukumi Furukawa,
Department of Forensic Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, 811-1 Kimiidera, 641-8509 Wakayama, Japan.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/ACPR-V3/article/view/12699