Carbohydrate-Based Derivatives Act as Potential Antimicrobial and Influenza Virus Inhibitors: In vitro and In silico Approaches | Chapter 3 | Chemistry and Biochemistry: Research Progress Vol. 9

 

A wide range of carbohydrate-derived drugs are currently utilised worldwide as antifungal, antibacterial and anticancer drugs. In this context, our research group focused on designing and synthesising new derivatives of methyl α-D-mannopyranoside (1, MDM) and exploring its antiviral and antibacterial properties through both experimental and computational approaches.

 

Seven MDM derivatives (2–7) were synthesised via selective acylation and fully characterised using spectroscopic techniques. In vitro antibacterial activity was evaluated by MIC and MBC assays, while in silico analyses included PASS prediction, density functional theory calculations, molecular docking, and molecular dynamics simulations against influenza A neuraminidase (H1N1, PDB ID: 7XGC). Compounds 3 and 5 exhibited the most significant antibacterial activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative strains, with compound 5 showing superior MIC and MBC values. Computational studies revealed favourable electronic properties for the active compounds. Docking and molecular dynamics analyses identified compounds 6 and 7 as the most potent neuraminidase binders, forming stable interactions with key catalytic residues commonly involved in known neuraminidase inhibitors. The combined in vitro and in silico findings highlight acylated MDM derivatives as promising dual-action antibacterial and antiviral scaffolds, with compound 5 emerging as a potential antibacterial lead and compounds 6 and 7 as promising candidates for anti-influenza drug development.

 

 

Author(s) Details

 

Sarkar M. A. Kawsar
Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Chittagong, Chittagong-4331, Bangladesh.

 

Md. Farhan Labib
Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Chittagong, Chittagong-4331, Bangladesh.

 

S. M. Sajid Hasan Shammo
Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Chittagong, Chittagong-4331, Bangladesh.

 

Nazia Islam
Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Chittagong, Chittagong-4331, Bangladesh.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/cbrp/v9/6927

Evaluating the Sub-Lethal Effects of Malathion on Biochemical Parameters of Freshwater Fish Labeo rohita (Hamilton) | Chapter 3 | Research Perspective on Biological Science Vol. 4

Malathion is a non-systemic, wide-spectrum organophosphate insecticide. Organophosphates are widely used throughout the world as an important group of pesticides, due to their insecticidal property, less toxicity, less persistence and rapid biodegradability in the environment. The present investigation was undertaken to study the toxic effect of Malathion on biochemical parameters of the freshwater fish Labeo rohita (Hamilton). The freshwater fish Labeo rohita were collected from local freshwater culture ponds by netting with the help of local fishermen located within the study region. The fish were exposed to sub-lethal concentrations of the insecticide Malathion and the variations were observed on different parameters, i.e. proteins, carbohydrates and ninhydrine positive substances (FAA) at different time intervals, i.e. 24, 48, 72 and 96 hrs of Malathion exposure from different tissues of fish Labeo rohita, i.e. gill, liver, intestine, muscle and brain. Statistical analysis was performed by ANOVA to compare the results between the tissue components. The results revealed that biochemical constituents, i.e. proteins, carbohydrates and ninhydrine-positive substances, were decreased in all the tissues of L. Rohita. The toxic nature of insecticide Malathion was found to be more after 48 hours of exposure, as the highest % of decrease was found in biochemical constituents of all the tissues. This study concluded that the sublethal effects of Malathion on biochemical parameters of fresh freshwater fish L. Rohita. Therefore, the usage of pesticides should be restricted to a minimal concentration to have a healthy ecosystem.

 

Author (s) Details

M. Venkatewara Rao
Department of Zoology, Kakatiya University, Warangal, Telangana, India.

 

K. Thirupathi
Department of Zoology, Kakatiya University, Warangal, Telangana, India.

 

Venkaiah Yanamala
Department of Zoology, Kakatiya University, Warangal, Telangana, India.

 

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/rpbs/v4/5477

Synthesis and Biological Applications of Ferrocenyl Amino Acids, Sugar and Nucleic Acids Derivatives | Chapter 1 | Advancements in Science and Technology: Paving the Way to a Sustainable Future

Ferrocene, known for its aromaticity, relative lipophilicity, and stable redox properties, has been widely explored in functional molecules due to its unique chemical characteristics. Despite being an organometallic compound, ferrocene and some derivatives maintain stability in aqueous and aerobic environments. Its industrial applications span diverse fields such as petroleum, plastics, textiles, metallurgy, and catalysis. Medicinally, ferrocene and its derivatives demonstrate cytotoxic, antitumor, antimalarial, and antianemic properties, making ferrocene-conjugated biomolecules particularly promising. One approach to enhance ferrocene’s water solubility and biocompatibility is through covalent attachment to biomolecules like amino acids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids. These conjugates exhibit significant structural, electrochemical, and biological properties. This chapter reviews recent advancements in the synthesis of ferrocene-conjugated carbohydrates and amino acids, focusing on methods such as thio-alkylation, click chemistry, and amide linkage formation. Overall, the chemical versatility and bioactivity of ferrocene derivatives highlight their potential for future applications in medicinal and material science.

 

Author (s) Details

Dr. Anija Mol T Philip
Department of Chemistry, Hislop College, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India.

 

Dr. Mayur V Khedkar
Department of Chemistry, Hislop College, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India.

 

Dr. Shoeb R Khan
Department of Chemistry, Hislop College, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India.

 

Dr. Shibin Chacko
Department of Chemistry, Hislop College, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India.

 

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/mono/978-93-49473-39-3/CH1

Investigations into the Phytochemical Composition of Mucuna pruriens (L.) Seeds | Chapter 8 | Recent Trends in the Study of Botanical Research Volume - 1

 This chapter focuses on identifying the phytochemical components and assessing the acute oral toxicity of the methanolic extract obtained from Mucuna pruriens seeds. The process involved collecting mature seeds, drying them at room temperature, crushing them into coarse powder, and using Soxhlet's extraction technique with methanol. The resulting extract was then concentrated using a rotary flash evaporator, resulting in a semi-solid crude extract with a yield of 09.534%. The phytochemical analysis of the seed extract detected the presence of various compounds, including steroids, alkaloids, tannins, carbohydrates, amino acids, resins, and starch.

Author(s) Details:

Mohammad Salim,
S.G.S. Govt. Autonomous P.G. College, Sidhi (M.P.), A.P.S. University, Rewa, India.

I. P. Prajapati,
S.G.S. Govt. Autonomous P.G. College, Sidhi (M.P.), A.P.S. University, Rewa, India.

Mayuri Singh,
S.G.S. Govt. Autonomous P.G. College, Sidhi (M.P.), A.P.S. University, Rewa, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/RTSBR-V1/article/view/12455

Research Pertaining to the Phytochemical Analysis of Extracts Derived from the Leaves of Coleus rotundifolius L. | Chapter 5 | Recent Trends in the Study of Botanical Research Volume - 1

 In the current phase of research, an intricate chemical analysis was undertaken on Coleus rotundifolius L., a valuable medicinal plant within the Lamiaceae family. This investigation encompassed an exhaustive examination of phytochemical constituents, utilizing distinct solvent extracts such as water, methanol, chloroform, ethyl acetate, and acetone, derived from the plant's leaves. The obtained results illuminated a rich amalgamation of biochemical elements across all solvent extracts, notably including carbohydrates, glycosides, tannins, flavonoids, triterpenoids, and lipids. However, a notable accentuation was observed in the methanolic leaf extract, which displayed an enhanced presence of phenols, effectively outshining the other constituents.

Author(s) Details:

Mohammad Salim,
S.G.S. Govt. Autonomous P.G. College, Sidhi (M.P.), A.P.S. University, Rewa, India.

Pratima Patel,
S.G.S. Govt. Autonomous P.G. College, Sidhi (M.P.), A.P.S. University, Rewa, India.

Jay Singh Patel,
S.G.S. Govt. Autonomous P.G. College, Sidhi (M.P.), A.P.S. University, Rewa, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/RTSBR-V1/article/view/12452

Biochemical Changes in Subcellular Fractions of Lamellidens marginalis after Oil Exposure and Recovery| Chapter 3 | Current Topics on Chemistry and Biochemistry Vol. 7

 Aquatic dirtiness provoked by different technical effluents and anthropogenic ventures is a weighty problem for amphibious citizens and has a negative affect life of mammals. Sub-natural fractions (cytosolic and microsomal) were groomed from the tissues (square, side of human face and digestive gland) of freshwater mussel Lamellidens marginalis and were checked to inspect the timbre of biochemical components (protein, hydrogen and lipids) later uncovering of sub-deadly concentrations of 1/4th (11.88 ppt) and 1/10th (8.55 ppt) of 96-hr LC 50 of lubricate discharge, and recovery ending (cleansing-without lubricate discharge) afterwards seven days interval that is, 1st, 8th, 15th 22nd and 30th days. Protein is individual of ultimate important and complete groups of organic fabrics including the nitrogenous constituent of the body and operating various organic functions.  The tissues of mussels were examined at the judgment of the 30th epoch for biochemical elements during two together the uncovering and depuration stages. When endanger substitute-lethal quantities of lubricate discharge, the aggregation of oil discharge in the tissues evolved evenly, and levels of protein, carbohydrate, and lipid were establish expected significantly and steadily dropping in the substitute-cellular tissues of mussels. During improvement ending (outside adding lubricate discharge), all exhausted biochemical contents were renewed, raised, evenly, significantly from 30th epoch to Ist epoch (P<0.05) and direct ANOVA showed growing definite reversion coefficient principles (P<0.05) comprehensively days. The increased and renewed levels of biochemical elements in lubricate-exposed mussels show a traditional mollusc protective activity, and this reaction has the potential to be secondhand as a biomarker for the early discovery of lubricate pollution.

Author(s) Details:

Solamuthu Balamurugan,
P. G. and Research Department of Zoology, Arignar Anna Government Arts College, Bharathidasan University, Musiri-Taluk, Tiruchirappalli-District, Tamil Nadu, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/CTCB-V7/article/view/9225

The Balance between Carbohydrate and Fat Utilization at Rest and in Progressive Intensity Exercise in the Insulin Resistence | Chapter 05 | Issues and Developments in Medicine and Medical Research Vol. 7

 The goal of this study is to look at how insulin resistance affects the balance of carbohydrate and fat utilisation at rest and during escalating intensity exercise. The use of a predetermined percentage of maximum VO2 for intensity control is a frequent characteristic of many research that examined substrate balance in people with insulin resistance, diabetes, and obesity.

Twelve sedentary male individuals were separated into two groups based on their insulin resistance index (>RI and RI) (HOMA-IR). Carbohydrate and fat utilisation at rest, the crossover point, the exercise intensity that elicits maximal fat oxidation (Fatmax), and carbohydrate and fat utilisation at Fatmax were all studied using indirect calorimetry. The MANN-WHITNEY test was used to compare all variables.

The Fatmax (37,357,99 vs. 39,813,84 percent VO2max) and Crossover points (40,087,19 vs. 40,675,12 percent VO2max) were not significantly different across the groups. At rest (0,0950,009 vs. 0,0690,028 g/min, 0,2440,082 vs. 0,2500,073 g/min, fat and carbohydrate, respectively) and at Fatmax (0,3970,087 vs. 0,2300,076 g/min, 0,6890,229 vs. 0,8670,222 g/min, fat and carbohydrate, respectively), no significant

Insulin resistance had no effect on the Crossover and Fatmax points, as well as the substrate balance at rest and at Fatmax.

Author(S) Details

Fabiano de Macedo Salgueirosa
Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba - PR, Brazil.

Maria Gisele dos Santos
Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba - PR, Brazil.

Richard B. Kreider
Exercise & Sport Nutrition Lab/Human Clinical Research Facility, Texas A&M University, USA.

View Book:- https://stm.bookpi.org/IDMMR-V7/article/view/5760

Effects of Carbohydrates Supplementation and Physical Exercise: A Review | Chapter 9 | Challenges in Disease and Health Research Vol. 7

 Carbohydrates are by far the most common biomolecule on the planet. They are critical for muscle contraction during long-duration moderate-intensity exercise and short-duration high-intensity exercise [1,2]. A large number of studies have been conducted on the ergogenic effects of dietary capital in sports performance [3]. Carbohydrates are essential for muscle contraction during sustained moderate-intensity exercise and short-duration high-intensity exercise. Based on this data, this article aims to review the physiological and biochemical concepts and meanings of carbohydrates; look for a link between carbohydrate consumption and daily studies; and primarily examine the links between carbohydrate consumption and physical efficiency, before, throughout, and after competition. To perform the review, a broad search for papers and scientific studies was conducted first, and then the results were filtered using the most recent articles. Athlete strength has a direct impact on his physical output [4]. The amount of stored glycogen increases during the pre-competition period, preventing depletion [5]. During competition, supplementation is used to replace missing fluids and carbohydrates [6]. It is important to rehydrate, replenish glycogen reserves, and restore electrolyte balance after a competition [3]. Literature reviews have been studied as significant connectors in the advancement of science. More studies should be conducted to determine the optimal carbohydrate intake for each sport. The amount of stored glycogen increases during the pre-competition period, preventing depletion [5]. During competition, supplementation is used to replace missing fluids and carbohydrates [6]. It is important to rehydrate, replenish glycogen reserves, and restore electrolyte balance after a competition [3]. Literature reviews have been studied as significant connectors in the advancement of science. More studies should be conducted to determine the optimal carbohydrate intake for each sport.

Author (s) Details

Roscamp R.
Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Paraná, Brazil.

Santos M. G.
Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Paraná, Brazil.

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/CDHR-V7/article/view/923

New Carbohydrate Derivatives: Synthesis, Characterization and Antimicrobial Screening Studies against Human and Plant Pathogens | Chapter 6 | Current Perspectives on Chemical Sciences Vol. 3

 In living organisms and in our everyday lives, carbohydrates play an essential role. Given the importance of carbohydrates, the current global health and disease situation requires the development of a new method for synthesising carbohydrate-based medicines. In the present analysis, by reaction with 2,6-dichlorobenzoyl chloride, methyl 4,6-O-benzylidene-alpha-D-glucopyranoside was selectively converted to methyl 4,6-Obenzylidene-2-O-(2,6-dichlorobenzoyl)-alpha-D-glucopyranoside by direct method at good yield. A series of 3-Oacyl derivatives of this 2-substitution product were also prepared using a wide range of acylating agents. These synthesised derivatives were screened against ten human pathogenic bacteria and three fungal phytopathogens for in vitro antimicrobial activity. The study showed that promising antibacterial and antifungal behaviours were demonstrated by the acylated derivatives. Acylated derivatives were found to be more effective than those of bacterial pathogens against fungal strains. A good number of derivatives of methyl 4,6-O-benzylidene-alpha-D-glucopyranoside demonstrated stronger antimicrobial activity than regular antibiotics, however. Improving the bioactivity of these compounds is therefore expected to contribute significantly in the future to the design of more antimicrobial agents for therapeutic use.

Author(s) Details

Sarkar M. A. Kawsar
Laboratory of Carbohydrate and Nucleoside Chemistry (LCNC), Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Chittagong, Chittagong-4331, Bangladesh.

Yuki Fujii
Laboratory of Functional Morphology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagasaki International University, Nagasaki 859-3298, Japan.

Dr. Yasuhiro Ozeki
Laboratory of Glycobiology and Marine Biochemistry, Department of Life and Environmental System Science, Graduate School of NanoBiosciences, Yokohama City University, Yokohama 236-0027, Japan.

View Book :- https://bp.bookpi.org/index.php/bpi/catalog/book/318