Evaluating the Sub-Lethal Effects of Malathion on Biochemical Parameters of Freshwater Fish Labeo rohita (Hamilton) | Chapter 3 | Research Perspective on Biological Science Vol. 4

Malathion is a non-systemic, wide-spectrum organophosphate insecticide. Organophosphates are widely used throughout the world as an important group of pesticides, due to their insecticidal property, less toxicity, less persistence and rapid biodegradability in the environment. The present investigation was undertaken to study the toxic effect of Malathion on biochemical parameters of the freshwater fish Labeo rohita (Hamilton). The freshwater fish Labeo rohita were collected from local freshwater culture ponds by netting with the help of local fishermen located within the study region. The fish were exposed to sub-lethal concentrations of the insecticide Malathion and the variations were observed on different parameters, i.e. proteins, carbohydrates and ninhydrine positive substances (FAA) at different time intervals, i.e. 24, 48, 72 and 96 hrs of Malathion exposure from different tissues of fish Labeo rohita, i.e. gill, liver, intestine, muscle and brain. Statistical analysis was performed by ANOVA to compare the results between the tissue components. The results revealed that biochemical constituents, i.e. proteins, carbohydrates and ninhydrine-positive substances, were decreased in all the tissues of L. Rohita. The toxic nature of insecticide Malathion was found to be more after 48 hours of exposure, as the highest % of decrease was found in biochemical constituents of all the tissues. This study concluded that the sublethal effects of Malathion on biochemical parameters of fresh freshwater fish L. Rohita. Therefore, the usage of pesticides should be restricted to a minimal concentration to have a healthy ecosystem.

 

Author (s) Details

M. Venkatewara Rao
Department of Zoology, Kakatiya University, Warangal, Telangana, India.

 

K. Thirupathi
Department of Zoology, Kakatiya University, Warangal, Telangana, India.

 

Venkaiah Yanamala
Department of Zoology, Kakatiya University, Warangal, Telangana, India.

 

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/rpbs/v4/5477

Ecological Trends and Management Approaches for Pear Psylla Cacopsylla pyricola Foerster (Hemiptera, Psyllidae) in Kashmir, India | Chapter 2 | Research Perspective on Biological Science Vol. 5

Pear (Pyrus communis), a commercially important fruit crop, is widely cultivated across temperate regions of India, particularly in Jammu and Kashmir, India. Since prehistoric times, pear has been utilized as food, making them the second most significant fruit in the temperate region. Among its key pests, Pear Psylla (Cacopsylla pyricola Foerster) has emerged as a serious threat, causing considerable damage by stunting tree growth, reducing fruit size, and inducing premature leaf drop. This study assessed the impact of various abiotic factors—namely temperature, humidity, and rainfall—on the seasonal incidence and population dynamics of Pear Psylla across four locations in the Baramulla and Srinagar districts of Kashmir. Regular monitoring of pest populations alongside meteorological observations revealed a positive correlation between psylla abundance and both maximum and minimum temperatures, whereas rainfall and maximum relative humidity exhibited a negative correlation. Regression analysis indicated that these climatic variables collectively explained up to 95% of the variation in psylla populations. Among the insecticides tested, cyantraniliprole 10.26% OD demonstrated the highest efficacy (92.74%), followed closely by acetamiprid 20% SP (90.87%). The findings suggest that the optimal temperature range for psylla development lies between 27°C and 29°C, underlining the significant influence of weather conditions on pest population dynamics. These insights can inform the development of timely and effective integrated pest management (IPM) strategies for Pear Psylla. IPM is often recognised as a pest management program that incorporates multiple techniques including cultural, biological, physical and chemical controls to limit risks to human and ecosystem health.

 

Author (s) Details

Kusum
Division of Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, SKUAST-K, Shalimar, Srinagar, 190025, India.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/rpbs/v5/5654

Factors Influencing and Problems Faced by Farmers in Purchasing Insecticides for Cumin in Dhrol Taluka, Jamnagar District, Gujarat, India | Chapter 6 | Current Research Progress in Agricultural Sciences Vol. 7

Background: As the backbone of the Indian economy agriculture continues to be the main sector driving the Indian economy. India's GDP is 17 per cent derived from agriculture, while 60 to 70 per cent of the population is employed in this sector. In agriculture, pesticides have been the primary method of pest control since the early 1950s to manage pest organisms such as insects, fungi, weeds, and nematodes. Recently, the application of pesticides in cumin farming has surged dramatically, and this situation has considerable implications for negative effects on human health, the environment, and overall biodiversity since cumin is one of the major spice crops grown in India.

Methods: The data gathering utilized a semi-structured schedule conducted via personal interview method for both cumin farmers and agri-input dealers. The research employed a non-probability sampling technique for primary data collection. The study was carried out in the region of Dhrol taluka in Jamnagar district. The gathered data were analyzed through several analytical methods, such as tabular analysis, Pearson Chi-square test, Garrett's Ranking Technique, and Weighted Average Mean.

Finding: The results demonstrate that the predominant group of respondents were middle-aged individuals who had a primary level of education. The majority of the farmers possessed land holdings varying from 1 to 2.5 hectares, and within this group, the portion of land allocated for cumin cultivation was smaller than 1 hectare. These farmers possessed an average of 21 to 30 years of farming experience. The majority of farmers mainly depended on farming as their profession, with some also participating in animal husbandry. Regarding annual earnings, most farmers generated between 1 to 5 lakh rupees. The study indicated that Price was the main factor affecting the decision to buy pesticides, with Quality and Brand name following. The lack of access to credit facilities was recognized as a significant issue faced by farmers, along with the elevated costs of inputs. Among the promotional efforts, Demonstration was identified as the most impactful in pesticide purchasing choices, with Farmer meetings coming next. For agri-input dealers, the primary challenges faced were Low margins, Increasing costs, and High competition.

Conclusion: The study highlighted the demographics and characteristics of farmers and dealers involved in the agricultural sector. It also identified key factors influencing the purchase of insecticide, promotional activities used by agri-input companies and the problems faced by farmers and dealers in the process.

 

Author (s) Details

 

Raj R. Vasoya
International Agribusiness Management Institute, Anand Agricultural University, Anand, India.

 

Dilip R. Vahoniya
Department of Agri. Entrepreneurship & Project Management, International Agribusiness Management Institute, Anand Agricultural University, Anand, India.

 

Alvira Rajwadi
International Agribusiness Management Institute, Anand Agricultural University, Anand, India.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/crpas/v7/3926

Sorption Behavior of Deltamethrin in Mediterranean Soils | Chapter 7 | Emerging Issues in Agricultural Sciences Vol. 2

 Water is a lively factor of result, but its belittling quality concede possibility threaten business-related growth and public development of a country or a domain. One of the most important irrigated agricultural districts in Morocco is the Loukkos perimeter. The use of pesticides has made this domain one of the first land areas of the country in conditions of the quantity of allure production. The surroundings, including groundwater, and human strength could contract an illness the excessive and perilous use of these chemicals. In this area, Deltamethrin is individual of the most established insecticides on a variety of crops, containing citrus and sugar vegetable.  Excessive use of this poison presents a real risk to the decay of the groundwater quality, particularly in the case of sandy soils. The aim of the study was to search the adsorption and desorption processes of Deltamethrin in two contrasting agricultural soils (ammophilous and clayey soils) from Loukkos plain, using Batch equilibration order. The study is part of a big program to update facts on pesticides for safer use and happening of guidance and managing for their application. The isotherms for adsorption and desorption were expressed using the Freundlich model. The adsorption coefficients, that were used to evaluate this wonder, were calculated utilizing linear regressions. The results granted that adsorption and desorption processes of Deltamethrin on soils were well described for one Freundlich model. The Freundlich's adsorption coefficient (Kd) principles for Deltamethrin in the clayey and sandy soils were 3.914 and 1.503 mL.g-1, individually. Hence, the properties and the arrangement of the soils have great impacts on the sorption devices of Deltamethrin. The results also displayed that the irreversibility of the adsorption process is more important when the adsorption capacities of the soils and their brick content are high. Our study told a high risk of the occupancy of Deltamethrin in the Loukkos groundwater, particularly in arenicolous soils, which have reduced retention competency due to their reduced clay and natural resources contents.

Author(s) Details:

Mohamed Benicha,
Research Unit on Nuclear Techniques Environment and Quality, National Institute of Agricultural Research, 78 Av. Sidi Mohamed ben Abdellah, 90100, Tangier, Morocco.

Rachid Moussadek,
International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA), Rabat, Morocco and National Institute of Agricultural Research, Avenue de la Victoire, P. O. Box 415, Rabat, Morocco.

Rachid Mrabet,
National Institute of Agricultural Research, Avenue de la Victoire, P. O. Box 415, Rabat, Morocco.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/EIAS-V2/article/view/10045

Role of Cytochrome P450s in Insecticide Resistance in Anopheles gambiae (Diptera: Culicidae): The African Perspective | Chapter 13 | Recent Progress in Microbiology and Biotechnology Vol. 5

 In all living species, including Anopheles gambiae, cytochrome P450s are known to be essential for the detoxification and/or activation of xenobiotics such as insecticides. P450s have been implicated in insecticide resistance in An. gambiae in numerous studies. In the African subcontinent, however, little is known about the influence of distribution. The P450 clans, the CYP6 family, the localization and function of An. gambiae CYPs, their insecticide substrates, regional distribution on the African continent, and their role in insecticide resistance are all examined in this paper. CYP6Z3, CYP6Z1, CYP12F2, CYP6P4, CYP6GA1, CYP6Z3 (Yaoundé, Cameroon) have bendiocarb, DDT, and pyrethroids as substrates; CYP314A1 and CYP12F1 (Tanzania and Zanzibar) have DDT as a substrate; CYP32A3, CYP6Z1. Additionally, bendiocarb, DDT plus pyrethroids, and only pyrethroids are substrates for CYP6M2, CYP6P3, and CYP6Z3 (Côte d'Ivoire), CYP6P3, CYP6Z2, and CYP9J5 (Burkina Faso). CYP6P3 has been found to metabolise all available insecticides (DDT, pyrethroid, trans- and cis-permethrin, deltamethrin, and bendiocarb), implying insecticide cross resistance in all three African areas. For successful resistance management, a better understanding of the substrate specificities of various P450s as well as the geographical distribution of insecticide resistance in Africa is needed.

Author (s) Details

B. R. Mohammed
School of Science, Engineering and Technology, Abertay University, Dundee, DD1 1HG, UK.

S. K. Malang
Department of Parasitology and Entomology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Abuja, Nigeria.

S. Mailafia
Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Abuja, Nigeria.

R. I. S. Agbede
Department of Parasitology and Entomology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Abuja, Nigeria.

R. D. Finn
Department of Biochemistry & Genetics, St George’s International School of Medicine, Faculty of Health & Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE1 8ST, UK.

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/RPMB-V5/article/view/876