Empowering Farmers through Natural Fibre Composites: Sustainable Solutions for Modern Industries | Chapter 4 | Research Perspective on Biological Science Vol. 2

 Natural fibre composites are a class of materials that combine natural fibres with a polymer matrix to create a composite material with unique properties. These composites aim to harness the strengths of natural fibres while addressing some of the limitations of traditional synthetic composites. The use of natural fibres in composites is not a new concept. In fact, people have been using natural fibres mixed with other materials for centuries. Previously, farmers had limited choices to earn; only edible and cash crops were grown and used. But nowadays, other plantations excluding cash crops, offer a better alternative to earn their livelihood. The idea of combining two or more different materials resulting in a new material with improved properties has existed for ages. Fibre is a unit of matter characterized by flexibility, fineness, and a high ratio of length to thickness. Because fibres have a high surface-to-volume ratio, they can be extremely strong materials. The composite materials have the combined advantages of each individual material. For time immemorial, man has been using fibres along with a binder or matrix for stronger materials. The usage of plant fibres for strengthening and preventing bricks and pottery from cracking was practiced by the Pharaohs of Egypt and the ancient Incan and Mayan civilizations. The natural fibres are used due to their low cost, high specific modulus, lightweight, lower energy requirement means less wear and tear in processing, wide availability, biodegradability, and resistance to deforestation. The use of natural fibres as a reinforcing agent in both thermoset and thermoplastic polymer composites gained inroads from automotive, aerodynamic, to biomedical engineering materials. The main mechanical properties of natural fibre, while selecting the crop or plantation, will be flexural strength, compressive strength, tensile strength, and moisture abortion of the fibre. Biopolymers could be another frontier for natural fibres, for their vast variety available in plants. In conclusion, natural fibre would be an excellent opportunity for small farmers to set up natural fibre composites factories in their villages and surrounding areas, just to create new composite components to cater to the needs of different industries like construction, automobile, etc., instead of making a new composite material.

 

Author (s) Details

 

Sandeep Bhardwaj
Department of Basic Engineering, COAE&T, CCSHAU, Hisar-125004, India.

 

Rupali Sharma
Department of Horticulture, CCSHAU, Hisar-125004, India.

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/rpbs/v2/5089

Knowledge and Attitude of Farmers towards Soil Testing | Chapter 7 | Current Research Progress in Agricultural Sciences Vol. 9

Soil testing is a scientific technique used for assessing the external nutrient needs of crops to achieve a profitable response. It provides current qualitative information on the nutrient and the nutrient-supplying capacity of the soil. It is the basis for making scientifically sound and management decisions about the requirement of specific kinds of fertilizers and soil amendments. In general, a simple soil test determines the EC, pH, organic carbon, phosphorus, and potassium status of soil. Based on the estimated value, soils are categorized into two classes, viz., low and medium with respect to a particular nutrient. The study was conducted in Chittorgarh district in ten adopted villages of KVK, Chittorgarh, Rajasthan and 10 farmers randomly selected from each village that have availed soil-testing technique. The study reveals that the majority of respondents had poor knowledge and a maximum knowledge gap was observed in proper technique of sampling for fruit plants and normal crops. The study also shows a positive attitude, as most adopters (76 %) did not agree with the statement that "soil testing is wastage" of time and money and It was also observed that the majority of farmers agreed (72 %) with the statement "soil testing is necessary for better crop production". The efforts should be made by KVK and the Department of Agriculture to encourage the farmers to adopt soil testing practices by organizing soil testing training programmes and campaigns, especially on the soil testing process. By adopting the soil testing practices, the farmers also reduced the large unnecessary chemical fertilizer consumption and the judicious use of chemical fertilizers could be popularized. Therefore, as per the problem faced and suggested by the farmers, more scientific and educational training and facilities are required to disseminate the technology at large.

 

Author (s) Details

 

Ratan Lal Solanki
KVK-Chittorgarh, MPUAT, Udaipur, Rajasthan, India.

 

Sanjay Kumar Dhaker
KVK-Chittorgarh, MPUAT, Udaipur, Rajasthan, India.

 

Gajendra Nagar
Department of Agronomy, AU-Kota, Rajasthan, India.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/crpas/v9/3529 

Factors Influencing and Problems Faced by Farmers in Purchasing Insecticides for Cumin in Dhrol Taluka, Jamnagar District, Gujarat, India | Chapter 6 | Current Research Progress in Agricultural Sciences Vol. 7

Background: As the backbone of the Indian economy agriculture continues to be the main sector driving the Indian economy. India's GDP is 17 per cent derived from agriculture, while 60 to 70 per cent of the population is employed in this sector. In agriculture, pesticides have been the primary method of pest control since the early 1950s to manage pest organisms such as insects, fungi, weeds, and nematodes. Recently, the application of pesticides in cumin farming has surged dramatically, and this situation has considerable implications for negative effects on human health, the environment, and overall biodiversity since cumin is one of the major spice crops grown in India.

Methods: The data gathering utilized a semi-structured schedule conducted via personal interview method for both cumin farmers and agri-input dealers. The research employed a non-probability sampling technique for primary data collection. The study was carried out in the region of Dhrol taluka in Jamnagar district. The gathered data were analyzed through several analytical methods, such as tabular analysis, Pearson Chi-square test, Garrett's Ranking Technique, and Weighted Average Mean.

Finding: The results demonstrate that the predominant group of respondents were middle-aged individuals who had a primary level of education. The majority of the farmers possessed land holdings varying from 1 to 2.5 hectares, and within this group, the portion of land allocated for cumin cultivation was smaller than 1 hectare. These farmers possessed an average of 21 to 30 years of farming experience. The majority of farmers mainly depended on farming as their profession, with some also participating in animal husbandry. Regarding annual earnings, most farmers generated between 1 to 5 lakh rupees. The study indicated that Price was the main factor affecting the decision to buy pesticides, with Quality and Brand name following. The lack of access to credit facilities was recognized as a significant issue faced by farmers, along with the elevated costs of inputs. Among the promotional efforts, Demonstration was identified as the most impactful in pesticide purchasing choices, with Farmer meetings coming next. For agri-input dealers, the primary challenges faced were Low margins, Increasing costs, and High competition.

Conclusion: The study highlighted the demographics and characteristics of farmers and dealers involved in the agricultural sector. It also identified key factors influencing the purchase of insecticide, promotional activities used by agri-input companies and the problems faced by farmers and dealers in the process.

 

Author (s) Details

 

Raj R. Vasoya
International Agribusiness Management Institute, Anand Agricultural University, Anand, India.

 

Dilip R. Vahoniya
Department of Agri. Entrepreneurship & Project Management, International Agribusiness Management Institute, Anand Agricultural University, Anand, India.

 

Alvira Rajwadi
International Agribusiness Management Institute, Anand Agricultural University, Anand, India.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/crpas/v7/3926

Exploring Commercialization Intensity Enhancing Determinants for Farmers: A Case Study of the Thulamela Municipality, Vhembe District | Chapter 7 | Economics and Entrepreneurship: The Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Business and Management Dynamics (ICBMD), Edition 1

Agricultural commercialisation plays a crucial role in enhancing food security, alleviating poverty, and improving livelihoods through increased food production, income generation, and job creation, particularly in remote areas. The study investigated the commercialisation determinants contributing to farmers’ commercialisation efforts in the Thulamela Municipality, Vhembe district of Limpopo province, South Africa. A sample of 220 farmers was selected using simple random sampling without replacement technique, and data was collected through personal interviews. The Probit model was employed to identify key determinants of commercialisation intensity. The study findings revealed that gender, farming experience, independence, access to financial advice, and commodity lifecycle significantly and positively improved commercialisation intensity among farmers. Moreover, poor record keeping, untamed resource allocation, and overreliance on seasonal workers regressed commercialisation intensity among farmers. Therefore, the study recommends that gender imperatives should be investigated further to improve gender balance within agricultural commercialisation. The study also recommends that emerging farmers be capacitated about commodities with shorter lifecycles and high turnover profit as it enhances their commercialisation efforts.

 

Author (s) Details

 

Takalani Isaac Khorombi
Department of Agricultural Economics and Agribusiness, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Agriculture, University of Venda, South Africa.

 

Mpho Tshikororo
Department of Agricultural Economics and Agribusiness, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Agriculture, University of Venda, South Africa.

 

Mashoma Pusheletjo Nairobi Gwebu
Department of Agricultural Economics and Agribusiness, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Agriculture, University of Venda, South Africa.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/mono/978-93-49238-53-4/CH7

Understanding Farmers’ Purchasing Behavior for Agrochemical Products in Chilli Cultivation: Insights from Umreth Taluka of Anand District | Chapter 7 | Business, Management and Economics: Research Progress Vol. 10

Background: Most Indian individuals reside in rural areas and rely directly or indirectly on agriculture. To grow crops on the farm, farmers require various inputs such as seeds, fertilizers, pesticides, etc. to apply on their land. Throughout the cropping season, various factors (diseases, pests, climate) impact crop production. As a result, proper agrochemical application must begin at the grass root level. The agrochemicals industry is highly competitive due to the presence of several multinational companies.

Aim: This study is about understanding farmers’ purchasing behavior for agrochemical products.

Methods: The research adopts a non-probability convenient sampling method to gather data from 150 farmers in the target area. The target area was Umreth taluka of Anand district for the selection of the sample. The data were collected through pre-tested schedule. Collected data was analyzed using various analytical tools, including tabular analysis, Garrett's Ranking technique, Graphical presentation, and Weighted Arithmetic Mean.

Finding: The results of this study indicated that the factors affecting the acquisition of both products were identified as quality, optimal results, and crop development. Farmers viewed Galileo Sensa as a product that provided a price commensurate with its quality and safety for chilli, farmers, and soil. Likewise, farmers regarded Delegate as safe for chilli, with a price reflecting its quality and safety for farmers and soil.

Conclusion: Meetings among farmers emerged as the primary promotional strategy for both products. Nevertheless, the major issues encountered by farmers during the purchasing process included the lack of availability of preferred brands, insufficient credit access, and comparatively high prices. It was recommended that the company concentrate on product distribution, ensuring that their product is accessible to all areas as needed.

 

Author (s) Details

S. H. Khimani
International Agribusiness Management Institute, Anand Agricultural University, Anand, India.

 

Dilip R. Vahoniya
Department of Agriculture Entrepreneurship and Project Management, International Agribusiness Management Institute, Anand Agricultural University, Anand, India.

 

Alvira Rajwadi
International Agribusiness Management Institute, Anand Agricultural University, Anand, India.

 

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/bmerp/v10/3931 

Farmers' Perception of the Effects of Climate Change on Vegetables in Ebonyi State, Nigeria | Chapter 10 | Research Advances and Challenges in Agricultural Sciences Vol. 9

 

In recent times, vegetable production has suffered from adverse climatic events resulting in poor yields. The study examined the challenges faced by vegetable farmers regarding climate change in Ebonyi State, Nigeria. A purposive sampling method was used to select 240 vegetable farmers using a questionnaire. Primary data were sourced and analyzed using descriptive statistics and the probit regression model. Results show that reduced yield (100%), reduced income (96.7%), reduction in quality (93.3%), pests and diseases (95.8%) and increased production costs (97.9%) were perceived effects of climate change on vegetable plants. Age, gender, farm size and extension contacts were significant factors influencing vegetable farmers' vulnerability to climate change. Perceived constraints of vegetable farmers include; increasing transportation (96.3%), labor supply cost and availability (92.5%), shortage of farming lands (89.6%), insufficient extension personnel (91.7%) and land fragmentation (100%). Farmers were recommended to practice climate-smart vegetable production to mitigate the adverse effects of climate change.

 

Author(s)details:-

 

E. E. Osuji
Department of Agriculture, Alex-Ekwueme Federal University, Ndufu Alike Abakaliki, Nigeria.

 

E. U. Eze
Department of Agricultural Technology, Federal Polytechnic Nekede Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria.

 

G. N. Ben-Chendo
Department of Agricultural Economics, Federal University of Technology Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria.

 

M. N. Osuji
Department of Agricultural Economics, Federal University of Technology Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria.

 

R. N. Nwose
Department of Agriculture, Alex-Ekwueme Federal University, Ndufu Alike Abakaliki, Nigeria.

 

A. C. Tim-Ashama
Department of Agricultural Science, Alvan Ikoku University of Education Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria.

 

N. E. Umeh
Department of Agriculture, Alex-Ekwueme Federal University, Ndufu Alike Abakaliki, Nigeria.

 

J. E. Orji
Department of Agriculture, Alex-Ekwueme Federal University, Ndufu Alike Abakaliki, Nigeria.

 

G. U. Ugochukwu
Department of Agricultural Technology, Federal Polytechnic Nekede Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria.

 

O. M. Okechukwu
Department of Agricultural Technology, Federal Polytechnic Nekede Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria.

 

P. C. Abana
Department of Agricultural Technology, Federal Polytechnic Nekede Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria.

 

A. H. Odor
Department of Agricultural Technology, Federal Polytechnic Nekede Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria.

 

J. A. Okuwa
Department of Agricultural Technology, Federal Polytechnic Nekede Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria.

 

Please See the book here :-  https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/racas/v9/474

Land Use Conflicts between Farmers and Pastoralists in Mkoka and Songambele Wards in Kongwa District, Tanzania: Causes, Impacts, and Resolutions | Chapter 5 | Recent Trends in Arts and Social Studies Vol. 9

 Land use conflicts are complex disputes that donate negative social and business-related impacts within the various peoples. Land use conflict resolution still need further research by way of various mindsets of people as political whole. In this paper, the issues of land conflicts between producers and pastoralists in Mkoka and Songambele wards in Kongwa District, Tanzania which take care of lead to reduced financial development are inspected and the causes and effects of land use conflicts are defined. Poor land governance, unfit of land use plans, inadequate land procedures, land tenure danger, baseness are cited as being with of the main causes fuelling land use conflicts in Mkoka and Songambele wards in Kongwa District, Tanzania. Pastoralists traverse an area the district accompanying large herds of starving livestock being next or after pastures and water, the bovine animals are randomly surpassed intofarms where they rummage on whatever crops that grant permission be in sight. Angered peasants frequently take the law into their hands and fight the pastoralists. Armed fights explode resulting to human and animals raised on a farm deaths, demolition of crops and homesteads.  The National Land Policy (NLP) is a key instrument for farming and administration, land use preparation, conflict determination, and land tenure safety. However, lack of land use plans in the rural extents, and the outdated National Land Policy of 1995 brought focus of the recurring land conflicts 'tween farmers and pastoralists. This paper specifies in what way or manner Mediation-Arbitration (MED-ARB) approach can be secondhand in solving land conflicts middle from two points farmers and pastoralists. The pieces of advice have been created on this issue, and authors propose MED-ARB as high-quality habit to put in place tenable measures of land conflicts in Mkoka and Songambele wards, Kongwa district.

Author(s) Details:

F. Mbonde,
Institute of Rural Development Planning, P.O. Box 138, Dodoma, Tanzania.

N. Kavana,
St. Francis University College of Health and Allied Sciences, P.O. Box 175, Ifakara, Morogoro, Tanzania

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/RTASS-V9/article/view/12117

Factors Affecting Agricultural Extension Delivery in Ashanti, Eastern and Northern Regions of Ghana: A Case Study | Chapter 9 | Emerging Issues in Agricultural Sciences Vol. 7

 The objective concerning this study was to recognize the characteristics that influence extension childbirth in Ghana's Ashanti, Eastern, and Northern regions. Food questions have haunted mankind because time immemorial. Along with any technological breakthroughs to increase yields, the food needs of increasing populations were historically join by expanding the cultivated region. As the most abundant and irrigable lands became sparse, further expansion meant producing poorer and lower-flexible land into cultivation and placing better reliance on inactive-based cultivation. The land industry in the cultivating world is fast changing, on account of a variety of causes. The area also confronts a variety of troubles that are growing in abundance and complexity. As a result, the need for enlargement services, which play a fault-finding role in supporting agricultural innovation to equal the changing class and enhance the livelihoods of the dependent weak, has expanded severely. Ghana’s agricultural sector has not visualized any bigger improvement over the age: The main reasons behind this are small farm sizes and inefficient farm administration. One of the most main tools to resolve these problems is the enlargement service. The study proposed to find out the factors that influence extension transfer in Ghana. The questionnaire was distributed to 105 responders, the one were Research Scientists, Technical Officers, and Extension Agents. According to the study, there is a need to energetically include farmers in continuation delivery, and continuation agents must have the unavoidable competence to carry out their appointed duties in land development. According to the study's findings, skilled were several issues that restricted the dissemination of agricultural news to users (ranchers). These issues varied from the idea that the science is pricey to the fundamental ability of extension powers.  There is an urgent need to address these issues in order to assist ranchers in obtaining the inevitable knowledge and skills to reinforce agricultural output. The need to revamp the present continuation system is detracting to improving the successful growth of agricultural science to boost production.

Author(s) Details:

Emmanuel Asiedu-Darko,
Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Water Research Institute, P.O. Box AH 38, Accra, Ghana.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/EIAS-V7/article/view/11854

Role of Farmers’ Participation in Technology Development and Dissemination Processes to Improve Sugarcane Varieties in Kakamega County, Kenya| Chapter 5 | Research Highlights in Agricultural Sciences Vol. 8

 Improved sugarcane varieties have been developed and promoted in Kenya, to enhance sugarcane productivity. However, their acceptance by farmers is low. This paper investigated this phenomenon in attempt to underpin factors that would enhance acceptance of these varieties by farmers. It examined the relationship between farmers’ participation The study used cross-sectional survey research design. Target population was 137,355 small-scale sugarcane farmers from Kakamega County, from which a sample of 384 farmers was randomly selected. Questionnaires were used to collect data, which was analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. The study established limited participation of sugarcane farmers in the development and dissemination of improved sugarcane varieties. Farmers' acceptance of improved sugarcane varieties and their involvement in their development and dissemination were found to be significantly correlated. It was discovered that a reliable indicator of these varieties' acceptability by farmers was how many years the farmers had produced them. According to research findings, extension service providers must provide farmers with the necessary information about the improved varieties. Utilization of farmer Participatory Technology Development and Dissemination approaches need to be enhanced in the development and dissemination of improved sugarcane technologies. The study could assist researchers and extension service providers in creating and disseminating improved technologies through practical and successful methods that increase their acceptability by farmers. Farmers may gain from the findings by realising the roles they must play in the creation and adoption of technology. It will also be possible to add to the body of knowledge on PTD & D related to farmers' acceptance of advanced technology.

Author(s) Details:

Caroline M. Thuo,
Kenya Agricultural & Livestock Research Organization, Department of Technology Transfer, PO Box 388-00217, Limuru, Kenya.

Justus M. Ombati,
Department of Agricultural Education and Extension, Egerton University, PO Box 536-20115, Egerton, Kenya.

Agnes O. Nkurumwa,
Department of Agricultural Education and Extension, Egerton University, PO Box 536-20115, Egerton, Kenya.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/RHAS-V8/article/view/9261

The Effects of Postharvest Losses of Rice on the Income of Rice Farmers in Makurdi Local Government Area of Benue State Nigeria| Chapter 7 | Current Perspectives in Agriculture and Food Science Vol. 1

 This study inspected the assets of postharvest deficits of succulent grain on payroll of succulent seed growers in Makurdi Local Government Area of Benue State. The study expressly hindered the cause being the reason for postharvest losses of rice and the effect of postharvest losses of tasty seed on the profit of ranchers. The renovation theory was picked as the hypothetic foundation for the study. A sample of 399 edible grain construction workers were tight in Makurdi resorting to the Taro Yamane rule. Information from accused was acquired applying determinable file group procedures. The verdicts from the study discerned that, miscellaneous determinants were being the reason for the postharvest losses of edible seed holding incompetent handle usefulness animal/epidemic attacks, unable depository capabilities, lack of up-to-date televisions, unconcern in listening tasty seed familiar the supply chain and lack of teaching knowledge on postharvest administration of tasty seed. The study further revealed that postharvest disasters of succulent piece affect the pursue of the builders. The study accordingly pressed sensitization of laborers through the appropriate land instrumentalities on postproduction of succulent seed, establishment of reserves for the sustenance of tasty piece, organization of administrative carcass to project stock exchange price of tasty piece, joining growers following agro-gird provisions possible introduce or those at superhighway research institute at an reasonable price, plus laborers to fool cooperative to benefit from land projects attest for individual management.

Author(s) Details:

Emmy Owoicho Okadonye,
Centre for Food Technology and Research (CEFTER), Benue State University, Makurdi, Nigeria.

Alamveabee Efihraim Idyorough,
Department of Sociology, Federal University of Lafia, Nasarawa State, Nigeria.

Ikyoh Aondoaver Lawrence,
Guarantee Trust Bank, Benue State Branch, Nigeria.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/CPAFS-V1/article/view/8992

Knowledge and Utilization of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) Projects among the Farmers: A Case Study from Karnataka, India| Chapter 6 | Research Highlights in Agricultural Sciences Vol. 6

 The present study was begun with a distinguishing objective of assessing the knowledge and exercise pattern about ICT projects of the farmers and seizing suggestions from ranchers to improve influence of ICTs. This study was carried out to ascertain producers' knowledge of news and communication electronics (ICT) projects in the Belgaum district of Karnataka. Information Communication Technology (ICT) plays important role in agricultural happening by making information feasible at a cost-effective rate, providing approach to global best practices and improving productivity. Among the several ICT projects immediately in operation, four were preferred for the study: Kisan call centre (KCC), e-Choupal, Krishi Marata Vahini, and Raith Mitra Kendra's web gateway. A random sample of 140 accused was chosen and personally consulted using a pre-proven program. It was observed that the plurality of respondents (40.00%) had a strong knowledge of KCC, followed by e-Choupal (39.29%) and Krishi Marata Vahini (37.14%), but a weak understanding of Raith Mitra Kendra (30.71%). It was shown that the plurality of farmers accompanying extensive knowledge of ICT projects were young (53.33%), trailed by middle-aged (22.03%), and old (15.69%). Further, the study also disclosed that farmers were utilising Kisan Call Centre for news regarding crop protection (47.86%), value inputs (30.71%), weather information (30.71 %), nurture practices (30.71%) and livestock (29.29%). In case of e-Choupal, peasants were utilising it mostly for facts regarding market prices (46.43%), weather facts (39.29%), cultivation practices (37.14%), crop guardianship (34.29%) and livestock (27.14%). Regarding Krishi Marata Vahini, 61.73 per insignificant value of respondents were applying its information aid for market prices. With respect to Raith Mitra Kendra, most of the laborers were using allure information for crop protection (32.14%), help practices (27.14%), quality inputs (24.29%), weather facts (22.86%) and Irrigation practices (20%)Most of the farmers were bearing low information of ICT projects that needed special consideration to make bureaucracy well informed of functioning of these projects. Farmers endure be trained to better their knowledge and skills in consideration of effectively use ICTs to acquire up-to-date land information.

Author(s) Details:

R. Vishwatej,
Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Bhadradri Kothagudem, Telangana, India.

J. G. Angadi,
Department of Agricultural Extension, College of Agriculture, University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad, Karnataka, India.

Saikat Maji,
Department of Agricultural Extension and Communication, Institute of Agricultural Science, Banaras Hindu University, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/RHAS-V6/article/view/8845

Study of Technology Interventions on Vegetable Culture in Well-Endowed and Small Production System in Ranchi District of Jharkhand, India | Book Publisher International

 Vegetable farming is becoming increasingly popular and profitable in Jharkhand, especially among farmers who have access to small-scale irrigation systems. During the kharif season, however, a number of vegetables such as tomato, cauliflower, cabbage, capsicum, and others are cultivated in totally rainfed conditions. To meet the minimal requirement of the entire population of Jharkhand, the state of Jharkhand requires 16.25 lakh tonnes of vegetables every year. Currently, the state produces 23.31 lakh tonnes of vegetables on 1.44 million hectares, with a surplus of 7.06 lakh tonnes.

Commercial, green revolution (GR), and complex, diversified, and risk-prone (CDR) i.e. small production systems are the three main types of agricultural production systems in the state. Commercial production systems are defined by a fully controlled environment, fertile and irrigated land, automated farming with a focus on cash crops, high input technology, fully employed labour, and a return-oriented production strategy. Farmers with a lot of resources handle these farm production systems. Irrigated/protective irrigation facilities, combination of good fertile or less fertile land, employment of family labour in combination with paid labour, and combination of monetary profits and food crops are all characteristics of the green revolution or well-endowed production systems.

Small production systems, also known as CDRs, are characterised by interdependency of on- and off-farm activities, complete reliance on family labour, multipurpose use of each farm enterprise's product and by-product, production strategy confined to household food security, wide variation in soil fertility due to slope and shed, and no control over productivity, as well as stability and sustainability.

About 90% of the cultivated area in Jharkhand is under CDR production systems, with the remaining 8% under well-endowed production systems and 2% under commercial production systems. A significant number of farmers have begun to cultivate vegetables with more contemporary inputs in generally well-equipped production systems.

Author(S) Detalis

Ranjay Kumar Singh
Senior Scientist and Head, Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Chatra / Birsa Agricultural University, Kanke Ranchi, Jharkhand, India.

View Book:- https://stm.bookpi.org/STIVCWSPSRDJI/article/view/3736

Impacts of Banditry on Food Security in Katsina State Nigeria: A Recent Study | Chapter 3 | Emerging Challenges in Agriculture and Food Science Vol. 1

Banditry is one of the principal forms of instability that has plagued the geopolitical zone of the North West over the previous decade. Banditry has impacted all aspects of human life, including food security in the affected states, including Katsina. The purpose of this article is to describe the effects of banditry on food security and to emphasise the government's recent attempts to combat banditry in order to improve food security, among other things. The study's data was gathered through focus group discussions involving two groups of five people each from the LGAs afflicted by banditry, namely Jibia, Batsari, Safana, Faskari, and Dandume. Banditry has had a significant impact on food security in Katsina State, according to the findings. Farmers are being killed and kidnapped, farmlands are being seized, cattle are being rustled, grain silos are being burned and raided, and local commerce routes are being blocked. Efforts are being made by the federal and state governments to combat banditry and improve food security, among other things. These efforts are still ongoing, and the intended results have yet to be reached. As a result, it is advised that serious actions be taken to combat banditry in order to promote food security.

Author (S) Details

Suleiman Iguda Ladan
Department of Basic and Applied Sciences, College of Science and Technology, Hassan Usman Katsina Polytechnic, P. M. B. 2052, Katsina State, Nigeria.

Bilkisu Usman Matawalli
Department of Basic and Applied Sciences, College of Science and Technology, Hassan Usman Katsina Polytechnic, P. M. B. 2052, Katsina State, Nigeria.

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/ECAFS-V1/article/view/3096

Planning and Management of Nomadic Herders and Farmers Conflicts: A Panacea to Food Security Threat in Oke-Ogun Region of Oyo State | Chapter 6 | Insights into Economics and Management Vol. 11

 Food's importance to human life qualifies it as a Sustainable Development Goal. Farmers in the Oke-Ogun district of Oyo state have been subjected to a series of attacks by nomadic herdsmen. This poses a threat to food security in the region, which is regarded as the state's "food basket." It is critical to examine the following factors in order to prevent and manage conflicts between nomadic herders and farmers: the region's food supply; the level/nature of attacks; the steps taken to prevent or/and control the conflicts; and the impact of nomadic herders' attacks on farmers and food security. To understand the reason of confrontations between the two parties, this study used the frustration-aggression theory. Primary and secondary data were used; primary data came from questionnaires, oral interviews, and observation; secondary data came from journals, textbooks, newspapers, and online organisational publications; and the sampling method was multi-staged random sampling. The majority (75.43 percent) of the food in this region was self-produced, according to the findings. Because of the fear of being assaulted, a substantial number of farmers (78.0 percent) can no longer farm away from the main towns and backyards of their communities. Animal tracks should be incorporated in rural land uses; zoning of distinct rural land uses; advocacy planning is also advocated; and barriers such as bamboo/other tree fences or digging ditches around farms should be encouraged, according to the chapter's conclusion.

Author (s) Details

Kayode Kunle Oyediran
Department of Urban & Regional Planning, College of Environmental Studies, Waziri Umaru Federal Polytechnic, Birnin-Kebbi, Nigeria.

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/IEAM-V11/article/view/1327

Violated Rights in Rural Populations Exposed to Transgenic Soybean Crop | Chapter 2 | Challenges in Disease and Health Research Vol. 8

 Advent: The introduction of GMOs (Genetically Modified Organisms) in Latin America poses a threat to human health, the environment, and human rights in vulnerable people.

Objective: To study the risk of pesticide exposure in a community devoted to subsistence farming and surrounded by GMO crops by examining the state's compliance with basic human rights commitments.

In January 2016, a study of local farmers in San Juan, Canindey Department (Py), was undertaken to learn about their farming practises. The National Constitution and the Law of Phytosanitary Control were examined for compliance with state commitments.

Results: A total of 43 Settlers were questioned, with 100 percent (100%) of them dedicated to farming, with 53,5% (23/43) committed to subsistence farming and 46,5% (20/43) dedicated to income and subsistence farming. Their median educational attainment is 4,9 years. The populace is surrounded by monocultures that cover nearly all of the land, climate conditions are ignored, they are not informed, and they are not trained in agrochemical handling and expertise. A lack of sufficient spray equipment, washing of clothes, and child safety within their home during huge spraying were noted, as well as an inconsistent management of the correct preservation of receivers.

Conclusion: There is a risk of permanent pesticide exposure in the setting of a population's human rights being repeatedly violated.

Author (s) Details

S. Benítez-Leite
Faculty of Medical Science, National University of Asunción, Paraguay.

R. Corvalan
SERPAJ-PY, Paraguay.

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/CDHR-V8/article/view/1420

Critical Evaluation of Types and Classification of Pesticides Used on Tomatoes Grown in Mwea Irrigation Scheme, Kirinyaga County, Kenya | Chapter 11 | Current Research in Agricultural and Food Science Vol. 4

In the Mwea Irrigation System, this study assessed 403 farmers from open fields and greenhouses on the types and classifications of pesticides used by farmers to combat pests and diseases in tomatoes from July 2017 to June 2018. Without the use of pesticides in industrialized and developing countries, it is virtually impossible to produce enough food to satisfy market demand for quality and quantity. Five greenhouse tomato farmers were chosen deliberately, while the sample size was determined using Fisher's formula for 196 open field farmers. To collect data from 201 farmers in the Gathingiri, Tebere, Kangai, Wamumu, Murinduko, Nyangati, Mutithi and Thiba wards, a cross-sectional design using a formal questionnaire and focus group discussions was used. Pre-testing of the questionnaire on tomato farmers from the neighbouring sub-county of Maragua ensured the accuracy of the results. Errors were corrected and the questionnaire added omissions. In order to determine significant differences between variables, descriptive statistics were carried out for frequencies, ratios, means, standard errors, variance and data subjected to T-test at 95 percent confidence intervals. Results from interviews showed that farmers applied 57 and 12 pesticides to tomatoes in open fields and greenhouses, respectively, under different trade names. Among others, pyrethroids, carbamates, nicotinoids, organophosphates, and organochlorines have been added to tomatoes. WHO class II (60 percent) and WHO class III (42 percent), respectively, were the 20 and 12 pesticides primarily used in open fields and greenhouses. In order to manage a wide range of major pests and diseases such as Tuta absoluta and blight, farmers have relied heavily on various types of pesticides. The main pesticides used on tomatoes are chlorantraniliprole and mancozeb. In order to avoid human health hazards, most WHO toxic class II pesticides, including pyrethroids and carbamates, should be used according to the guidelines of the manufacturers. Compliance with the requirements for the use of pesticides would prevent residues from occurring in tomatoes and other vegetables and thereby minimize their effect on human health. Training and knowledge of the use of less toxic pesticides equally effective in controlling pests and diseases, such as WHO classes III and IV, and bio-pesticides with minimal adverse effects on human health, are needed by the Ministry of Agriculture, Kirinyanga County Government.

Author (s) Details

Mrs. Momanyi, Violet Nakhungu
Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Kenyatta University, P.O.Box 43844-00100, Nairobi, Kenya and Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organization, Food Crops Research Centre, KALRO Kabete, P.O.Box 14733-00800, Nairobi, Kenya.

Prof. N. Keraka, Margaret
School of Public Health, Kenyatta University, P.O.Box 43844-00100, Nairobi, Kenya.

Dr. A. Abong’o, Deborah
Department of Chemistry, School of Physical Sciences, College of Biological and Physical Sciences, University of Nairobi, P.O.Box 30197-00100, Nairobi, Kenya.

Dr. N. Warutere, Peterson
Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Kenyatta University, P.O.Box 43844-00100, Nairobi, Kenya.

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Elaborated Study on Loan Size and Its Determinants as Critical Growth Factors for Rural Farmers in Imo State, Southeast Nigeria | Chapter 7 | Cutting-edge Research in Agricultural Sciences Vol. 3

 

In the Owerri Agricultural Zone of Imo State , Nigeria, this study examined the loan demand requirements of rural staple and poultry farmers. The factors influencing the size of loans were also examined. Data were collected using a stratified sampling technique using standardised and pre-tested questionnaires from 100 loan recipients and five financial institutions in the region in the course of this cross-sectional analysis. The study lasted for a six-month duration, effective April 2010. The Expect Value approach was used to determine their optimum loan requirement, while the multiple regression analysis methodology of OLS was used to determine factors influencing the beneficiaries' loan size. The results showed that farm size, level of education, form of enterprise, experience of farmers and dependency ratio were the potent factors affecting loan size. Furthermore, the outcome showed that the respondents were highly constrained by money, as only 60% of their capital needs were met by financial institutions. N292, 315, and N435, 753 for Cassava and Yam growers, respectively, for a farm size of 0.80 hectares, were the optimum loan conditions set for growers. For poultry farmers of approximately 120 chickens, the estimated optimal credit requirement was N492, 500. These figures will serve as reference points for financial institutions in the credit management of similar status and area farmers. Financial institutions have been urged to consider offering start-up capital to young people and new graduates, who have obviously yet to become a company on the path to agriculture. On the other hand, the government was advised to provide financial institutions supporting agriculture with fiscal and monetary incentives in view of the delicate existence of farm sector. It is only discreet to notice that the same importance as protection should be given to food security, as it can cause internal and external imbalances in terms of food security. Price volatility, balance of payment deficits, danger of poverty , deprivation, social and political upheavals or conflicts as a result of large import bills. To restore normalcy and the lack of content In such a scenario, doubling the budgetary allocations for military defence may be necessary.

Author (s) Details

Professor S. U. O. Onyeagocha
Department of Agricultural Economics, Federal University of Technology, Owerri, Nigeria.

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Emphasizing the Tunisian Experience in Olive Production and Marketing and How to benefit from it in the Egyptian Case | Chapter 15 | Research and Development in Agricultural Sciences Vol. 3

 

Egypt has a comparative advantage in the production olive crop, which generates a distinct economic
return, whether marketed locally or exported; Egypt occupies the 10th place in the global ranking of
the countries producing less than 1% of Global production of olive oil. In order to achieve a qualitative
leap in the production and marketing of olives, it is necessary to identify the leading countries in this
field and study their experience in order to benefit from them; Tunisia is one of the leading countries in
the field of olive production and marketing therefore its experience should be studied carefully. The
results showed that the most important reasons for Tunisia's superiority over Egypt in the production
and marketing of the olive crop were the superiority of the Republic of Tunisia over Egypt in the olive
area, increased rainfall in Tunisia, Provide support structures such as the encouragement funds it has
established for the exporters of olive oil, increasing storage capacity, The existence of a advanced
quality control system. The results also showed that there are many determinants face Olive
production in Egypt that can be classified into environmental, technical and human determinants,
economic and legislative determinants.

Author (s) Details

Tamer G. I. Mansour
Department of Agricultural Economy, Agricultural and Biological Research Division, National Research Centre, 33 El Buhouth St., (Former El Tahrir St.) 12622 Dokki, Giza, Egypt.

Haitham B. A. Hassan
Department of Agricultural Economy, Agricultural and Biological Research Division, National Research Centre, 33 El Buhouth St., (Former El Tahrir St.) 12622 Dokki, Giza, Egypt.

Salah S. Abd El-Ghani
Department of Agricultural Economy, Agricultural and Biological Research Division, National Research Centre, 33 El Buhouth St., (Former El Tahrir St.) 12622 Dokki, Giza, Egypt and Department of Economics, Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences, Al Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University- Saudi Arabia.

Shaaban E. M. Khalil
Department of Agricultural Economy, Agricultural and Biological Research Division, National Research Centre, 33 El Buhouth St., (Former El Tahrir St.) 12622 Dokki, Giza, Egypt.

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Emphasizing Tanzania Development Bailout: A Focus on Improving Agricultural Production | Chapter 12 | Arts and Social Studies Research Vol.3

This chapter aims to discuss measures that need to be employed to boost the agricultural production
in country like Tanzania. The objective of the study is to assess the perception of agronomist on what
do they consider to be barriers for agricultural improvement in Tanzania, and to propose solutions for
the ultimate sustainable agriculture in Tanzania. The methodology employed in the study was
qualitative approach, where interview was the main data collection instrument used. The design of the
study was the case study. The sample was drawn through purposive sampling, where only participant
on the training were involved in the study. Results of the study indicates that the leading barriers to
the development of horticulture in Tanzania include insufficient market, ignorance of the farmers on
the potentials of horticulture, weak government policies in relation to horticulture, incompetent
agronomist as they lack practical knowledge, weak commitment of the local government
councils, and inability of politicians in articulating potentials of horticulture. In addition, it was leant
that Agronomist have not done much to participate in educating the farmers on the best practices for
improving agriculture. It is therefore recommended that; each council should have targets on how
many farmers should enjoy best practices per year.

Author(s) Details

Norman A. S. King
Teofilo Kisanji University, Mbeya, Tanzania.

Montanus Cyprian Milanzi
Mzumbe University, Tanzania.

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