Internet of Things Security: Requirements, Challenges and Mitigation Strategies | Chapter 4 | New Horizons of Science, Technology and Culture Vol. 8

 

Background: The Internet of Things (IoT) is one of the most promising technologies that aims to enhance humans’ quality of life (QoL). IoT plays a significant role in several fields such as healthcare, automotive industries, agriculture, education, and many cross-cutting business applications. Despite the growing body of literature on IoT security in recent years, critical gaps remain unaddressed.

 

Objectives: This study explores the multifaceted security issues of IoT environments, highlighting current gaps and presenting modern technological solutions. The key purpose of the study is to systematically explore the diverse security challenges in IoT environments, critically assess current technological solutions, and identify unresolved issues along with potential directions for future research.

 

Methods: A systematic literature review was conducted for the period 2020–2025, covering more than 50 studies from IEEE, ACM, Elsevier, and SpringerLink. Selected papers were evaluated based on relevance, peer-review status, and contribution to IoT security.

 

Findings: Security remains a major concern as IoT device connectivity expands across industries. IoT systems face unique challenges such as weak authentication, lightweight encryption requirements, and large-scale heterogeneity. This study synthesises current solutions like multi-factor authentication, blockchain, and machine learning for intrusion detection.

 

Conclusion: There is a critical need for integrated, multilayered security frameworks suitable for large-scale and resource-constrained IoT deployments. Future work should focus on real-time, context-aware, and energy-efficient security models validated on realistic testbeds.

 

 

Author(s) Details

Anamul Haque Sadial

Department of Computer Science, University of Science and Technology Meghalaya, 9th Mile, Ribhoi, Meghalaya, India.

 

Atowar Ul Islam
Department of Computer Science, University of Science and Technology Meghalaya, 9th Mile, Ribhoi, Meghalaya, India.

 

S Md S Askari
Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Rajiv Gandhi University, Arunachal Pradesh, India.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/nhstc/v8/7152

Challenges and Conservation: Parrot Inventories in the Heart of the Congo Basin | Chapter 1 | Innovations in Biological Science Vol. 4

 

The aim of this study is to contribute to better management of the avian fauna in the Congo Basin, and in particular in the greater Mbam area of Cameroon. Biodiversity is the wealth constituted by all forms of life on earth. It can be considered at three interdependent levels: genetic, specific and ecosystemic. To inventory parrots, determine their relationship with vegetation and the threats they face, 10 transects in parallel lines measuring 2 km long and spaced 30 km apart were randomly selected in the study area (4°10 - 5°20 N; 10°30 - 11°50 E), consisting of the Mbam and Inoubou site, which is predominantly savannah, and the Mbam and Kim site, which is predominantly forest. The transects were walked simultaneously on 02 / 02 / 2011 (dry season) between 6.30 a.m and 8.30 a.m, then on 20 / 08 / 2011 (rainy season) at the same time, by 10 teams of 3 people equipped with binoculars. 500 people were interviewed to obtain additional information on the parrots' activities and uses. In the rainy season, Grey Red-tailed Parrots (GRTP) identified in the forests and savannahs of the Mbam and Inoubou site with a relative abundance (RA) of 3.97x103 and in the forests of the Mbam and Kim site (RA = 5.00x103), are less numerous than Red-headed Lovebirds (RHL) observed only in the savannahs of the Mbam and Inoubou site (RA = 1.94x104), and more abundant than Senegal Green Parrots (SGP) which colonise both the forests and savannahs of the Mbam and Kim site (RA = 3.78x103). All these parrots (AR = 3.21x104) migrate during the dry season. The absence of parrots in the study area during the long dry season is due to the fact that the food resources available are insufficient in quantity and nutritional quality to maintain their populations during this arid period, forcing them to migrate in order to survive. The parrots use 26 plant species belonging to 20 families. The Mbam and Inoubou site uses a higher biodiversity of plants. In the Mbam et Kim site, Melicia excelsa and Terminalia superba are heavily utilized by GRTP and SGP for perching, roosting, and breeding. However, at the same time, logging is heavily deforesting these species, endangering their habitats. Poaching is another hazard to the GRTP.

 

Author(s) Details

Levis Gapessie Ntiendjui

Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Applied Ecology Laboratory, University of Dschang, P.O. Box 67, Dschang, Cameroon.

Simon Awafor Tamungang

Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Applied Ecology Laboratory, University of Dschang, P.O. Box 67, Dschang, Cameroon.

Ghislain Noé Kougoum Piebeng

Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, University of Maroua, P.O. Box .814, Maroua, Cameroon.

Gilbert Ateufack

Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Laboratory of Animal Physiology and Phytopharmacology, University of Dschang, P.O. Box. 67, Dschang, Cameroon.

Josué Pone Wabo

Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Applied Ecology Laboratory, University of Dschang, P.O. Box 67, Dschang, Cameroon.

Omer Bébé Ngouateu

Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Laboratory of Animal Physiology, University of Yaoundé 1, P.O.Box .812, Yaoundé, Cameroon.

Joseph Tchoumboue

Department of Animal productions, Faculty of Agronomy and Agricultural Sciences, Laboratory of physiology, University of Dschang, B.P.222, Dschang, Cameroon.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/ibs/v4/6918B

Challenges and Conservation: Parrot Inventories in the Heart of the Congo Basin | Chapter 1 | Innovations in Biological Science Vol. 4

The aim of this study is to contribute to better management of the avian fauna in the Congo Basin, and in particular in the greater Mbam area of Cameroon. Biodiversity is the wealth constituted by all forms of life on earth. It can be considered at three interdependent levels: genetic, specific and ecosystemic. To inventory parrots, determine their relationship with vegetation and the threats they face, 10 transects in parallel lines measuring 2 km long and spaced 30 km apart were randomly selected in the study area (4°10 - 5°20 N; 10°30 - 11°50 E), consisting of the Mbam and Inoubou site, which is predominantly savannah, and the Mbam and Kim site, which is predominantly forest. The transects were walked simultaneously on 02 / 02 / 2011 (dry season) between 6.30 a.m and 8.30 a.m, then on 20 / 08 / 2011 (rainy season) at the same time, by 10 teams of 3 people equipped with binoculars. 500 people were interviewed to obtain additional information on the parrots' activities and uses. In the rainy season, Grey Red-tailed Parrots (GRTP) identified in the forests and savannahs of the Mbam and Inoubou site with a relative abundance (RA) of 3.97x103 and in the forests of the Mbam and Kim site (RA = 5.00x103), are less numerous than Red-headed Lovebirds (RHL) observed only in the savannahs of the Mbam and Inoubou site (RA = 1.94x104), and more abundant than Senegal Green Parrots (SGP) which colonise both the forests and savannahs of the Mbam and Kim site (RA = 3.78x103). All these parrots (AR = 3.21x104) migrate during the dry season. The absence of parrots in the study area during the long dry season is due to the fact that the food resources available are insufficient in quantity and nutritional quality to maintain their populations during this arid period, forcing them to migrate in order to survive. The parrots use 26 plant species belonging to 20 families. The Mbam and Inoubou site uses a higher biodiversity of plants. In the Mbam et Kim site, Melicia excelsa and Terminalia superba are heavily utilized by GRTP and SGP for perching, roosting, and breeding. However, at the same time, logging is heavily deforesting these species, endangering their habitats. Poaching is another hazard to the GRTP.

Author(s) Details:

Levis Gapessie Ntiendjui,
Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Applied Ecology Laboratory, University of Dschang, P.O. Box 67, Dschang, Cameroon.

Simon Awafor Tamungang
Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Applied Ecology Laboratory, University of Dschang, P.O. Box 67, Dschang, Cameroon.

Ghislain Noé Kougoum Piebeng
Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, University of Maroua, P.O. Box .814, Maroua, Cameroon.

Gilbert Ateufack
Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Laboratory of Animal Physiology and Phytopharmacology, University of Dschang, P.O. Box. 67, Dschang, Cameroon.

Josué Pone Wabo
Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Applied Ecology Laboratory, University of Dschang, P.O. Box 67, Dschang, Cameroon.


Omer Bébé Ngouateu
Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Laboratory of Animal Physiology, University of Yaoundé 1, P.O.Box .812, Yaoundé, Cameroon.

Joseph Tchoumboue
Department of Animal productions, Faculty of Agronomy and Agricultural Sciences, Laboratory of physiology, University of Dschang, B.P.222, Dschang, Cameroon.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/IBS-V4/article/view/14390

Caspian Sea Level Change and its Environmental Impacts on the Geopolitics of the Region | Chapter 2 | Emerging Issues in Environment, Geography and Earth Science Vol. 7

Caspian Sea level has experienced considerable fluctuations over the past years. Therefore, due to the unfavorable conditions of changes in Caspian Sea and also the impacts created on its surrounding ecosystems, it has increased the importance of this issue during recent decades. Accordingly, the present study examined and analyzed the trend of Caspian Sea water level changes in a long-term period (1990-2023). Also, in the current study, the effects caused by the fluctuations of Caspian Sea level were examined from various environmental, social and economic aspects. For this purpose, a set of images of Landsat 5 for 1990 and Landsat 8 for 2023 was analyzed in the Google Earth Engine (GEE) web system. The results showed that the variations of Caspian Sea level (North, Middle and South) during the period 1990 to 2023 indicate a decline of 2.34 m in the sea level. Also, it was found that the water level of Caspian Sea in 1990 was -26.18 m, and these changes reached -28.52 m in 2023. Thus, the water of Caspian Sea has experienced fluctuations during recent decades, and these changes have led to threats in infrastructure, economic and social uses, disturbance in the activity of ports and seafaring, fishing, and drying up of water reserves related to Caspian Sea (wetlands - bays), the increase of the coastal area, human occupation of the sea and adverse effects on the coastal aquifers. In this regard, the management of these issues requires a cross-sectoral and comprehensive approach within the framework of integrated coastal management.

Author(s) Details:

Afshin Motaghi,
Department of Political Geography, School of Geography Sciences, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran.

Mostafa Mohammadjani,
Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/EIEGES-V7/article/view/13333

Threats of Social Media among Ethiopian Youths | Chapter 3 | Research Highlights in Science and Technology Vol. 5

 The objective concerning this research is to resolve the age and gender dynamics of youths concerning risks and threats through friendly networks. The study also explores the risks and dangers of youths on social networks through evaluating their attitudes towards risks; conspicuous threats; and risk aversion designs. Online communication has enhance a centerpiece in the social life of youths. They exceed adults in their use of ideas technologies, such as friendly networking sites. “Social networks” are connected to the internet communities that present opportunities to connect with, or supply resources to, customers, colleagues, family, and companions who share prevalent interests. The sample size constitutes (n=252) questionnaires; and the data is collected and resolved keeping in view the age and neuter dynamics and the result is presented. The judgments pertaining to risks and warnings on social networks disclose that most of the Ethiopian youths take social networks as a fun and little bit dangerous. Web filters and blocking content is ultimate frequently used means to promote security and risk. But, the most secondhand mechanism for ensuring young population’s safety connected to the internet (blocking and filters) is least trustworthy as effective. The plurality of young people waste their period by using social networks extravagantly. Teenagers in Ethiopia bully their peers more than earlier youth, while online, women bully more than men. Text messages are the most ordinary form of cyberbullying that young people happening, and most of them bully previously every two years. Most young nation either block or ignore immigrants on social media for fear that potential threats.

Author(s) Details:

Shafaat Hussain,
Department of Media, Culture and Heritage, Newcastle University, UK.

Sharafat Hussain,
Department of Marketing, American University in the Emirates (AUE), UAE.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/RHST-V5/article/view/11142

Evaluation on Cybersecurity and Privacy Risks of Healthcare Point-of-Care Systems| Chapter 3 | Current Overview on Science and Technology Research Vol. 10

 Point-of-care arrangements are extensively secondhand in healthcare to react quickly and halt critical fitness issues. As a result, POC systems repeatedly process large amounts of individual health information. Therefore, their cybersecurity and solitude requirements are important, while evaluating those necessities is an important task. In this work, we aim at crafty and reporting the execution of a use case approach to judge cybersecurity and privacy necessities and specifications of POC schemes. Accordingly, we detail a use case approach as part of a absolute healthcare IT infrastructure that includes a Health Information System, unification engines, use servers, web aids, medical ploys, smartphone apps, medical modalities (all dossier simulated) and interplay with parties. Overall, following the use case approach, the results obtained indicate that all the working KPI, non-functional KPI and Societal & Roadmap acquired a positive judgment. Furthermore, the usability occurrence from the participants was positive and the use case writing and the validation gradual plan were highly agreeable with the various daily experience of the partners.

Author(s) Details:

Marc Jofre,
Department of Research and Innovation. Fundació Privada Hospital Asil de Granollers, Granollers – 08402, Barcelona, Spain.

Diana Navarro-Llobet,
Department of Research and Innovation. Fundació Privada Hospital Asil de Granollers, Granollers – 08402, Barcelona, Spain.

Ramon Agulló,
Digital Strategy Direction, Fundació Privada Hospital Asil de Granollers, Granollers – 08402, Barcelona, Spain.

Jordi Puig,
Digital Strategy Direction, Fundació Privada Hospital Asil de Granollers, Granollers – 08402, Barcelona, Spain.

Gustavo Gonzalez-Granadillo,
Atos Research and Innovation, Cybersecurity Laboratory, Spain.

Juan Mora Zamorano,
Instituto de Investigation Sanitaria Puerta de Hierro, Servicio Madrileño de Salud, Spain.

Ramon Romeu,
Digital Strategy Direction, Fundació Privada Hospital Asil de Granollers, Granollers – 08402, Barcelona, Spain.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/COSTR-V10/article/view/8903

Usability Analysis of Biometric Authentication Scheme for Smart Mobile Devices | Chapter 12 | Innovations in Science and Technology Vol. 6

 The use of mobile devices to access data has increased in recent years, as has the use of mobile devices in applications such as web browsing, email, multimedia, entertainment applications, navigation, stock trading, electronic purchase, banking, and health care. As a result, data security has become more important, and securing data in mobile devices has become a challenge. Criminals have mastered the art of cracking passwords and fabricating biometric features, as well as virtually every type of user-authentication measure designed to prevent them from accessing device data. Mobile authentication solutions that are more robust are plainly required. To solve these issues with mobile devices, biometric systems based on graphical help, photos, and sounds can be developed to provide a more secure, inexpensive, and memorable authentication approach. Among the various authentication mechanisms, we believe that biometric authentication is the most secure. Biometrics are favoured for improving the security and dependability of mobile devices. The many elements of biometrics authentication techniques and mobile device security threats are discussed in this study.

Author(s) Details:

M. Sujithra,
Department of Computing- Data Science, Coimbatore Institute of Technology, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India.

G. Padmavathi,
School of Physical Sciences and Computational Sciences, Avinashilingam Institute for Home Science and Higher Education for Women, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/IST-V6/article/view/6042

Assessment of Distribution and Threats to Two Threatened Pheasants in the Brein Nishat Conservation Reserve, Kashmir, India | Chapter 8 | New Visions in Biological Science Vol. 5

 The Mantodea (Insecta) (Burmeister, 1838) is a well-studied insect due to its numerous outstanding traits. The quantity of oothecas laid by a female Mantis religiosa (Linnaeus, 1758) has not been documented, to the author's knowledge. A collected female Mantis religiosa was bred in the laboratory of Hacettepe University, Faculty of Biology, Department of Forensic Entomology, Ankara, Turkey, during September and October 2019. The goal of this research is to estimate how many oothecas a female Mantis religiosa can lay. This female has given birth to four oothecas while in captivity. These oothecas' offspring can be artificially selected to be reared as biological control agents when they develop.

Author(S) Details

Umer Hameed Shansaz
Biodiversity Conservation Lab., Postgraduate Department of Zoology, University of Kashmir, India.

Mustahson F. Fazili
Postgraduate Department of Zoology, University of Kashmir, India.

Bilal A. Bhat
Postgraduate Department of Zoology, University of Kashmir, India.

View Book:- https://stm.bookpi.org/NVBS-V5/article/view/4607

Planning and Management of Nomadic Herders and Farmers Conflicts: A Panacea to Food Security Threat in Oke-Ogun Region of Oyo State | Chapter 6 | Insights into Economics and Management Vol. 11

 Food's importance to human life qualifies it as a Sustainable Development Goal. Farmers in the Oke-Ogun district of Oyo state have been subjected to a series of attacks by nomadic herdsmen. This poses a threat to food security in the region, which is regarded as the state's "food basket." It is critical to examine the following factors in order to prevent and manage conflicts between nomadic herders and farmers: the region's food supply; the level/nature of attacks; the steps taken to prevent or/and control the conflicts; and the impact of nomadic herders' attacks on farmers and food security. To understand the reason of confrontations between the two parties, this study used the frustration-aggression theory. Primary and secondary data were used; primary data came from questionnaires, oral interviews, and observation; secondary data came from journals, textbooks, newspapers, and online organisational publications; and the sampling method was multi-staged random sampling. The majority (75.43 percent) of the food in this region was self-produced, according to the findings. Because of the fear of being assaulted, a substantial number of farmers (78.0 percent) can no longer farm away from the main towns and backyards of their communities. Animal tracks should be incorporated in rural land uses; zoning of distinct rural land uses; advocacy planning is also advocated; and barriers such as bamboo/other tree fences or digging ditches around farms should be encouraged, according to the chapter's conclusion.

Author (s) Details

Kayode Kunle Oyediran
Department of Urban & Regional Planning, College of Environmental Studies, Waziri Umaru Federal Polytechnic, Birnin-Kebbi, Nigeria.

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/IEAM-V11/article/view/1327