Cutaneous Leishmaniasis and Quality of Life | Chapter 1 | Disease and Health Research: New Insights Vol. 4

Introduction: Cutaneous Leishmaniasis (CL) is a neglected tropical disease caused by Leishmania parasites. It is prevalent and affecting the quality of human life in more than 100 countries globally. The impact of CL as a public health problem has often been expressed in epidemiological and clinical prevalence and incidence figures. However, considering the impact of the disease beyond morbidity, mortality and changes in patient’s appearance would help to better understand the disease.

 

Aim: This study determined the effect of CL on quality of life.

 

Methods: The sociodemographic and clinical information related to the disease was collected using an interviewer-administered questionnaire. The questions were categorised under seven domains: symptoms & feelings, daily activities, work and school, leisure, personal relationships, and treatment. Each question was scored on a three-point scale: Very much (3), A lot (2), A little (1), Undecided (0), and Not at all (0). The sum of the scores lay between 0 and 48. A higher score shows a worse quality of life. The data were entered and analysed using Statistical Package for Social Science 23. Frequencies and proportions were used to describe the data. Differences were considered statistically significant at p < 0.05.

 

Results: The lives of the majority (60.7%) of CL patients were significantly affected by CL. The quality of life of patients was moderately impacted by CL in 25% of the CL patients. In 32.1% of the CL patients, the effect of CL on patients’ quality of life was very large. The quality of one CL patient’s life was extremely largely affected. The disease had a small effect on 32.1% of the CL patients. Personal relationship was the most affected domain followed by symptoms, feelings and treatment. Future study with large sample sizes including rural regions is required. The domain related to personal relationships was the most affected domain followed by symptoms and feelings, treatment and leisure. Patients with CL lesions might develop a broad spectrum of psychosocial sufferings.

 

Conclusion: The Dermatology Life Quality Index demonstrates that CL has a small to extremely very large negative effect on the quality of life of patients. This study informs future programs and interventions aimed at mitigating the adverse consequences of this disease on individuals' quality of life.

 

Author (s) Details

Endalew Yizengaw
Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia and Institute of Biotechnology, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia.

 

Endalkachew Nibret
Institute of Biotechnology, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia and Department of Biology, College of Science, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia.

 

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/dhrni/v4/1791

Ethnopharmacology of Antimalarial Herbal Agents for Traditional Medicine Practice in Ethiopia: A Review | Chapter 3 | Pharmaceutical Research: Recent Advances and Trends Vol. 7

Background: Malaria is one of the parasitic infections that cause enormous public health, economic, and emotional burdens in many tropical and subtropical countries of the world. Controlling and treating malaria has become more challenging due to vector mosquito resistance to existing pesticides and the establishment of multidrug resistance by malaria parasites to commonly used antimalarial medications. New antimalarial alternative medications and mosquito control strategies are immediately needed. Like most African countries, Ethiopia is prosperous in a wide range of tropical habitats, and remarkable biodiversity and relies on traditional medicines to treat various illnesses.

 

Objectives: The present study aimed to discuss ethnopharmacological activities (medicinal properties), phytochemistry, and safety (toxicity) of some of the commonly used antimalarial herbal agents in Ethiopia and around, which could have significant potential for antimalarial drug discovery and development.

 

Insights: In light of the increasing level of multidrug-resistant malaria, traditional medicine could be an essential, affordable and sustainable alternative source of treatment. The traditional uses of most plants for the treatment of malaria in Ethiopia have been supported by In vitro and In vivo studies. There is a vast majority of unexplored flora and folklore, which, if they are systematically explored, will provide additional new leads and drugs for malaria treatment and control. Further studies for antimalarial drug discovery and development should focus on the identification of the active constituents as well as pharmacokinetic profiles of the promising candidates studied so far in the area.

 

Author (s) Details

Asmare Amuamuta
Chulabhorn International College of Medicine, Thammasat University, Klonglung, Pathum Thani, Thailand.

 

Kesara Na-Bangchang
Chulabhorn International College of Medicine, Thammasat University, Klonglung, Pathum Thani, Thailand.

 

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/prrat/v7/2409

Epidemiological Information on Anatomical Variations of the Sternum: Sternal Foramen and Variant Xiphoid Morphology in Dried Adult Human Sternum in Ethiopia | Chapter 1 | Achievements and Challenges of Medicine and Medical Science Vol. 6

Background: The human sternum comprises three components such as the manubrium, the mesosternum (body), and the xiphoid process. The sternum exhibits unique anatomical variations with major clinical and forensic implications. Purpose: This study is devoted to providing baseline epidemiological information about the sternal foramen and variant xiphoid morphology in Ethiopia. Two extremely interesting and unusual variations of the sternal foramen are also discussed.

Methods: This observational study was carried out using dried adult human sternum obtained from skeletal remains samples brought for medicolegal examination over a period of 4 years. A total of 94 dried adult human sternums (66 males (70.2%) and 28 females (29.8%)) were obtained with an age range of 21 to 57 years and a mean age at death of 38.383 ± 11.3480 years. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 26.0. Continuous data were described in terms of the mean and compared using the Mann–Whitney U test. Dried human sternum specimens were morphologically examined, and morphometric parameters were recorded and photographed.

Results: A sternal foramen was found in 18 specimens (19.1%); 17 were male and one was female. A single sternal foramen was observed in 83.3% (n=15/18) of the sternal bodies and 11.1% (n=2/18) of the xiphoid processes (both males). In addition, a double sternal foramen was observed in a single male specimen on the mesosternum and xiphoid process. The most common sternal foramen site was at the fifth costochondral junction level. The xiphoid process was present in 77 samples and ended as a single process in 83.1% (n=64/77) of samples. In 15.6% (n=12/77) of the samples, the xiphoid process was bifurcated and trifurcated in a single male (1.3%) specimen. The incidence of Sternal foramen varies in different studies from different populations and reported incidence data on Sternal foramen from different populations ranging from 3.1 to 18.3%.

Conclusions: The sternal foramen and variation in xiphoid morphology are common anatomical variations in Ethiopia. The findings of the current study highlight the necessity of strict precautionary measures during sternal procedures in this study population. Clinicians, radiologists, and anthropologists need to be aware of these variations, and their presence should be taken into consideration in everyday practice. In addition, such incidental findings during radiologic and autopsy procedures should be properly evaluated to avoid misdiagnosis and misinterpretation of such findings as traumatic or pathologic conditions.

 

Author (s) Details

Alemayehu Shiferaw Lema
Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, St. Paul's Hospital Millennium Medical College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.

Amanuel Oljira Raga
Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, St. Paul's Hospital Millennium Medical College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/acmms/v6/1321

Host Resilience and Cellular Response in Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Treatment: A Pre-Post Study in Ethiopia | Chapter 4 | Disease and Health: Research Developments Vol. 4

Introduction: Leishmania, a protozoan parasite, employs various strategies, including the secretion of surface proteins, to evade the host's immune response, which can lead to severe clinical manifestations, particularly in immunocompromised individuals. In Ethiopia, cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) presents distinct clinical features, often influenced by different factors. The primary immune responses to Leishmania infections involve neutrophils, macrophages, and dendritic cells, which play crucial roles in both the recognition and elimination of the parasite. Recent research has highlighted the importance of the cytokine environment in modulating these immune responses, as different cytokines can either enhance or hinder the effectiveness of the immune system against Leishmania.

Sodium Stibogluconate (SSG) remains a frontline treatment for cutaneous leishmaniasis in Ethiopia; however, its efficacy can vary due to factors such as parasite resistance and host genetic variability. Studies have suggested that combination therapies, including SSG with immunomodulatory agents, may enhance treatment outcomes by improving the host's immune response while targeting the parasite more effectively.

Aim: This study aims to evaluate the host cellular profile of cutaneous Leishmaniasis patients following SSG treatment. Assessing changes in immune cell populations, hematological parameters, and overall host resilience against anti-leishmania treatment, thereby contributing to a more comprehensive understanding of therapeutic strategies in CL management.

Methods: A longitudinal Pre-Post study design was conducted at Adiss Alem Primary Hospital in Bahir Dar, Ethiopia, spanning from September 2022 to August 2024. Data analysis, interpretation and synthesis were done for three month period between September to November 2024 G.C. Blood samples were collected from participants and analyzed using the CC20 Plus automated hematology machine, ensuring prompt investigation to maintain sample integrity.

Participants received an initial dosage of SSG at 20 mg/kg/day for a duration of 28 days. To assess the treatment's impact, blood analyses were conducted at three distinct time points: prior to the initiation of SSG treatment, after two weeks of therapy, and at the conclusion of the 28-day treatment period. This longitudinal approach allowed for a comprehensive evaluation of hematological changes over the course of the treatment.

Statistical analysis was performed using one-way ANOVA to compare the mean values of relevant blood parameters across the three-time points. A significance level was set at p < 0.05, corresponding to a 95% confidence interval, to ensure that the findings were statistically robust. This methodological framework aimed to provide valuable insights into the cellular and hematological effects of SSG treatment in CL patients, contributing to the understanding of treatment efficacy in endemic regions.

Results:  In a comprehensive two-year study involving 96 individuals diagnosed with cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL), a notable predominance of male patients was observed. The treatment regimen utilizing sodium stibogluconate demonstrated significant hematological effects, leading to marked reductions in white blood cell counts, lymphocyte levels, and hemoglobin concentrations, all with a p-value of less than 0.05, indicating statistical significance. While the treatment negatively diminished these parameters, it is important to note that several other hematological indicators showed signs of recovery on treatment.

Conclusion: Careful monitoring of hematological parameters during CL treatment is needed, as sodium stibogluconate may contribute to notable changes in the blood profiles of affected individuals. To ensure homeostasis and immune function in CL patients on SSG treatment, supplementary medications should be included. Exploring alternative treatments for CL management is crucial.

Close monitoring of hematological parameters during treatment for cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is essential, particularly because sodium stibogluconate (SSG) can induce significant alterations in blood profiles among affected individuals. Patients receiving SSG may experience changes such as leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, or anemia, which can compromise their immune function and overall health. Therefore, it is imperative to incorporate supplementary medications that can help support homeostasis and bolster immune responses during the course of treatment. Furthermore, exploring alternative treatment options for CL management is crucial, as it may provide safer and more effective solutions that minimize hematological side effects. Research into newer therapies, including immunotherapies and novel pharmacological agents, is essential to improve treatment protocols and offer patients a comprehensive approach to managing this challenging condition. This highlights the complex interplay of therapeutic effects and the body's response to the disease and treatment.

 

Author (s) Details

Bizuayehu Gashaw
Department of Biology, College of Science, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia.

 

Endalew Yizengaw
Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia.

 

Zelalem Mehari
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia.

 

Banchwossen Sebsibe
Department of Dermatology, Felege Hiwot Hospital, Bahir Dar, Amhara Region, Ethiopia.

 

Feiza Seid
Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia

 

Tsedalu Alemu
Addis Alem Primary Hospital, Leishmaniasis Treatment Center, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia.

 

Endalkachew Nibret
Department of Biology, College of Science, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/dhrd/v4/3805

Lost in Development: Unveiling the Complexity of Fatal Neural Tube Abnormalities - A Preventable Tragedy | Chapter 5 | Medical Research and Its Applications Vol. 7

Neural tube defects (NTDs) are serious birth defects that affect the central nervous system. They occur due to a disruption in the normal development of the nervous system during embryogenesis. Although largely preventable, they are the second most common type of human congenital abnormality and pose a significant threat to global morbidity, disability, mortality, and financial expenses. According to estimates from 2015, approximately 260,100 newborns around the world are born annually with NTDs, excluding early spontaneous fetal losses. Additionally, there were an estimated 117,100 NTD-affected pregnancies that ended in stillbirth or elective terminations of pregnancy for fetal anomalies. Of the NTD-affected live births, approximately 117,900 resulted in under five deaths. The disability-adjusted life years from NTDs exceed 8.6 million.

NTDs have both environmental and genetic causes. Folic acid supplementation during the periconceptional period is a well-known primary prevention method, but its implementation lags behind the knowledge about prevention. However, NTDs have been neglected and have recently become the subject of limited research. Furthermore, surveillance efforts for NTDs continue to be insufficient, with high prevalence rates persisting worldwide. Robust surveillance data are essential for the prevention and monitoring of NTDs. This chapter provides an updated discussion on the epidemiology, embryology, risk factors, diagnosis, associated defects, management, surveillance, and prevention strategies of NTDs, with a particular emphasis on lethal NTDs. Furthermore, to illustrate the clinical presentation of lethal NTDs, this chapter includes case presentations of different types of lethal NTDs with typical associated defects in singleton and multiple pregnancies that resulted in stillbirth.

 

Author (s) Details

 

Dr. Alemayehu Shiferaw Lema
Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, St. Paul’s Hospital Millennium Medical College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.

Dr. Jemila Salih Suleyman
Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, St. Paul’s Hospital Millennium Medical College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.

Dr. Amanuel Oljira Raga

Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, St. Paul’s Hospital Millennium Medical College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.

 

Suresh Kumar Rajamani Sekar (Assistant Professor)
College of Natural Sciences, Division of Forensic Toxicology, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/mria/v7/475

Cutaneous Leishmaniasis and Elevation in the Ethiopian Context | Chapter 3 | Medical Science: Trends and Innovations Vol. 3

Introduction: Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is a disease of the skin and hampers the daily activity of patients. It is commonly found in Tropics and sub-tropic regions. In Ethiopia, the dominant CL-causing parasitic variant is Leishmania (L) aethiopica with few cases of L. tropica and L. major. Recent evidence showed that L. donovani, usually causes Visceral leishmaniasis, also known to cause CL.  Although CL in Ethiopia is associated with high land areas, now a day’s substantial number of CL cases is being reported in low land areas of the country.  In the Amhara region, one of the CL-affected regions in Ethiopia, most CL cases want to see traditional and religious treatment options, so that the real burden of the disease is not well recorded.

Aim: This study analyzed a four-year trend of CL and determined risk levels and hotspots in North-central Ethiopia.

Methods: A retrospective study was conducted at Boru Meda Hospital (BMH) from March to April 2023. Detailed demographic, clinical and epidemiological data was retrieved from   WHO standardized patient diagnosis and treatment log book. The collected data was synchronized with the elevation, of where patient residence. This helps to map the specific CL hot spot sites. It gives clues and insight for further research on environmental factors to take actions of preventive measures. The burden of CL was estimated per100, 000 population. The data was analyzed with SPSS version 23 using the chi-square test (Fisher exact test) to assess association across groups, with significance set at P < 0.05.

Results: A total of 573 CL patients were reported from 46 districts, with a higher number of male patients (n=356) compared to female patients (n=217) (P <0.001). The median age of the patients was 21 years [15-30], with the highest number of CL cases observed among individuals aged 16 to 30 years. The majority of cases (69%) were localized CL type.  About 39% of CL patients were repeat, treated previously for CL. A significant clustering of CL cases was observed at an elevation of 2301-3300 meters above sea level (χ2:17.5; P<0.001). The overall incidence of CL was 9.4/100,000 population.

Conclusion: Most CL cases were clustered at higher elevations but CL cases are still reported from lowland areas. No significant difference for CL clinical types was observed between elevation differences. CL continues to be a significant issue in North-central Ethiopia and has the potential to spread to new areas.

 

Author (s) Details

Bizuayehu Gashaw
Amhara National Regional State Health Bureau, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia and Department of Biology, College of Science, Bahir Dar University, P.O Box 79, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia.

 

Endalew Yizengaw
Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Medicine and Health Science, Bahir Dar University, P.O Box 79, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia and Institute of Biotechnology, Bahir Dar University, P.O Box 79, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia.

 

Endalkachew Nibret
Department of Biology, College of Science, Bahir Dar University, P.O Box 79, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia and Institute of Biotechnology, Bahir Dar University, P.O Box 79, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia.

 

Addisu Workineh
Amhara National Regional State Health Bureau, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia.

 

Feleke Tilahun
Boru Meda Hospital, Dessie, Ethiopia.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/msti/v3/3619

Trend in Economic Performance and the Financial Flow into the Economic Sectors in Ethiopia during 2011-2020 | Chapter 6 | Contemporary Research in Business, Management and Economics Vol. 5

This chapter attempted to analyse the trend in economic performance and the financial flow into the economic sectors in the country. Over the past ten years, the Ethiopian government has prioritized economic development and the reduction of poverty. The nation is among the poorest in sub-Saharan Africa, yet throughout the same decade, the government has released conflicting reports about its rapidly expanding economy—double digit and incremental growth, respectively. Developing countries are mainly marked by agricultural economies, where food self-sufficiency is always an issue. Poverty is a common phenomenon in these countries and economic dependency on developed countries is inevitable to escape poverty. On the one hand, government reports have indicated that the country is economically one of the fastest growing in Africa, a position that has been seconded by international financial institutions and other bilateral donors. On the other hand, the country remains on the list of poorest countries in the world. A qualitative approach was applied in analysing the reported data on economic performance in the country from 2011-2020. The GDP measure in Ethiopia during the past decade decreased from 11.39 in 2011 to 6.06 in 2020. The trend in specific economic sectors was decreasing with little progress in specific poverty indexes in the economic sector. There were marked inequalities between urban and rural areas in the country. The performance in water supply, electricity power provision and road networking in the country showed sluggish progress. The projected shift from an economy driven by agriculture to one driven by industry and services did not materialize. The nation kept depending on foreign aid to help reduce poverty, and throughout the last ten years, there has been a shifting trend in the amount of aid received. The study's findings suggest that accurate reports on the nation's economic success that use particular poverty indexes should be published. In order to attain goals for economic development and poverty reduction, it is also imperative that attention be paid to internal capabilities rather than depending too much on outside assistance.

Author(s) Details:

Tagese Helore Lamore,
Development Studies, University of Gondar, Ethiopia.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/CRBME-V5/article/view/14185

Threats of Social Media among Ethiopian Youths | Chapter 3 | Research Highlights in Science and Technology Vol. 5

 The objective concerning this research is to resolve the age and gender dynamics of youths concerning risks and threats through friendly networks. The study also explores the risks and dangers of youths on social networks through evaluating their attitudes towards risks; conspicuous threats; and risk aversion designs. Online communication has enhance a centerpiece in the social life of youths. They exceed adults in their use of ideas technologies, such as friendly networking sites. “Social networks” are connected to the internet communities that present opportunities to connect with, or supply resources to, customers, colleagues, family, and companions who share prevalent interests. The sample size constitutes (n=252) questionnaires; and the data is collected and resolved keeping in view the age and neuter dynamics and the result is presented. The judgments pertaining to risks and warnings on social networks disclose that most of the Ethiopian youths take social networks as a fun and little bit dangerous. Web filters and blocking content is ultimate frequently used means to promote security and risk. But, the most secondhand mechanism for ensuring young population’s safety connected to the internet (blocking and filters) is least trustworthy as effective. The plurality of young people waste their period by using social networks extravagantly. Teenagers in Ethiopia bully their peers more than earlier youth, while online, women bully more than men. Text messages are the most ordinary form of cyberbullying that young people happening, and most of them bully previously every two years. Most young nation either block or ignore immigrants on social media for fear that potential threats.

Author(s) Details:

Shafaat Hussain,
Department of Media, Culture and Heritage, Newcastle University, UK.

Sharafat Hussain,
Department of Marketing, American University in the Emirates (AUE), UAE.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/RHST-V5/article/view/11142

Political Goodwill a Catalyst for Peace: A Case of Ethiopia-Eritrea Conflict Settlement| Chapter 1 | Research Developments in Arts and Social Studies Vol. 3

Ethiopia and Eritrea are neighbours in the Horn of Africa, sharing a border that has seen bloodshed and strife in the past. The Badme border warfare, which has resulted in thousands of deaths in both nations, starvation and drought, backing for rebel groups destabilising each other's regimes, and instability in the Horn, is the most remembered and extended war. Despite the fact that they share ethnic groupings, languages, customs, and so on, their common legacies have resulted in quite diverse political, economic, and historical consequences. In the year 2000, the world community was able to persuade both governments to embrace international arbitration. Arbitration, on the other hand, was a legal option that neither country pursued. Both nations signed a Memorandum of Understanding, a political step, in 2018, and have had a largely peaceful coexistence till 2022. This study examines the elements that fueled the war, the outcome of the 2018 Peace Agreement, which restored peace to both countries after decades of hostility, and how political goodwill played a critical part in the resolution of the conflict. In-depth desk review research, text analysis and interpretation, and official documents were used in this article. The study used an interdisciplinary approach to its theoretical and methodological approach. This research argues that political goodwill contributed to the 2018 Peace Agreement, as opposed to the 'external' 2000 arbitration and Algiers Agreement, when the parties 'agreed' but did not 'consent' to adopt legal binding measures. Political goodwill led to the establishment of the enforcement system and breach consequences for the 2018 Agreement, demonstrating that political ownership and leadership promote peace.

Author(s) Details:

Sarah M. Musau,
Diplomacy and International Affairs, Euclid University, Bangui, Central African Republic

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/RDASS-V3/article/view/6745

Study about Civil Society and Authoritarian Rule: Ethiopia’s Charities and Societies Law and Experiences of NGO Leaders | Chapter 9 | Research Developments in Arts and Social Studies Vol.1

 This paper presents an irony, that despite having authoritarian system that has worked to suppress civil society, the authoritarian government of Ethiopia was unable to do this during the period when these data were collected, in 2010. Western theories of civil society argue that the distinctive structures of civil society in different nations are related to historical traditions shaping strong states. In these societies civil society organizations play an important intermediary role between the state and citizens. In Ethiopia, however, the state is weak and despite the coercive efforts of the state, civil society has remained strong. Evidence for this is provided in this paper through interviews of people who led NGOs that were forced to lay off most of their employees after passage and implementation of the Charities and Societies Act in 2009. These respondents argued that despite the coercive power wielded by the state, grass roots democratic organizations were so wide spread, so functionally effective, and so important to the people that they would continue on even if central offices were forced to lay off most of their paid employees. Seven years after these interviews were carried out, claims about the strength of civil society in Ethiopia were borne out in the spring of 2018 as a new democratic government took power in Ethiopia and lifted repressive controls. Civil society is made up of a thatch or vertical and horizontal network relationships that also are tied into government.

Author(s) Details:

Carl Milofsky,
Department of Sociology and Anthropology, Bucknell University, Lewisburg, PA, USA.

Albert Hunter,
Department of Sociology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/RDASS-V1/article/view/5727

Tungiasis, a Nuisance to the Marginalized Population of Developing Countries | Chapter 1 | Highlights on Medicine and Medical Science Vol. 14

 In many underdeveloped countries, providing high-quality health care is still impossible due to a lack of resources or neglect. This could be due to a lack of intervention or preparation to address health-care issues. The presence of parasitic illnesses is a sign of poverty. Tungiasis is no different. Tungiasis is a neglected disease seen in Ethiopia, Nigeria, Kenya, and many other Sub-Saharan African nations, as well as Trinidad and Tobago and Brazil. This page is based on a number of research articles, and the author's research expertise also contributes significantly to the topic's enrichment. The investigations were conducted with prior ethical approval from Jimma University in Ethiopia. After receiving written agreement from the subjects of the study, photographs were taken. Tungiasis is an inflammatory skin illness caused by infection with Tunga penetrans, a female parasite. Infections cause a lesion at the infection site, which is followed by inflammation, discomfort, and intense itching. A black dot around a swollen crimson region with a white hallow around it characterises this infection. The parasite's enlargement causes the skin epithelium to desquamate. The use of thorns or unsterile needles to remove the parasite can result in subsequent infections. According to various research, Ethiopia is an endemic area for this disease. Tungiasis is a zoonotic disease with distinct reservoirs in different nations. Various research in Ethiopia have showed that sheep are the most popular animal reservoir.

Author (S) Details

Sureshkumar P. Nair
Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Health, Jimma University, Ethiopia.

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/HMMS-V14/article/view/2552

Investigating and Assessment of Weather Forecasting Needs of Smallholder Farmers for Climate Change Adaptation in the Central Rift Valley of Ethiopia | Chapter 1 | International Research in Environment, Geography and Earth Science Vol. 4

 

In Ethiopia, climate change is set to hit the agricultural sector adversely and cause considerable
negative impacts particularly for smallholder farmers. Weather information is one of the requirements
for effective climate change adaptation in Ethiopia, where Agriculture is the backbone of the economy.
This study made during 2011/12 investigates whether smallholder farmers, development agents and
organizations in the Central Rift Valley of Ethiopia have access to weather information and
consequently use it in their agricultural activities to overcome adverse impacts of climate change. For
this study, data were collected and analyzed from 200 randomly selected households, 34
development agents and 18 experts of different organizations in four districts (Meki, Melkassa, Miesso
and Ziway) representing the same agro-ecological settings in the Central Rift Valley of Ethiopia. The
result revealed that the adaptation capacity of farmers in using weather information are constrained by language problems, difficulty in understanding forecast terminology, absence of a center for
coordination and downscaling weather information at local level and inconsistency in the time of
information provision were the common problems identified in the study area. A new weather
information delivery system is proposed which enables effective and location and purpose specific
weather information delivery to farming communities and other stakeholders in the agricultural sector.

Author(s) Details

Hirut Getachew Feleke
Department of Plant Science, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Science, Ambo University, Ambo, Ethiopia.

View Book :- https://bp.bookpi.org/index.php/bpi/catalog/book/249