Epidemiological Information on Anatomical Variations of the Sternum: Sternal Foramen and Variant Xiphoid Morphology in Dried Adult Human Sternum in Ethiopia | Chapter 1 | Achievements and Challenges of Medicine and Medical Science Vol. 6

Background: The human sternum comprises three components such as the manubrium, the mesosternum (body), and the xiphoid process. The sternum exhibits unique anatomical variations with major clinical and forensic implications. Purpose: This study is devoted to providing baseline epidemiological information about the sternal foramen and variant xiphoid morphology in Ethiopia. Two extremely interesting and unusual variations of the sternal foramen are also discussed.

Methods: This observational study was carried out using dried adult human sternum obtained from skeletal remains samples brought for medicolegal examination over a period of 4 years. A total of 94 dried adult human sternums (66 males (70.2%) and 28 females (29.8%)) were obtained with an age range of 21 to 57 years and a mean age at death of 38.383 ± 11.3480 years. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 26.0. Continuous data were described in terms of the mean and compared using the Mann–Whitney U test. Dried human sternum specimens were morphologically examined, and morphometric parameters were recorded and photographed.

Results: A sternal foramen was found in 18 specimens (19.1%); 17 were male and one was female. A single sternal foramen was observed in 83.3% (n=15/18) of the sternal bodies and 11.1% (n=2/18) of the xiphoid processes (both males). In addition, a double sternal foramen was observed in a single male specimen on the mesosternum and xiphoid process. The most common sternal foramen site was at the fifth costochondral junction level. The xiphoid process was present in 77 samples and ended as a single process in 83.1% (n=64/77) of samples. In 15.6% (n=12/77) of the samples, the xiphoid process was bifurcated and trifurcated in a single male (1.3%) specimen. The incidence of Sternal foramen varies in different studies from different populations and reported incidence data on Sternal foramen from different populations ranging from 3.1 to 18.3%.

Conclusions: The sternal foramen and variation in xiphoid morphology are common anatomical variations in Ethiopia. The findings of the current study highlight the necessity of strict precautionary measures during sternal procedures in this study population. Clinicians, radiologists, and anthropologists need to be aware of these variations, and their presence should be taken into consideration in everyday practice. In addition, such incidental findings during radiologic and autopsy procedures should be properly evaluated to avoid misdiagnosis and misinterpretation of such findings as traumatic or pathologic conditions.

 

Author (s) Details

Alemayehu Shiferaw Lema
Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, St. Paul's Hospital Millennium Medical College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.

Amanuel Oljira Raga
Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, St. Paul's Hospital Millennium Medical College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/acmms/v6/1321

Exploring Anatomical Variations in the Median Nerve-Axillary and Brachial Artery Relationships | Chapter 9 | Medical Science: Trends and Innovations Vol. 7

Introduction: Variations in the course of nerves and vessels of the upper limb are relatively common and hold significant clinical relevance. The knowledge of these variations is valuable to prevent iatrogenic injuries to vascular, plastic, general surgeons, anesthesiologist and orthopedic surgeons. The brachial artery serves as a primary arterial supply for the upper limb, and its relationship with the median nerve is of particular interest. In the arm, the median nerve initially lies lateral to the brachial artery near the insertion of coracobrachialis muscle, then crosses anteriorly, continuing medially in the cubital fossa.

Aim: The present study aims to assess anatomical variations in the course and relationship of the median nerve to axillary and brachial artery in the arm.

Materials and Methods: The present study was carried out over four years on a sample of 60 cadavers (120 upper limbs). Proper cadaveric dissection was done in the Department of Anatomy, Dr. RML Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India.

Observation and Results: It was observed that in 10% of the cadavers, median nerve crossed behind the brachial artery at the mid-arm. In the rest of the cases, the median nerve entered the arm at first lateral to the brachial artery and near the insertion of coracobrachialis it crossed in front of the artery from lateral to medial side.

Conclusion: Understanding the variations in the brachial artery and its relationship with median nerve is crucial for clinical and surgical practice. This knowledge is essential for surgeons and radiologists when interpreting angiographic images, vascular and re-constructive surgeries and treating compressive neuropathies. 

 

Author (s) Details

 

Eti Sthapak
Department of Anatomy, Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, UP, India.

 

Navbir Pasricha
Department of Anatomy, Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, UP, India.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/msti/v7/3000

Study about Cervical Part of Vertebral Artery: An Approach to Its Variant Anatomy and Clinical Significance | Chapter 5 | Recent Developments in Medicine and Medical Research Vol. 10

 The subclavian artery sprouts the vertebral artery, which is divided into four segments. The first three segments are placed in the neck and are extracranial. The cervical vertebral artery is made up of the first three segments of the vertebral artery. The purpose of this chapter is to explain the anatomical variations in the origin and course of the cervical section of the vertebral artery, as well as the clinical implications of these variations. A thorough understanding of anatomy and its variations is essential for preventing vascular complications during surgical procedures and while performing diagnostic and interventional angiography in the cervical region, as well as when treating cerebrovascular diseases, and is especially beneficial for vascular surgeons, radiologists, and neurosurgeons who work in the neck area.

Author(S) Details

Rajani Singh
Department of Anatomy, UP University of Medical Sciences, Saifai, Etawah 206130, UP, India.

View Book:- https://stm.bookpi.org/RDMMR-V10/article/view/4619

Formation of Pelvic Somatic Nerves: An Advanced Study | Chapter 10 | Recent Developments in Medicine and Medical Research Vol. 4

 Variations are relatively prevalent in the creation of nerves. They might be pre-fixed or post-fixed. It's also usual to see neural roots of various thicknesses or no neural roots at all. The study's major goal was to look at the prefixed and postfixed pelvic nerves, as well as their clinical significance. The pelvic nerves, with the exception of the obturator nerve, run along the posterior pelvic wall. On the lateral side of the pelvic wall is the obturator nerve. The pelvic nerves are placed extraperitoneally, against the posterolateral walls of the pelvis. Somatic nerves in the pelvis include the Lateral Femoral Cutaneous nerve, Femoral nerve, Genitofemoral nerve, Obturator nerve, and Lumbosacral trunk. Variations in the level of these nerves' roots are very common, and these differences are important for surgeons, orthopaedic surgeons, and neurosurgeons during various surgeries. The genesis and level of division of parietal pelvic nerves demonstrated a wide range of variations, as documented in the study.

Author(S) Details

Preeti D. Sonje
Dr D. Y. Patil Medical College Hospital and Research Centre, D Y Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune, India.

Neelesh Kanaskar
Dr D. Y. Patil Medical College Hospital and Research Centre, D Y Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune, India.

View Book:- https://stm.bookpi.org/RDMMR-V4/article/view/4175

A Descriptive Study on Anatomical Variations in Coeliac Trunk and Its Branches | Chapter 10 | New Visions in Science and Technology Vol. 2

 The goal of this research is to describe the anatomical differences in the Coeliac Trunk and Its Branches. The celiac trunk is the first anterior branch of the abdominal aorta, located at the level of the lower border of the twelfth thoracic vertebra. The hepatic, splenic, and left gastric arteries are the three main branches of the celiac trunk. The celiac trunk's variations are prevalent but asymptomatic; they may become crucial during operations and some radiological treatments. We discovered several variations in the branching pattern of the celiac trunk during regular dissection on adult cadavers in the Anatomy department. The left gastric artery is the first branch of the celiac trunk, and it separates into the splenic and hepatic arteries. The origin of the right gastric artery is thought to be the left hepatic artery. In addition, from the superior mesenteric artery, one right aberrant hepatic artery may be seen entering the right lobe of the liver. The celiac trunk gives rise to the left inferior phrenic artery and the dorsal pancreatic artery. In most cases, the left gastric artery arises from the celiac trunk, but in our study, it arises directly from the abdominal aorta. Variations are particularly beneficial in surgical, oncologic, and interventional procedures, and they should be remembered to avoid complications. With a thorough understanding of the anatomical differences of the celiac trunk, complications in abdominal procedures can be avoided.

Author (S) Details

Sunita U. Sawant
Alluri Sitarama Raju Academy of Medical Sciences, Eluru, Andhra Pradesh, India.

Sunil M. Kolekar
Alluri Sitarama Raju Academy of Medical Sciences, Eluru, Andhra Pradesh, India.

N. Harichandana
Vijaya Krishna Nursing College, Visakhapatanam, Andhra Pradesh, India.

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/NVST-V2/article/view/3447

Morphometric Analysis of Fibularis Tertius Muscle in Eastern Indian Population: A Cross-Sectional Study | Chapter 1 | Highlights on Medicine and Medical Science Vol. 12

 Introduction: The unipennate extensor compartment muscle Fibularis tertius is unique to humans. The Fibularis tertius muscle flap is used by foot surgeons to transposition the ankle joint and correct any laxity. Variable muscle insertion may play a role in the cause of torsional stress, as shown in various foot fractures.

The goal of this study was to look at the incidence of the fibularis tertius muscle in cadaveric limbs, as well as its size and differences in origin and insertion.

Dissecting 100 cadaveric lower limbs was used to assess the incidence, size, and variability in the origin and insertion of the fibularis tertius muscle (50 right and 50 left). Fibularis tertius was seen in all of the limbs. Between the fourth and fifth metatarsals, it was placed. The length and width of the muscle, as well as its tendon, were all measured.

Conclusion: Because the distal attachment of the fibularis tertius varies, foot surgeons who do tendoplasty or tendon transfer procedures must have a good understanding of the muscle.

Author (S) Details

Dr. Gyanaranjan Nayak
Department of Anatomy, IMS and SUM Hospital, SOA University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India.

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/HMMS-V12/article/view/2692

Assessment of Variation in Agronomical Traits among Herbicide Tolerant M3 and M4 Maize Lines | Chapter 3 | Cutting-edge Research in Agricultural Sciences Vol. 10

 The goal of this study was to look at agronomical trait variation in 39 herbicide-tolerant M3 and 37 M4 maize lines from March to July 2015 and September 2015 to January 2016. The experiment used a randomised complete block in triplicates. Plant height, ear diameter, hundred seed weight, ear length, grains row-1 and ear-1, total ears plant-1, yield plant-1, ear height, and herbicide tolerance were all collected. The data was examined using Genstat 16th edition at a 5% level of significance. Except for rows ear-1 and total ears plant-1, the results revealed significant (p0.05) differences between M3 and M4. The most productive M3 a Lines 520-58 and 520-38 3 yielded 116.2 g plant-1 and 151.1 g plant-1, respectively, but yielded less than check varieties (165.3 g) and (183.5 g). The most herbicide tolerant M3 and M4 lines were 513-12 and 520-38_3, which took 25 and 28.5 days to die, respectively. Grain yield plant-1 correlated significantly and positively with the majority of traits in M3, whereas it correlated significantly and positively with 100 seed weight, grains row-1, and total ears plant-1 in M4. Furthermore, tolerance days had a negative and highly significant correlation with plant height and ear height. Plant-1 grain yield was negatively and significantly correlated with herbicide tolerance.

Author (s) Details

John K. Kariuki
Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Juja, Kenya

Prof. John M. Wesonga
Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Juja, Kenya.

Githiri S. Mwangi
Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Juja, Kenya.

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/CRAS-V10/article/view/1560