Genetic Basis of SPAD Chlorophyll Meter Readings and Kernel Yield for Selection in Maize (Zea mays L.) | Chapter 8 | Research Perspective on Biological Science Vol. 8

 

Maize (Zea mays L.) is the third most important cereal crop after paddy and wheat in India. It is a C4 grain crop with a high rate of photosynthetic activity, high grain and biomass yield. The exploitation of heterosis in maize helps in developing high-yielding hybrids, and it depends on the direction and magnitude of heterosis and the type of gene action involved in it. However, information on genetics and the association of SPAD chlorophyll meter reading with kernel yield is scanty in maize. This study evaluated 45 single-cross hybrids from ten inbred lines over three seasons for yield traits, combining ability, and heterosis. Kernel yield is impacted by multiple factors, with chlorophyll as a key pigment for photosynthesis. Chlorophyll meter readings (SCMR) reliably estimated nitrogen status across seasons, suggesting SPAD readings are useful in the selection of high-yielding genotypes. Both additive and non-additive gene actions govern SCMR and kernel yield, with non-additive effects playing an important role. Top-performing hybrids showed varied standard heterosis and significant sca effects for kernel yield and SCMR. Hybrids such as BML 15 x PDM 1474 and BML 7 x DFTY recorded high performance and significant heterosis, indicating their potential for hybrid vigour. High-performing hybrids with significant or non-significant sca effects may be utilised for pedigree breeding or population improvement to develop superior parental lines and hybrids.

 

 

Author(s) Details

N Sabitha
Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Acharya N.G. Ranga Agricultural University, S.V. Agricultural College, Tirupati 517502, Andhra Pradesh, India.

 

D. Mohan Reddi
Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Acharya N.G. Ranga Agricultural University, S.V. Agricultural College, Tirupati 517502, Andhra Pradesh, India.

 

P. Sudhakar
Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Acharya N.G. Ranga Agricultural University, S.V. Agricultural College, Tirupati 517502, Andhra Pradesh, India.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/rpbs/v8/6554

 

Morphological Variation of Maize landraces in South Sudan | Chapter 11 | Current Research Progress in Agricultural Sciences Vol. 10

Maize (Zea mays L.) is the world’s most widely distributed crop and one of the major cereals grown globally. In South Sudan, maize is the second most cultivated cereal after sorghum, covering approximately 207,714 hectares, which accounts for about 21% of the country’s total cereal area. Despite its importance as a staple food for local populations in many states, South Sudan still depends on imports from neighboring countries to meet most of its maize demand. Morphological data remains a valuable tool for analyzing and managing genetic resources. However, integrating both phenotypic and molecular data provides a more comprehensive understanding of the genetic diversity within maize landrace accessions in South Sudan. In this study, morphological variation was examined among 31 maize landrace accessions collected from various farmers' fields across South Sudan, using seven quantitative agronomic traits. A significant positive correlation was found between days to tasseling (DT) and days to silking (DS), between plant height (PH) and ear height (EH) and stem width (SW), and between EH and SW and leaf length (LL). First, and second principal components accounted for 69% of the total variance (40.9% and 28.6%, respectively). PH, EH, SW, LL, and leaf width (LW) were strongly associated in a positive direction on the first principal component, while DT and DS were clearly characterized in a positive direction on the second component. A significant positive correlation was found between days to tasseling (DT) and days to silking (DS), as well as between plant height (PH), ear height (EH), and stem width (SW). Additionally, EH, SW, and leaf length (LL) were positively correlated. The first and second principal components accounted for 69% of the total variance (40.9% and 28.6%, respectively). PH, EH, SW, LL, and leaf width (LW) were strongly associated in a positive direction on the first principal component, while DT and DS were clearly characterized in a positive direction on the second component. A scatter plot based on phenotypic data identified three distinct groups based on the most discriminating characteristics: Group I consisted of five maize landrace accessions, Group II included 14 landrace accessions, and Group III comprised 10 landrace accessions. Principal component analysis revealed that the investigated genotypes did not cluster according to their geographical origins, suggesting a weak geographic relationship among the accessions. A scatter plot based on phenotypic data identified three distinct groups based on the most discriminating characteristics: Group I consisted of five maize landrace accessions, Group II included 14 accessions, and Group III comprised 10 accessions. Principal component analysis revealed that the investigated genotypes did not cluster according to their geographical origins, suggesting a weak geographic relationship among the maize landrace accessions. In conclusion, although the morphological characterization was conducted under South Korean climatic conditions, the study demonstrated significant phenotypic variation among the maize landrace accessions collected from South Sudan. This insight into phenotypic divergence could be highly beneficial for future breeding programs and the genetic improvement of South Sudan maize landrace accessions.

 

Author (s) Details

Ju Kyong Lee
Department of Bio-Resource Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea and Interdisciplinary Program in Smart Agriculture, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea. 

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/crpas/v10/4972

Assessment of Aflatoxin Biocontrol Strategies Implemented by Private Sector Entities for Managing Aflatoxin Contamination in Nigerian Agricultural Systems | Chapter 8 | Research Perspectives of Microbiology and Biotechnology Vol. 7

Aflatoxins are toxic compounds produced by several Aspergillus species that contaminate various crops. The impact of aflatoxin on the health of humans and livestock is a concern across the globe. Income, trade, and development sectors are affected as well. There are several technologies to prevent aflatoxin contamination but there are difficulties in having farmers use them. Several Aspergillus species can produce aflatoxins, however, A. flavus is the most common causal agent of contamination and therefore of global interest. In Nigeria, an aflatoxin biocontrol product containing atoxigenic isolates of A. flavus has been registered with regulatory authorities and is now being produced at scale by the private company Harvestfield Industries Limited (HIL). The current study reports results of biocontrol effectiveness trials in maize conducted by HIL during 2020 in several locations across Nigeria and compared to untreated maize from nearby locations. Farmers and farmer-field selections were carried out in collaboration with the lead farmers from MAGPAMAN and Agricultural Extension Agents (AEAs) of the Agricultural Development Project (ADP). Biocontrol application was conducted in fields across the six geopolitical regions of Nigeria during the 2020 cropping season, which spans from April to October. Also, maize was collected from open markets to assess levels of contamination. All treated maize met tolerance thresholds (i.e., <4ppb total aflatoxin). In contrast, most maize from untreated fields had a higher risk of aflatoxin contamination, with some areas averaging 38.5 ppb total aflatoxin. Maize from open markets had aflatoxin above tolerance thresholds with even an average of up to 90.3 ppb. For the biocontrol treatment comparisons, means were separated using paired Student t-tests. Results from the trials were presented in a National Workshop attended by key officers of Government agencies, farmer organizations, the private sector, NGOs, and donors. Overall, we report (i) efforts spearheaded by the private sector to have aflatoxin management strategies used at scale in Nigeria, and (ii) deliberations of key stakeholders to ensure the safety of crops produced in Nigeria for the benefit of farmers, consumers, and industries. With improved, refined strategies, aflatoxin management programs will surely result in reduced aflatoxin contamination and exposure in Nigeria and elsewhere.

 

Author (s) Details

O. T. Ola
Harvestfield Industries Limited, Lagos, Nigeria.

 

O. O. Ogedengbe
Harvestfield Industries Limited, Lagos, Nigeria.

 

T. M. Raji
Harvestfield Industries Limited, Lagos, Nigeria.

 

B. Eze
Harvestfield Industries Limited, Lagos, Nigeria.

 

M. Chama
Harvestfield Industries Limited, Lagos, Nigeria.

 

O. N. Ilori
Harvestfield Industries Limited, Lagos, Nigeria.

 

M. A. Awofisayo
Harvestfield Industries Limited, Lagos, Nigeria.

L. Kaptog
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Ibadan, Nigeria.

 

R. Bandyopadhyay
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Ibadan, Nigeria.

 

A. Ortega-Beltran
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Ibadan, Nigeria.

 

A. A. Ndarubu
Harvestfield Industries Limited, Lagos, Nigeria.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/rpmab/v7/1196

Human Health Risk Assessment of Nitrate-Contaminated Groundwater in North East Alluvial Plains of India | Chapter 1 | Geography, Earth Science and Environment: Research Highlights Vol. 2

The present study highlights about human health risk assessment of nitrate-contaminated groundwater in North East Alluvial Plains of India. Groundwater is a vital natural resource that provides nearly half of the world's drinking water and plays a crucial role in food production. Nitrate that has accumulated in soils is highly prone to leaching, which is directly threatening the quality of groundwater. However, consuming water with high nitrate concentrations can have immediate effects on infants, leading to a condition called methemoglobinemia, where the blood is unable to carry sufficient oxygen to the body's cells. Given the varying nitrate concentrations in water, it is important to study its undesirable effects. In rural areas, groundwater contamination is often linked to the excessive use of chemical fertilizers by local farmers. Shallow groundwater is essential for water use and maize yield, with nitrogen application significantly impacting crop uptake and water utilization from irrigation, though the specifics of groundwater use are less understood. Farmers in the region are applying an average of 278 kg/ha of nitrogen to Kharif maize, which is approximately 131.72% more than the recommended dose of 120 kgN/ha. The mean nitrogen application ranges from 251 to 323 kg/ha, with the highest application rates observed in Khagaria (323 kg N/ha), followed by Madhepura (275.08 kg N/ha), and the lowest in Saharsa (251.16 kg N/ha). The nitrogenous fertilizer application rates vary from 109.25% to 169.16% over the recommended dose, resulting in nitrate leaching. In this study, groundwater and surface water samples were collected from 12 villages, and various quality parameters were analyzed. Nitrate levels in groundwater ranged from 1.87 to 6.19 mg/L, while in surface water, they ranged from 1.87 to 3.84 mg/L, with the highest nitrate concentrations found in the Madhepura district. High intensive double or triple cropping system of the area has mostly utilized the leached nitrate through the ramified root system of the intercrops. The study assessed nitrate leaching in soil, groundwater contamination levels, and human health risks through chronic daily intake of nitrate and Hazard Quotient (HQ) values in the Khagaria, Saharsa, Madhepura, and Supaul districts of the eastern alluvial region of Bihar. It is time to be cautious to refrain away from the use of heavy doses of nitrogenous fertilizer by the farmers of the study area. Further studies on actual records of NO₃ toxicity in residents are needed to validate the result of the present finding.

 

Author (s) Details

 

Ajeet Kumar
Department of Soil Science, Sugarcane Research Institute, Dr. Rajendra Prasad Central Agricultural University, Pusa (Samastipur)-848125, Bihar, India.

 

Sanjay Kumar Singh
Department of Soil Science, Tirhut College of Agriculture, Dholi, Muzaffarpur, Dr. Rajendra Prasad Central Agricultural University, Pusa (Samastipur)-848125, Bihar, India.

 

Sunita Kumari Meena
Department of Soil Science, Sugarcane Research Institute, Dr. Rajendra Prasad Central Agricultural University, Pusa (Samastipur)-848125, Bihar, India.

 

S.K. Sinha
Department of Soil Science, Sugarcane Research Institute, Dr. Rajendra Prasad Central Agricultural University, Pusa (Samastipur)-848125, Bihar, India.

 

Lalita Rana
Department of Agronomy, Sugarcane Research Institute, Dr. Rajendra Prasad Central Agricultural University, Pusa (Samastipur)-848125, Bihar, India.

 

Amrita Kumari
Bihar Agricultural University, Sabour, Bhagalpur -813210, India.

 

A.K. Singh
Sugarcane Research Institute, Dr. Rajendra Prasad Central Agricultural University, Pusa (Samastipur)-848125, Bihar, India.

 

Amrendra Kumar
Department of Agronomy, Tirhut College of Agriculture, Dholi, Muzaffarpur, Dr. Rajendra Prasad Central Agricultural University, Pusa (Samastipur)-848125, Bihar, India.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/geserh/v2/1424

Changes in Antioxidant Capacities and Antioxidant Enzyme Activities during Drought Stress in the Germination Period of Madura Local Corn Seeds (Zea mays L.) | Chapter 9 | Current Research Progress in Agricultural Sciences Vol. 7

Drought, antioxidant, germination, maize, polyethylene-glycolOne of the major environmental factors of plant growth and productivity is drought stress. A plant that grows under drought stress can have an adverse physiological, biochemical, and morphological effect. It is involved in metabolic responses such as signaling, physiological regulation, and defense responses. The effect of various polyethylene glycol (PEG) concentrations on induced drought stress on the antioxidant capacities and antioxidant enzyme activities was investigated on Madura local maize during germination. Seed samples were treated under 5%, 10%, and 15% of PEG for 6 days. The changes in the antioxidant capacities such as 2,2’-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid (ABTS) and hydroxyl radical scavenging; antioxidant enzyme activities including catalase (CAT) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and gene expression were observed during seeds germination. The result showed that the antioxidant activity capacities and enzymes exhibited significantly higher levels in drought-treated conditions. The most effective level of drought stress to elevate the capabilities and enzyme activity of antioxidants, as well as its gene expression, was observed at 15% PEG, whereas ABTS scavenging activity was increased by 20% over the control, hydroxyl scavenging activity up to 14%, CAT and APX activity increased 4 - 5 times over the control. Along with the presence of antioxidant mechanisms, including the capacities and activities of different types of ABTS⁺, hydroxyl, CAT, and APX, might play important roles during the germination phase and be able to manage reactive oxygen species to the normal level under stress conditions. It was concluded that the germination seeds could be used as natural antioxidant agents, and drought could improve antioxidant levels, so this information is beneficial for broader cultivation on suboptimal land.

 

Author (s) Details

 

Agnes Rezkyta Herwang Dani
Graduate School of Biotechnology, Jember University, Jember, Indonesia.

 

Tri Agus Siswoyo
Graduate School of Biotechnology, Jember University, Jember, Indonesia and The Center of Excellence on Crop Industrial Biotechnology, University of Jember, Jember, Indonesia.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/crpas/v7/4029

Human Health Risk Assessment of Nitrate-Contaminated Groundwater in North East Alluvial Plains of India | Chapter 1 | Geography, Earth Science and Environment: Research Highlights Vol. 2

 

The present study highlights about human health risk assessment of nitrate-contaminated groundwater in North East Alluvial Plains of India. Groundwater is a vital natural resource that provides nearly half of the world's drinking water and plays a crucial role in food production. Nitrate that has accumulated in soils is highly prone to leaching, which is directly threatening the quality of groundwater. However, consuming water with high nitrate concentrations can have immediate effects on infants, leading to a condition called methemoglobinemia, where the blood is unable to carry sufficient oxygen to the body's cells. Given the varying nitrate concentrations in water, it is important to study its undesirable effects. In rural areas, groundwater contamination is often linked to the excessive use of chemical fertilizers by local farmers. Shallow groundwater is essential for water use and maize yield, with nitrogen application significantly impacting crop uptake and water utilization from irrigation, though the specifics of groundwater use are less understood. Farmers in the region are applying an average of 278 kg/ha of nitrogen to Kharif maize, which is approximately 131.72% more than the recommended dose of 120 kgN/ha. The mean nitrogen application ranges from 251 to 323 kg/ha, with the highest application rates observed in Khagaria (323 kg N/ha), followed by Madhepura (275.08 kg N/ha), and the lowest in Saharsa (251.16 kg N/ha). The nitrogenous fertilizer application rates vary from 109.25% to 169.16% over the recommended dose, resulting in nitrate leaching. In this study, groundwater and surface water samples were collected from 12 villages, and various quality parameters were analyzed. Nitrate levels in groundwater ranged from 1.87 to 6.19 mg/L, while in surface water, they ranged from 1.87 to 3.84 mg/L, with the highest nitrate concentrations found in the Madhepura district. High intensive double or triple cropping system of the area has mostly utilized the leached nitrate through the ramified root system of the intercrops. The study assessed nitrate leaching in soil, groundwater contamination levels, and human health risks through chronic daily intake of nitrate and Hazard Quotient (HQ) values in the Khagaria, Saharsa, Madhepura, and Supaul districts of the eastern alluvial region of Bihar. It is time to be cautious to refrain away from the use of heavy doses of nitrogenous fertilizer by the farmers of the study area. Further studies on actual records of NO3 toxicity in residents are needed to validate the result of the present finding.

 

Author(s)details:-

 

Ajeet Kumar
Department of Soil Science, Sugarcane Research Institute, Dr. Rajendra Prasad Central Agricultural University, Pusa (Samastipur)-848125, Bihar, India.

 

Sanjay Kumar Singh
Department of Soil Science, Tirhut College of Agriculture, Dholi, Muzaffarpur, Dr. Rajendra Prasad Central Agricultural University, Pusa (Samastipur)-848125, Bihar, India.

Sunita Kumari Meena
Department of Soil Science, Sugarcane Research Institute, Dr. Rajendra Prasad Central Agricultural University, Pusa (Samastipur)-848125, Bihar, India.

 

S.K. Sinha
Department of Soil Science, Sugarcane Research Institute, Dr. Rajendra Prasad Central Agricultural University, Pusa (Samastipur)-848125, Bihar, India.

 

Lalita Rana
Department of Agronomy, Sugarcane Research Institute, Dr. Rajendra Prasad Central Agricultural University, Pusa (Samastipur)-848125, Bihar, India.

 

Amrita Kumari
Bihar Agricultural University, Sabour, Bhagalpur -813210, India.

 

A.K. Singh
Sugarcane Research Institute, Dr. Rajendra Prasad Central Agricultural University, Pusa (Samastipur)-848125, Bihar, India.

 

Amrendra Kumar
Department of Agronomy, Tirhut College of Agriculture, Dholi, Muzaffarpur, Dr. Rajendra Prasad Central Agricultural University, Pusa (Samastipur)-848125, Bihar, India.

 

Please See the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/geserh/v2/1424

Inter-seasonal Effects on Selected Maize Variety (DK8031) Grown under Varying Irrigation and Nitrogen Levels in Embu County, Kenya | Chapter 3 | Research Advances and Challenges in Agricultural Sciences Vol. 9

 

The present study highlights about Inter-seasonal Effects on Selected Maturity Parameters of DK8031 Maize Grown under Varying Irrigation and Nitrogen Levels in Embu County, Kenya. For a significant section of the population in Kenya, maize is a staple grain and a good source of carbohydrates. A multitude of variables, including climate, soil properties, and variety, affect how well agricultural plants, like maize, perform. This has an impact on physiological and biological maturity, milk stage, time to tassel, and other maturity indices, which in turn affect crop performance. A study was carried out at the University of Embu Demonstration Farm which lies at 03° 30 ′ S latitude, 37° 30 ′ E longitude, and an altitude of 1480 m above sea level, soils being Humic Nitisols. To evaluate the effects of seasonal weather variability on maturity parameters of DK8031 maize, an RCBD in a split-plot experimental arrangement was set up in which four irrigation levels (I) and five nitrogen fertilizer rates (N) were allocated the main and subplot treatments in two seasons, respectively. The results revealed that the irrigation levels and nitrogen rates significantly (P<0.05) affected the time to reach the 50% tasseling, 50% milk stage and 50% physiological maturity, ranging from 69 to 73, 99 to 107 and 128 to 140 days after planting, respectively. In all cases, the Season I (cool and less rainfall, 530.3 mm) crop took longer to reach any of the three developmental stages, compared to Season II (warm and more rainfall = 605.6 mm). It is concluded that the crop in Season I (April-September), which had cold and windy conditions, took longer to mature and yielded less compared to Season II (October-March). The effects of utilizing nitrogen and supplemental irrigation were also apparent. The time variation in reaching the developmental stages was attributed to the seasonal weather conditions. Farmers can opt to plant their maize crop in Season II to take advantage of the shorter period the crop takes to mature.

 

Author(s)details:-

 

Charles Nyambane Onyari
Department of Water and Agricultural Resources Management, University of Embu, Kenya.

 

Please See the book here :-  https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/racas/v9/109

Determination of Maize Landraces for Resistance to Maize Weevil (Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky) and Larger Grain Borer (Prostephanus truncates): A Case Study from Kenya | Chapter 11 | Emerging Issues in Agricultural Sciences Vol. 6

 This unit evaluate to screen Kenya Local Coastal Maize Landraces for Resistance to Maize Weevil (Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky) and Larger Grain Borer (Prostephanus truncates). The maize weevil, Sitophilus zeamais, is a ever-present pest of maize and other rice crops worldwide and debris a threat to food safety in subsistence societies. Few population genetic studies have existed conducted on the maize weevil, but those that lie have shown that there is very little historical differentiation betwixt geographically dispersed populations what it is likely the species has knowledgeable a recent range expansion inside the last few hundred years. Farmers in the seaside region continue to evolve the native coastal maize landraces (LCML) regardless of the availability of improved maize assortments. In an effort to understand why farmers favour increasing LCML despite the release of enhanced maize open pollinated varieties (OPVs) and hybrids, research was conducted to analyze LCML. The goal search out test 25 LCML and 5 improved checks for maize weevil and larger seed borer opposition. The screening was carried out at Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Organization (KALRO) Kiboko, Kenya. Complete block design (CBD) was secondhand. Maize grains was disinfected of any field disease that is widespread of the LGB pest by heating in open electrical stove a 60-70°C for 2 hours and let the grain cool in the microwave overnight (use kilner jars accompanying glass lids). Maize weevil precipitated 12.2% (Kanjerenjere) - 32.4% (KDV-3) weight losses distinguished to only 5.0% (Chitweka) - 8.7% (Matsere) caused apiece LGB. This implies that, given the alike conditions, weevils are more detrimental and priority should take to controlling bureaucracy. Among Kenyan local coastal maize landraces, resistance to maize weevil and LGB different during depository. There was a consistent pattern of LGB resistance between landraces from Kwale, Kilifi, and Lamu. For the maize weevil, where opposition was widespread in the area, no specific pattern was seen. Maize weevil uncovering has lasted a lot longer than LGB, that was only discovered in the early 1990s. The susceptibleness of some improved differences to storage infections may partly disclose why peasants grow local cultivars since PH 4 is ultimate readily accessible commercial cultivar.  The objectives of differing insect opposition breeding programmes in coastal Kenya concede possibility use landraces with superior reactions to storage pests straightforwardly or as sources of fighting.

Author(s) Details:

J. B. Ndiso,
Pwani University, Kilifi, Kenya.

S. Mugo,
International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center, CIMMYT Kenya, Village Market, Nairobi, Kenya.

A. M. Kibe,
Egerton University, Egerton, Njoro, Kenya.

R. S. Pathaka,
Egerton University, Egerton, Njoro, Kenya.

P. Likhayo,
KALRO NARL, Nairobi, Kenya.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/EIAS-V6/article/view/11427

Effect of Cowpea Enrichment on Some Quality Parameters of Maize: Cowpea Flour Blends | Chapter 6 | Current Perspectives in Agriculture and Food Science Vol. 3

 The objective concerning this study was to test the complementary effect of cowpea on some kind attributes of maize flour. Production of healthy low cost completing foods is a panacea to starvation in developing countries. Wheat is a well-known cereal grain that has happened used for the result of many snacks, in the way that chin-chin, biscuit, pastry, bread and different pastry produce but the tropical climate of many underdeveloped countries does not encourage marketing wheat cultivation, chief to reliance on grain importation.   Dried yellow maize (Zea mays), cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) and additional ingredients (onion, fresh sprinkle, palm lubricate) used for this research were derived from Obada market in Emure-ile, Owo L.G.A of Ondo State, Nigeria. Flour blends were produced in the following percentages of maize: cowpea; 90: 10, 80: 20, 70: 30 and 100% maize as control. Physicochemical (proximate, not organic and functional properties) and microbiological reasonings were carried out on the sprinkle fine grains blends The proximate result granted that the protein content ranged from 8.85 to 10.52%, total ash, 1.55 to 1.93%; fat content, 10.50 to 11.96%; dampness content, 5.05 to 5.77% and fibre content, 9.88 to 14.43%. The blend with a 30% replacement of cowpeas produced the chief value. It was found that substituting cowpeas had no affect the fat content. When cowpeas were substituted for other elements in the blends, the mineral study revealed that the contents of potassium, sodium, metallic mineral, and iron increased, accompanying 30% cowpea substitution having the topmost values.  While calcium was not discovered in 100% maize, Calcium contents in the blends were 3.34, 3.36, 3.39 mg/kg for 10%, 20% and 30% cowpea replacement respectively;. Functional properties judged showed that size density categorized from 0.72 to 0.81g/ml, swelling index, 0.66 to 1.03 ml/g, least gelation, 2.10 to 6.11%, foaming, 7.67 to 15.36%, water assimilation, 2.41 to 3.23%, oil incorporation 1.24 to 1.45%, emulsion capacity, 8.76 to 37.15% and oil stability 7.43 to 14.13%. Microbiological judgment for the flour blends revealed that total viable count ranged from 3.80 to 4.7 x 103 Cfu/ml, while foam and mould count categorized from 2.2 to 3.17 x 103 Sfu/ml for blends. The overall result showed that 30% cowpea replacement is the most adequate portion to produce an acceptable and healthy flour blend from maize and cowpea which maybe useful for pies and confectioneries. Cowpea enrichment acted not significantly change the microbiological characteristics. In conclusion, cowpea maybe combined accompanying maize to create a composite smash by beating that is high in minerals and has improved working qualities.

Author(s) Details:

I. O. Shakpo,
Food Science and Technology Department, Rufus Giwa Polytechnic, Owo, Nigeria and Food Science and Technology Department, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria.

O. F. Osundahunsi,
Food Science and Technology Department, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria.

T. N. Fagbemi,
Food Science and Technology Department, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria.
Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/CPAFS-V3/article/view/10237

Antifungal and Antioxidant Activity of Psoralea corylifolia L. Seeds : An Ethnomedicinal Plant | Chapter 9 | Challenges and Advances in Pharmaceutical Research Vol. 8

 Medicinal shops are the original heritage with global significance and world is endowed with a rich wealth of medicinal shops. shops have a great eventuality to be effective against the growth of pathogenic fungi. The Psoralea corylifolia is generally known as babchi or bakuchi, used to cure psoriasis, leprosy, leucoderma, diabetes, indigestion, constipation, cardiac failure, coughs, asthma and osteoporosis. The end of this study was to estimate the In vitro antifungal exertion of waterless and solvent excerpts of seeds ofP. corylifolia against five seed borne fungi of sludgeviz., Curvularia lunata, Dreschslera halodes, Alternaria alternata, Cladosporium cladosporioides and Rhizopus sp. In waterless excerpt, maximum inhibition was observed inA. alternata and recorded95.4 of inhibition at 50 attention followed byC. lunata(86.0), Rhizopussp.(82.3),D. halodes(68.0) andC. cladosporioides(57.7). Significant exertion was observed at 10, 20, 30 and 40 attention. When solvent excerpts were estimated at attention of 250, 500, 750, and 1000μl, petroleum ether excerpt showed the topmost degree of inhibition while methanol excerpt showed the least quantum of exertion. At the specified 2 cure, full inhibition was seen against all of the test fungi examined when compared to the synthetic pesticides Bavistin and Thiram. Superoxide scavenging exertion was much above the norms. therefore the results of the present disquisition easily reveals that the petroleum ether excerpt has veritably high antioxidant exertion suggesting that the excerpt could be exploited to help quality loss of foods during storehouse.

Author(s) Details:

B. Kiran,
Department of Microbiology, Pooja Bhagavat Memorial Mahajana P.G. Centre, K.R.S. Road, Metagalli, Mysore –16, India.

V. Lalitha,
Department of Studies in Botany, Maharanis Science College for Women, JLB Road, Mysore-570005, Karnataka State, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/CAPR-V8/article/view/8498

Determining the Incidence and Severity of Maize Ear Rot Disease in Western Kenya | Chapter 5 | Emerging Challenges in Agriculture and Food Science Vol. 7

 This study's goal is to ascertain the prevalence and seriousness of ear rot symptoms in the four counties of Western Kenya. A complicated interaction between the fungal diseases Stenocarpella spp., Penicillium spp., and Trichoderma spp. results in the disease known as maize ear rot. Numerous species of Nigrospora, Gibberella, Fusarium, Stenocarpella, and Aspergillus have been identified. According to reports, these illnesses impair the quality of the maize crop while also producing mycotoxins that are harmful to both livestock and humans. Studies were carried out in 12 Divisions in the Western Kenyan counties of Kisumu, Homabay, Siaya, and Migori during the ensuing long and short rain seasons of September to December 2014 and February to July 2015, respectively, using a stratified random sampling method (SRSD). The farmer fields served as sampling grounds, and the divisions as sampling units. The prevalence of maize ear rots was quite high in all 12 of the divisions under consideration. They were only more common from February to July 2015 than they were from September to December 2014.

Author(s) Details:

George T. Opande,
Kaimosi Friends University, Kaimosi, Kenya.

Mathews Dida,
Maseno University, Maseno, Kenya.

Phillip Onyango,
Maseno University, Maseno, Kenya.

Christine Wesonga,
Maseno University, Maseno, Kenya.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/ECAFS-V7/article/view/8317

Investigating the Effect of Value Added Product from Sugar Industry as a Potassium Source on Growth and Yield Attributes of Maize (Zea mays L.) | Chapter 10 | Current Topics in Agricultural Sciences Vol. 5

 India is the world's largest producer and user of sugar. The wastewater produced by molasses-based distilleries, as well as their product (alcohol), is known as spent wash. It has an acidic nature, with high BOD and COD values. The sugar business generates value added product by incinerating spent wash, which produces ash powder that is potassium rich. Diseases, pests, drought, salinity, water logging, frost, and other biotic and abiotic stresses are all protected by potassium. As a result, a study was conducted to compare the effect of applying Value Added Product (VAP) as a potassic source on maize hybrid COHM(8) with that grown on Muriate of Potash (MOP) as a fertiliser source using a Randomized Complete Block recommendation) -K through VAP (T2), 75 percent STCR-K through VAP (T3), 100 percent STCR-K through VAP (T4), 125 percent STCR-K through VAP (T7). When compared to control, the results showed that 125 percent STCR-K as VAP provided better growth and yield characteristics, followed by 100 percent STCR-K as VAP and 75 percent STCR-K as VAP (T1). VAP from distillery spent wash (DSW) can be utilised as a substitute for inorganic potash fertiliser in maize crop cultivation to increase output and maintain soil health, according to the findings.

Author(S) Details 

C. Ramya
Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, Anbil Dharmalingam Agricultural College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Trichy, Tamil Nadu, India.

G. Gomadhi
Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, KVK, Thindivanam, Tamil Nadu, India.

P. Balasubramaniam
Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, Anbil Dharmalingam Agricultural College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Trichy, Tamil Nadu, India.

T. Ramesh
Department of Agronomy, Anbil Dharmalingam Agricultural, College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Agricultural, University, Trichy, Tamil Nadu, India.

View Book:- https://stm.bookpi.org/CTAS-V5/article/view/5263

Study on Isolation, Characterization and Identification of Endophytic Bacteria in Maize (Zea mays L.) Cultivated on Acrisols of the Southeast of Vietnam | Chapter 6 | Innovations in Microbiology and Biotechnology Vol. 2

 The variety of endophytic bacteria in maize (Zea mays L.) grown on Acrisols in Southeast Vietnam was investigated. In this region, twenty-eight maize stem and root samples were gathered from five different locations (provinces/cities). Endophytic bacteria were isolated in two mediums (LGI and NFb) and 16S rRNA gene fragments were amplified from DNA using eubacterial universal primers (p515FPL and p13B). A total of 301 isolates were isolated, and all of them were capable of nitrogen fixation, phosphate solubilization, and IAA biosynthesis, but 30 isolates stood out, and they were recognised as maize endophytes and nifH gene owners. The genomes of 30 endophytic bacteria isolates were found to have a high degree of similarity to the GenBank reference strains (between 97 percent and 100 percent ). Six isolates belonged to Bacillus (20.00%), and 24 isolates belonged to Proteobacteria (80.00%), including two alpha-proteobacteria (7%), six beta-proteobacteria (20%), and sixteen gamma-proteobacteria (16 gamma-proteobacteria (16 gamma-proteobacteria (16 gamma-proteobacteria (16 gamma-p (53 percent ). Proteobacteria had the highest Theta values based on Pi value (nucleotide diversity), and Theta values (per sequence) from S of SNP for DNA polymorphism were computed for each group, with Proteobacteria having the highest values in comparison to two groups. Because of their usefulness and biosafety, three isolates, DTN1b (Azotobacter vinelandii), VTN2b (Bacillus subtilis), and VTN7 (Enterobacter cloacae), have been recommended as suitable microbial inoculants or biofertilizers for sustainable maize cultivation in low Acrisols in Vietnam.

Author(S) Details

Dang Thi Ngoc Thanh
Department of Natural Science Teacher Training, Sai Gon University, HCM City, Vietnam.

Cao Ngoc Diep
Department of Microbiology Biotechnology, Biotechnology R&D Institute, Can Tho University, Can Tho City, Vietnam.

View Book:- https://stm.bookpi.org/IMB-V2/article/view/4718

The Analysis of Temperature and Rainfall and Production Potential Food Crops in Banten Province, Indonesia | Chapter 6 | Emerging Challenges in Agriculture and Food Science Vol. 2

 Paddy, maize, soybeans, peanuts, green beans, cassava, and sweet potatoes are among the food crops grown in Indonesia's Banten Province. Temperature and rainfall are thought to be intimately related to the production of these food crops. The goal of the study was to learn about the temperature and rainfall patterns, as well as the possibilities for growing food crops. The researcher employed the Gumbel method to project temperature and rainfall in order to attain this goal. The findings of the investigation suggest that the temperature rises by 0.13oC per year, with 39.14 mm of rainfall. Banten Province still has potential for paddy, maize, and cassava production based on projected temperature and rainfall increases over the next 25 years. When it comes to the area and productivity of each of these types of plants, Lebak Regency has the most potential for paddy production, while Pandeglang Regency has the most potential for maize development.

Author(S) Details

Yayat Ruhiat
Department of Physics, Universitas Sultan Ageng Tirtayasa, Serang, Indonesia.

View Book:- https://stm.bookpi.org/ECAFS-V2/article/view/4903

Study on Distribution Pattern of Pb among Plant Parts at Selected Growth Stages of Roadside Grown Wheat and Maize at Kadawa, Kano State| New Visions in Science and Technology Vol. 5

 The purpose of this study was to understand the extension participation of National Horticulture Mission beneficiaries and to analyse the extent of participation of National Horticulture Mission beneficiaries in various extension programmes in all six blocks (taluks) of Davanagere district in Karnataka state, India. The sample size was 144 beneficiaries of the National Horticulture Mission from 24 villages who were chosen at random. For this study, an ex-post facto research design was used. According to the findings, family members (34.26 percent), neighbours (33.56 percent), friends and relatives (33.45 percent), and other service providers, fellow beneficiaries, and NHM workers are the most common sources of information for NHM recipients. Farm magazine (66.21 percent), radio (57.87 percent), newspapers (55.10 percent), internet source (44.44 percent), WhatsApp (42.36 percent), and mobile SMS (42.36 percent) are the top five sources of information (32.27 percent ). When it came to contacting extension professionals, 42.82 percent of recipients spoke with an agricultural assistant, 36.11 percent with an assistant agriculture officer, 30.09 percent with a veterinary officer, and 28.70 percent with an agriculture officer. According to the extended participation data, 33.45% of beneficiaries attended group meetings, 33.10 percent attended krishi melas, 31.02 percent attended field visits, and 28.47 percent attended training programmes. In all, 40.97 percent of recipients went to town or cities twice a week, 38.18 percent went once a week, and 16.67 percent went once every two weeks.

Author (S) Details

Anongo, M’ember Catherine

Environmental/Plant Protection, Department of Biological Sciences, Federal University, Wukari, P.M.B. 1020, Taraba State, Nigeria. and Environmental Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, Federal University, Wukari, P.M.B. 1020, Taraba State, Nigeria.

D. N. Iortsuun

Plant Physiology and Ecology, Department of Biological Sciences, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria.

M. A. Tafida

Environmental/Plant Protection, Department of Biological Sciences, Federal University, Wukari, P.M.B. 1020, Taraba State, Nigeria. and Environmental Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, Federal University, Wukari, P.M.B. 1020, Taraba State, Nigeria.

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/NVST-V5/article/view/4117

Investigating the Response of Boron on Yield and Economics of Maize under Eastern Ghat High Land Zone of Odisha | Chapter 9 | Current Topics in Agricultural Sciences Vol. 1

A field experiment was conducted on farmers' fields in Sankumari village, Nabarangpur district, Odisha's Eastern Ghat High Land (EGHL) zone, during the kharif 2016 season to investigate the impact of boron application on maize yield and economics. Due to its photo insensitivity, maize has been grown in a variety of seasons and locations for crop durations varying from 90 to 130 days. Because maize is a C4 plant, it has a larger yield potential that is also influenced by the soil's nutrient delivery capacity. Four treatments were duplicated five times in this study, which used a Randomized Block Design. The soils used in the experiments were slightly acidic, non-saline loamy sands with a medium level of organic carbon and available K but low amounts of available N, P, B, and Zn. Soil Test Based NPKZn @ 150:75:60:1 had the maximum possible grain yield per cob (210.21 g), 100 seeds weight (38.16 g), stover production (8.10 t ha-1), grain yield (6.52 t ha-1), total dry biomass (14.62 t ha-1), harvest index (44.59 percent), and B:C ratio (1.90). 6.25 kg ha-1 + 0.5 kg B ha-1 soil application + 0.2 percent borax foliar spray at 30 and 45 DAS (T4), followed by Soil Test Based NPKZn @ 150:75:60:6.25 kg ha-1 + 1.0 kg B ha-1 (T3), over control (i.e. Soil Test Based NPKZn @ 150:75:60:6.25 kg ha-1+ 0 kg B ha-1). As a result, farmers in Odisha's EGHL zone must use the Soil Test Based Boron Fertiliser Application to grow remunerative maize in soil lacking in boron.

Author (S) Details

Amit Phonglosa

Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology, Directorate of Extension Education, Bhubaneswar- 751003, Odisha, India.

Bibhuti Bhusan Dalei

Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology, All India Co-ordinated Research Project on Niger, Semiliguda-763002, Odisha, India.

Subhashis Saren

Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology, College of Agriculture, Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, Bhubaneswar-751003, Odisha, India.

 View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/CTAS-V1/article/view/3887

Assessment of Variation in Agronomical Traits among Herbicide Tolerant M3 and M4 Maize Lines | Chapter 3 | Cutting-edge Research in Agricultural Sciences Vol. 10

 The goal of this study was to look at agronomical trait variation in 39 herbicide-tolerant M3 and 37 M4 maize lines from March to July 2015 and September 2015 to January 2016. The experiment used a randomised complete block in triplicates. Plant height, ear diameter, hundred seed weight, ear length, grains row-1 and ear-1, total ears plant-1, yield plant-1, ear height, and herbicide tolerance were all collected. The data was examined using Genstat 16th edition at a 5% level of significance. Except for rows ear-1 and total ears plant-1, the results revealed significant (p0.05) differences between M3 and M4. The most productive M3 a Lines 520-58 and 520-38 3 yielded 116.2 g plant-1 and 151.1 g plant-1, respectively, but yielded less than check varieties (165.3 g) and (183.5 g). The most herbicide tolerant M3 and M4 lines were 513-12 and 520-38_3, which took 25 and 28.5 days to die, respectively. Grain yield plant-1 correlated significantly and positively with the majority of traits in M3, whereas it correlated significantly and positively with 100 seed weight, grains row-1, and total ears plant-1 in M4. Furthermore, tolerance days had a negative and highly significant correlation with plant height and ear height. Plant-1 grain yield was negatively and significantly correlated with herbicide tolerance.

Author (s) Details

John K. Kariuki
Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Juja, Kenya

Prof. John M. Wesonga
Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Juja, Kenya.

Githiri S. Mwangi
Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Juja, Kenya.

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/CRAS-V10/article/view/1560

Maize Cyst Nematode (Heterodera zeae): Pest of Corn Crop and Their Biological Management | Chapter 15 | New Perspectives in Agriculture and Crop Science Vol. 3

 In view of the importance of maize and the supply gap in its demand, the production of maize in the country is given high priority. In addition, maize production is still very poor due to the number of biotic and abiotic variables, including nematode-induced losses. Heterodera zeae is considered an important maize-related nematode among nematodes in India, and famers suffer chronic losses due to the high frequency of this nematode. Recently, attention has been paid to exploring the production of maize in India in order to earn foreign exchange and increase economic returns for farmers. Therefore in order to popularise its cultivation among the farming community, it is important to standardise the agro-techniques for different maize. Therefore, we studied a key maize pest and different aspects of maize cyst nematode, H, in this chapter. H. Zeae.

Author(s) Details

Shakti Singh Bhati
College of Agriculture, Nagaur-341001, Agriculture University, Jodhpur (Rajasthan) India.

Dr. B. L. Baheti
Department of Nematology, Rajasthan College of Agriculture, (MPUAT) Udaipur-313001, India.

Dr. B. S. Chandrawat

SKN College of Agriculture, SKN Agriculture University, Jobner, India.

View Book :- https://bp.bookpi.org/index.php/bpi/catalog/book/293

Experiment on the Genetic Variation and Path Coefficient Analysis of Introgressed Maize Inbred Lines for Economic Traits | Chapter 16 | Research and Development in Agricultural Sciences Vol. 3

 Aims: To evaluate introgressed maize inbred lines and respective donor inbred lines for selected

economic traits and adaptability.
Study Design: Field evaluation was carried out in this study.
Place and Duration of Study: The experimental material comprised 123 inbred lines: 76
introgressed inbred lines that combined temperate and tropical germplasm. These inbred lines were
selected from three distinct environments (Rattray Anorld Research Station and Kadoma in Zimbabwe
and Ukulinga Research Centre in South Africa) to form three sets of introgressed inbred lines and
were considered as test genotypes. There was also a set of 26 temperate inbred lines, including the
inbred donor line that was used as a set of positive control inbred lines adapted to the South Africa
warm temperate environment. Additionally, a set of 21 tropical inbred lines was included as negative
control maize inbred lines from Zimbabwe tropical germplasm. The evaluation experiment was carried
out at Rattray Anorld Research Station (RARS), Kadoma Research Centre (KRC), Cedara Research
Station (CRS) and Ukulinga Research Stations (UKRS) in Zimbabwe and South Africa in 2012-13
summer season.
Methodology: Augmented alpha lattice experimental design was used to evaluate a total of 123
inbred lines that were randomly assigned into six blocks, in each block, ten test entries were randomly
assigned to plots within each block, and two common tropical control lines (SC21 and SC19; repeated
checks) were also randomly assigned in each block.
Results: Genetic variation was significant (P < 0.05) for all the major economic traits among inbred
lines within and across sets. Heritability estimates ranged from low (0.21%) to high (91%) for stalk
lodging and silking days, respectively. Comparison of means of inbred lines sets illustrated that
environmental effect had an influence on grain yield of introgressed lines. Grain yield and ear
prolificacy performance across sets also illustrated that introgression of temperate germplasm in
tropical elite inbred lines was effective. Spearman’s rank correlation analysis on grain yield and ear
prolificacy highlighted the correlation between selection environments. Correlation among traits
demonstrated that grain yield had significant (P < 0.05) positive correlation with plant and ear aspects,
plant height, root and stalk lodging, ear prolificacy and grain moisture content at harvest. Generally,
indirect effects of secondary traits on the grain yield potential of inbred lines were negligible.
Conclusion: From the results, introgressed inbred lines has a significant genetic variation that can be
explored to select inbred lines that have desired economic traits that enhance adaptability in South
Africa warm temperate environment. Traits such as plant and ear height, root and stalk lodging, ear
prolificacy and grain moisture content at harvest can be used to select for high grain yielding inbred
lines directly. Indirect secondary traits (plant height and ear prolificacy) can be emphasised during
introgression of temperate germplasm in tropical elite inbred lines .

Author (s) Details

Dr. L. Musundire
Seed Co. International Ltd., Potchefstroom, South Africa.

J. Derera
Seed Co. International Ltd., Potchefstroom, South Africa.

Dr. S. Dari
Crop Science Department, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe.

Professor P. Tongoona
West African Centre for Crop Improvement, University of Ghana, Ghana.

View Book :- http://bp.bookpi.org/index.php/bpi/catalog/book/266

Evaluation of Maize Accessions for Nutrients Composition, Forage and Silage Yields: Critical Overview | Chapter 6 | Research and Development in Agricultural Sciences Vol. 3

 

An experiment was conducted to evaluate the yield of forage, silage and nutrients composition of two
maize accessions: West Atlantic Seed Alliance 1 (WASA1) and an accession from Shika tagged
(SHIMAZ). The maize seeds were planted in plots of 5 m x 5 m (25 m2) size with four replicates for
each accession. The results showed that, there was no significant (P > 0.05) difference between the
accessions for plant height and number of leaves at 4, 6, 8 and 10 weeks after sowing (WAS), but leaf
area index (LAI) was significantly (P < 0.05) higher in SHIMAZ accession at 6 and 10 WAS. The
number of leaves per plant, green leaves, leaf area and forage yield at 91, 105 and 119 days after
sowing (DAS) were not significant (P > 0.05) in the two accessions of maize, but leaf area and LAI
were significantly (P < 0.05) higher in WASA1 accession. The percentage dry-matter (DM) content
was significantly (P < 0.05) lower in WASA1, although leaf, and stem ratios were significantly (P <
0.01) higher at various stages of harvest. The crude protein (CP) and nitrogen free-extract (NFE) were significantly (P < 0.01) higher in WASA1 accession while crude fibre (CF) was significantly (P < 0.01) higher in SHIMAZ. The proximate components (ash, EE and CP) and NDF were significantly (P < 0.01) higher in WASA1 silage, but NFE and ADF were higher (P < 0.05) in SHIMAZ accession.

Author (s) Details

Professor J. T. Amodu
National Animal Production Research Institute, Ahmadu Bello University, Shika, Zaria, Nigeria.

Dr. T. T. Akpensuen
Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ahmadu Bello University, Samaru, Zaria, Nigeria.

Dr. D. D. Dung
National Animal Production Research Institute, Ahmadu Bello University, Shika, Zaria, Nigeria.

Dr. R. J. Tanko
National Animal Production Research Institute, Ahmadu Bello University, Shika, Zaria, Nigeria.

Dr. A. Musa
International Livestock Research Institute, Kano, Nigeria.

S. A. Abubakar
National Animal Production Research Institute, Ahmadu Bello University, Shika, Zaria, Nigeria.

Dr. M. R. Hassan
Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ahmadu Bello University, Samaru, Zaria, Nigeria.

Dr. J. O. Jegede
National Animal Production Research Institute, Ahmadu Bello University, Shika, Zaria, Nigeria.

I. Sani
Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ahmadu Bello University, Samaru, Zaria, Nigeria.

View Book :- http://bp.bookpi.org/index.php/bpi/catalog/book/266