Antifungal Properties of Kalanchoe luciae Raym-hammet: A Traditional South African Remedy for Ear Infections | Chapter 1 | An Overview of Disease and Health Research Vol. 7

 

Background: Kalanchoe luciae Raym-Hammet plant species is generally used for the treatment of ear infections. Traditional health practitioners use leaf juice extract directly from the leaves of K. luciae to treat ear infections.

 

Aim of the Study: This study aims to evaluate the antifungal properties of leaf extracts of K. luciae against Aspergillus fumigatus, Cryptococcus neoformans, and Candida albicans.

 

Methodology: The plant species was selected from the database of Ethnomedicinal Plants’ Laboratory, comprising over 300 medicinal plants used for the treatment of various diseases in humans, Limpopo province, South Africa. In this study, mature and young leaves of K. luciae were extracted with acetone and methanol. The leaves were squeezed separately to extract juice from the leaves. The leaf extracts were tested for antifungal activity against Aspergillus fumigatus, Cryptococcus neoformans, and Candida albicans using a serial dilution assay.

 

Results: The methanol and juice extracts had the highest antifungal activity against A. fumigatus with minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of 0.04 and 0.10 mg/ml. C. neoformans was most susceptible to acetone mature leaf extract, followed by both mature and young leaf extracts at a mean MIC value of 0.09 mg/ml and 0.16 mg/ml, respectively. In the bioautography assay, there were no active compounds observed in all extracts against the tested fungal pathogens.

 

Conclusion: K. luciae can serve as a potential plant that could be used as a source of antifungal compounds that can be incorporated into antimicrobial drug production.

 

 

Author(s) Details

Sinorita Chauke
Department of Biodiversity, Faculty of Science and Agriculture, School of Molecular and Life Sciences, University of Limpopo, Private Bag X1106, Sovenga, 0727, South Africa.

 

Salome Mamokone Mahlo
Department of Biodiversity, Faculty of Science and Agriculture, School of Molecular and Life Sciences, University of Limpopo, Private Bag X1106, Sovenga, 0727, South Africa.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/aodhr/v7/5644

Profiling the Phytochemical and Pharmacological Properties of Syzygium cumini | Chapter 8 | Novel Aspects on Chemistry and Biochemistry Vol. 9

 Anticancer, antioxidant, antibacterial, antimicrobial, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic and other pharmacological actions, have all been reported in chemical literature using plants from the Syzygium genus in the treatment and prevention of disease. Syzygium cumini or Jamun is an evergreen tropical tree present in the myrtaceae family. Leaves of Syzygium cumini (Jamun) were collected from the Institute of Applied Science and Technology (IAST), University of Guyana, Turkeyen Campus. They (leaves) were then dried in an oven set at 50-60ºC for 72 h after which final moisture content is calculated. The dried leaves were grounded to a fine powder. Extraction of phytochemical was done using the following solvents: ethanol, methanol, ethyl acetate, and chloroform solvents. Afterwards, mixture of each solvent and phytochemicals extracted was subjected to evaporation leaving only the extract behind. The respective solvent was added to viscous semi solid liquid extract in order to make up the desired volume of extract solution. The micro-organisms (Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Candidus albicans) were obtained from GPHC, Georgetown, Guyana. The antioxidant, antimicrobial, antifungal activity of different leaves extract was examined by Oyaizu, disc diffusion and poison plate methods. The maximum and minimum antioxidant power of leave extract exhibited by methanol and chloroform extract, respectively. The chloroform and ethyl acetate were found to have maximum and minimum antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Candidus albicans by disc diffusion method. Phytochemical analysis of the Syzygium cumini leave extract revealed the presence of carbohydrates, terpenoids, proteins, amino acids and flavonoids. The leaves of S. cumini are use as food for live stocks. The leaves and bark are used for control blood pressure. Wood of S. cumini is water resistance because of this it is use in railway sleepers and to install motors in wells. Vinegar and wine are also made from the fruits. It has high source of vitamin A and C. Seeds of S. cumini are used in various alternative healing system like Unani, Chinese and Ayurveda medicine. This book chapter aims to summarize the phytochemical, microbial and oxidant properties of Syzygium cumini.

Author(s) Details:

Brij Bhushan Tewari,
Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Guyana, P.O. Box 101110, Georgetown, Guyana.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/NACB-V9/article/view/13259

Exploring the Biological Perspective of Curcumin Inspired Dihydropyrazoles | Chapter 8 | Novel Aspects on Chemistry and Biochemistry Vol. 2

 Pyrazoles are examined and very important fundamental analogues of chalcones and have very special place in synthetic curative due to allure pharmacological importance. Presence of pyrazole ring system in a lot of naturally happening molecules is one of the distinguishing characteristics concerning this heterocyclic system. Inspired by wonderful biological activity and fundamental complexity of pyrazole analogues we are occupied in area of chalcone and pyrazole synthesis.  By reacting chalcone products with phenylhydrazine, a atheneum of novel dihydropyrazole compounds was created from well-designed Curcumin analogues. All the combined compounds were characterized by spectroscopic (1H and 13C NMR, IR ranges), spectrometric (Mass spectra) dossier and elemental analysis. Due to the occupancy of optically active element in the pyrazole ring, dihydropyrazoles exhibited the characteristic dd (double doublet). All of the combined compounds were tested for antifungal venture against six distinct fungal starins.  With MIC (Minimum Inhibitory Concentration) values until 3.12µg/ml., evaluated heterocyles shown strong inhibitory features against the tested fungal strains.  Antifungal activity was excellent in heterocyles containing nitro and methoxy modifications. SAR has existed created between the many substitutions at the phenyl ring of produced heterocycles with 20 distinct derivatives determined for biological venture.

Author(s) Details:

Vishwa Deepak Tripathi,
Department of Chemistry, C. M. Science College, Lalit Narayan Mithila University, Darbhanga, Bihar-846003, India.

Nausheen Amber,
Department of Chemistry, C. M. Science College, Lalit Narayan Mithila University, Darbhanga, Bihar-846003, India.

Siyaram Prasad,
Department of Chemistry, Millat College, Lalit Narayan Mithila University, Darbhanga, Bihar-846003, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/NACB-V2/article/view/10666

Antifungal and Antioxidant Activity of Psoralea corylifolia L. Seeds : An Ethnomedicinal Plant | Chapter 9 | Challenges and Advances in Pharmaceutical Research Vol. 8

 Medicinal shops are the original heritage with global significance and world is endowed with a rich wealth of medicinal shops. shops have a great eventuality to be effective against the growth of pathogenic fungi. The Psoralea corylifolia is generally known as babchi or bakuchi, used to cure psoriasis, leprosy, leucoderma, diabetes, indigestion, constipation, cardiac failure, coughs, asthma and osteoporosis. The end of this study was to estimate the In vitro antifungal exertion of waterless and solvent excerpts of seeds ofP. corylifolia against five seed borne fungi of sludgeviz., Curvularia lunata, Dreschslera halodes, Alternaria alternata, Cladosporium cladosporioides and Rhizopus sp. In waterless excerpt, maximum inhibition was observed inA. alternata and recorded95.4 of inhibition at 50 attention followed byC. lunata(86.0), Rhizopussp.(82.3),D. halodes(68.0) andC. cladosporioides(57.7). Significant exertion was observed at 10, 20, 30 and 40 attention. When solvent excerpts were estimated at attention of 250, 500, 750, and 1000μl, petroleum ether excerpt showed the topmost degree of inhibition while methanol excerpt showed the least quantum of exertion. At the specified 2 cure, full inhibition was seen against all of the test fungi examined when compared to the synthetic pesticides Bavistin and Thiram. Superoxide scavenging exertion was much above the norms. therefore the results of the present disquisition easily reveals that the petroleum ether excerpt has veritably high antioxidant exertion suggesting that the excerpt could be exploited to help quality loss of foods during storehouse.

Author(s) Details:

B. Kiran,
Department of Microbiology, Pooja Bhagavat Memorial Mahajana P.G. Centre, K.R.S. Road, Metagalli, Mysore –16, India.

V. Lalitha,
Department of Studies in Botany, Maharanis Science College for Women, JLB Road, Mysore-570005, Karnataka State, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/CAPR-V8/article/view/8498

Design and Synthesis of N-acetylated Gemini Surfactants for Use as Leather Preservatives during the Chrome-tanning Process | Chapter 1 | Current Perspectives on Chemical Sciences Vol. 8

The antifungal potency and surface properties of a series of N-acetylated non-ionic and cationic gemini surfactants (3a-f) were investigated further. The results show that the cationic sequence has strong surface-active and self-aggregation properties. Critical micelle concentration (CMC), effectiveness of surface tension reduction (CMC), surface excess concentration (I), and area per molecule at the interface (A) were also calculated. The aim of this study was to compare two new antifungal agents, 2-(thiocyanomethylthio)-benzothiazole and 2-(thiocyanomethylthio)-benzothiazole (TCMTB). Two gemini surfactants (3b and 3e) were efficiently prepared and formulated for this analysis. Using the environmental chamber test (ASTM D 3273-00 Standard) and wet-blue hides on a plate with culture medium, the antifungal potency of these compounds was checked, as well as their efficacy as leather preservatives during the chrome-tanning process (ASTM D 4576-08 Standard). The experiment was conducted with two strains: Aspergillus niger ATCC 6275 and Penicillium citrinum ATCC 9849. Because of the antifungal activity found in chromium tanning specimens, 3b and 3e were able to preserve hides. Compound 3e was found to be more effective than compound 3b, but not as effective as TCMTB. In the biological model Daphnia magna, this cationic gemini compound (3e) was less toxic than TCMTB. This dissertation is the outcome of an invention patent filed in Argentina's patent offices.

Author (s) Details

Laura Marcela Machuca
Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas (IDIC), Facultad de Ingeniería y Tecnología, Universidad de la Cuenca del Plata (UCP). Corrientes 57, (3450) Goya, Corrientes, Argentina and Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Godoy Cruz 2290 (C1425FQB) Buenos Aires, Argentina.

María Florencia Acuña Ojeda
Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas (IDIC), Facultad de Ingeniería y Tecnología, Universidad de la Cuenca del Plata (UCP). Corrientes 57, (3450) Goya, Corrientes, Argentina and Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Godoy Cruz 2290 (C1425FQB) Buenos Aires, Argentina.

Carolina Guadalupe Gutierrez
Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Godoy Cruz 2290 (C1425FQB) Buenos Aires, Argentina.

Marcelo César Murguía
Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Godoy Cruz 2290 (C1425FQB) Buenos Aires, Argentina and Laboratorio de Química Aplicada (LAQUIMAP). Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral (UNL). CC 242 Ciudad Universitaria, Ruta Nacional 168 (S3000ZAA) Santa Fe, Argentina.

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/CPCS-V8/issue/view/43

Evaluation of Turmeric Extracts’ Bioactivity as Influenced by Potash Alum Treatment on Different Microbial Species | Chapter 13 | Recent Progress in Microbiology and Biotechnology Vol. 2

 Using disc diffusion (DD) and agar well diffusion (AWD) methods, the combination of treatment of crude turmeric rhizome extracts with potash alum against four ( 4) bacterial and five (5) fungal species was investigated. Extracts with or without potash alum (PTA / Alum) were dose-dependently sensitive against all test microbes by inhibiting their growth. The largest inhibition zone (DIZ) diameter was obtained with ethanolic turmeric extract (ETE) and potash alum (ETE+PTA) at a concentration of 0.3 g on Gram-negative bacteria such as Escherichia coli (16.6±0.8 mm) and Pseudomonas fluorescens (15.3±1.1 mm) and Gram-positive bacteria, Staphylococcus aureus (15.0±0.0 mm), whereas potash alum with the greatest inhibition activity was obtained with strong antifungal activity. (17±1.0 mm) flavus, S. (14 mm) and C. cerevisiae. Albicans (12±1.0 mm , respectively) by DD. The best inhibition was shown by AWD bioassay, with PTA Against Bacillus cereus activity (17.8±1.0 mm), S. Aureus (16.0 ± 0.7 mm) and, on P. fluorescens and E., 14.0 mm. Whereas coli, ETE+PTA showed the highest antifungal activity on A. Terreus (35±1.0 mm), Crystallium of Penicillium and A. 33.0 mm (flavus) and S. Cerevisiae, respectively (24.0 mm). Additionally, the apparent demonstration of antibacterial activity by extracts of turmeric rhizome and potash alum on both Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria as well as against fungi is indicative of wide spectrum activity. However, on the other hand, the high activity of Ofloxacin (OFL) and Ketoconazole (KTA) against test microbes underlines their dominance with or without PTA / alum extracts. However, the increase in bioactivity of turmeric rhizome extracts was accentuated by the incorporation of potash alum, and such novel combinational approaches to research with healthy, natural materials will provide animals and human pathologies with reliable alternatives to synthetic antimicrobial chemotherapy.

Author (s) Details

Dr. Lawrence O. Amadi
Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Rivers State University, P.M.B. 5080, Nkpolu-Oroworukwo, Port Harcourt, Nigeria and Department of Microbiology, School of Applied Science, Ken Saro-Wiwa Polytechnic, P.M.B. 20, Bori, Rivers State, Nigeria.

Joy S. Ekechi
Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Rivers State University, P.M.B. 5080, Nkpolu-Oroworukwo, Port Harcourt, Nigeria.

Seth M. Akporutu
Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Rivers State University, P.M.B. 5080, Nkpolu-Oroworukwo, Port Harcourt, Nigeria.

View Book :- https://bp.bookpi.org/index.php/bpi/catalog/book/278

Antibacterial and Antifungal Efficacy of Gnidia glauca (Fresen) Gilg. and Pothos scandens L. | Chapter 6 | Current Topics in Medicine and Medical Research Vol.3

 Plants produce a diverse range of bioactive molecules, making them rich source of different types of

medicines. The medicinal value of plants lies in some chemical substances that produce a definite
physiological action on the human body. In this study, we explored the efficacy of methanol,
chloroform and petroleum ether extracts of two traditionally used medicinal plants Gnidia glauca
(Fresen) Gilg. and Pothos scandens L. against human pathogenic fungi and bacteria. The powdered
plant materials were subjected to soxhlet extraction and the concentrated extracts were tested for
antifungal activity by Agar well diffusion method. The zone of growth inhibition was recorded. The
presence of various phytoconstituents was observed in the methanol extract. Among the plants, G.
glauca exhibited potent antifungal activity than P. scandens. Methanol extract was found to inhibit test
fungi to more extent than chloroform and petroleum ether extracts. From the results, it is suggestive
that the plants selected for the study contain constituents possessing antifungal activity. All the
extracts except petroleum ether extract of P. scandens have shown antibacterial activity against gram
positive and gram negative bacteria. The minimum inhibitory concentration was determined for each
of the extract against test bacteria. It was found that the methanol extract was found to inhibit test
bacteria in a low concentration followed by chloroform and petroleum ether in most cases. The results
of the study justified the folkloric importance of the plants tested.

Author(s) Details

K. S. Vinayaka
Department of Botany, Plant Biology Lab., Sri Venkataramana Swamy College, Vidyagiri, Bantwal-574211, Dakshina Kannada, Karnataka, India.

View Book :- https://bp.bookpi.org/index.php/bpi/catalog/book/232