Isolation and Identification of Infectious Agents of Bacterial Flacherie in Bombyx mori (L) | Chapter 9 | Microbiology and Biotechnology Research: An Overview Vol. 1

Sericulture is a highly cost-effective entrepreneurship providing opportunities for farmers to accelerate stable and gainful profits. The primary constraint in silk production is the occurrence of silkworm diseases, particularly Bacterial Flacherie. This disease is caused by a variety of bacteria, including Bacillus subtilis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas fluorescens, and Bacillus cereus. These pathogens have been identified and isolated from infected silkworms using techniques such as colony morphology, staining properties, and biochemical tests. The main objective of this study is to isolate and identify the causative agents of Bacterial Flacherie and this study can help in developing effective control measures, thereby reducing the economic losses caused by disease outbreaks of the specific pathogens responsible for Bacterial Flacherie in Bombyx mori. The significance of this work lies in its potential to contribute to the improvement of silkworm health and productivity.

 

Author (s) Details

 

G. S. Anantha Selvi
PG & Research Department of Zoology, S.T. Hindu College, Nagercoil-629002, India.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/mbrao/v1/4968

Evaluating Public Bathroom Stall Safety: Occupancy Patterns and Disease Transmission Risks during COVID-19 | Chapter 6 | Disease and Health: Research Developments Vol. 4

 The COVID-19 pandemic has underscored the critical importance of hygiene in public spaces, particularly in frequently used areas such as public bathrooms. COVID-19 and other respiratory diseases can be transmitted through contact with shared surfaces such as those found in public bathrooms. High-touch surfaces such as door handles, flush levers and toilet paper dispensers can potentially contribute to spreading disease-inducing viruses and bacteria. The risk of contamination and subsequent disease transmission in public bathrooms underscores the need for stringent hygiene practices. One strategy to mitigate this risk at an individual level is to use the least used bathroom stall, with less human traffic and potentially fewer pathogens. This study looked at occupancy rates of bathroom stalls in a public facility. Observation of stall occupancy was recorded at separate times. Only times when at least 1 stall was occupied were recorded. There were three stalls in a row. Stall 1 was located at one end, with one partition of this stall against a wall and the other partition was shared with the middle stall. Stall 2, the middle stall, shared a partition with Stall 1 and 3. Stall 3 shared a partition with Stall 2 and the other partition was adjacent to an open common area in the restroom. There was a total of 37 observations. Stall 1 was occupied 62% of the time, Stall 2 occupied 30% of the time and Stall 3 occupied 32% of the time. Stall 1, Stall 2 and Stall 3 accounted for 50%, 24% and 26% of overall occupancy. Stall 1 was significantly more likely to be occupied than Stall 2 or 3 (62% vs 30%, p = 0.0051 and 62% vs 32%, p = 0.0104). Stall 2 had the lowest occupancy, but statistically equally likely as Stall 3 to be occupied (30% vs 32%, p = 0.802). In conclusion, in a bank of 3 stalls, the least used one was the middle one and the most used was the end one with an adjoining wall. Higher occupancy rates mean greater usage and potentially greater chances of disease transmission. The stall with the greatest privacy was used the most.

 

Author (s) Details

Thomas F Heston
Department of Medical Education and Clinical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington, USA and Department of Family Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/dhrd/v4/3993

Conventional Approach for Detection and Control of Mastitis in Dairy Animals | Chapter 7 | Advanced Research in Biological Science Vol. 8

This review enumerates the major bacteria involved for detection and control of mastitis in dairy animals. Mastitis is a potent economic disease affecting milk production in dairy cattle all over the world. The inflammatory response consists of an increase in blood proteins and white blood cells in the mammary tissue as well as in milk. Many infective agents have been implicated as cause of mastitis in bovines which include bacteria, fungi and algae. Of these, bacteria are found to be the main causal agent. The study also highlights some field applicable methods for sensible detection of intra mammary infection, since most of the sub-clinical cases of mastitis go unnoticed. There are a number of direct and indirect tests for the detection of subclinical mastitis. The major step towards avoiding mastitis would be apt detection, medication (depending on organism involved) and above all, control of incidences. The article in all focuses on the causative agent, detection and control methods of intra-mammary infections in cattle. Improvement in herd management by adopting simple practices like teat dipping, maintaining teat hygiene, hygiene of milk man, etc reduces the risk of occurrence of mastitis in the herd. Production of clean milk will also increase the competency of milk and milk products from India in the international market.

Author(s) Details:

P. V. Jadhav,
Maharashtra Animal and Fishery Sciences University, Nagpur, India.

D. N. Das,
SRS of National Dairy Research Institute, Bangalore, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/ARBS-V8/article/view/13474

Rutin Attenuates Symptoms Associated with Endotoxemia by Regulating LPS-Induced Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines | Chapter 2 | Novel Aspects on Pharmaceutical Research Vol. 9

 Background: Rutin, a open flavonoid compound widely distributed in buckwheat, salads and fruits, is a well-known for a type of biological actions and pharmacological effects.Objectif: The present study proposed to explore whether Rutin keep attenuate lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-persuaded inflammatory answers in an experimental endotoxemia. Methodology: We investigated the attainable effects of Rutin against LPS-persuaded endotoxemia model in vivo to determine either Rutin could rescue mice from resultant death afterwards their exposure to LPS. Forty-eight mice were detached into four groups (n=12/group) and challenged accompanying LPS (5–40 mg/kg) via a alone intraperitoneal (IP) injection. The mice were noticed for mortality doubly a day for 7 days, and continuation rates were recorded. Mice were treated accompanying RT at different doses (60, 80 or 100 mg/kg), or bicycle (5% of DMSO in saline), for one intraperitoneal (i.p.) route. One hour later, animals were disputed with LPS (20 mg/kg). The reactions of cytokines were also evaluated in serum isolated from ancestry collected at 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 24 h subsequently LPS administration of the rodent.Results: The study indicates that Rutin showed suppressing effects on TNF- α, IL-6, and IL-1 β result by LPS- challenged rodent. Furthermore, RT protected mice by reconstructing host survival against LPS challenge.Conclusion: The verdicts demonstrate that rutin offers guardianship against LPS-induced endotoxemia and will be potentially valuable as an adjuvant situation for inflammatory diseases.

Author(s) Details:

Lanan Wassy Soromou,
University of Labé, P.O. Box 210, Republic of Guinea and Institute of Science and Veterinary Medicine, P.O. Box 09, Republic of Guinea.

Morlaye Kindia Sylla,
Institute of Science and Veterinary Medicine, P.O. Box 09, Republic of Guinea.

Mohamed Keyra,
Institute of Science and Veterinary Medicine, P.O. Box 09, Republic of Guinea.

Youssouf Sidime,
Institute of Science and Veterinary Medicine, P.O. Box 09, Republic of Guinea.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/NAPR-V9/article/view/11895

Determining the Incidence and Severity of Maize Ear Rot Disease in Western Kenya | Chapter 5 | Emerging Challenges in Agriculture and Food Science Vol. 7

 This study's goal is to ascertain the prevalence and seriousness of ear rot symptoms in the four counties of Western Kenya. A complicated interaction between the fungal diseases Stenocarpella spp., Penicillium spp., and Trichoderma spp. results in the disease known as maize ear rot. Numerous species of Nigrospora, Gibberella, Fusarium, Stenocarpella, and Aspergillus have been identified. According to reports, these illnesses impair the quality of the maize crop while also producing mycotoxins that are harmful to both livestock and humans. Studies were carried out in 12 Divisions in the Western Kenyan counties of Kisumu, Homabay, Siaya, and Migori during the ensuing long and short rain seasons of September to December 2014 and February to July 2015, respectively, using a stratified random sampling method (SRSD). The farmer fields served as sampling grounds, and the divisions as sampling units. The prevalence of maize ear rots was quite high in all 12 of the divisions under consideration. They were only more common from February to July 2015 than they were from September to December 2014.

Author(s) Details:

George T. Opande,
Kaimosi Friends University, Kaimosi, Kenya.

Mathews Dida,
Maseno University, Maseno, Kenya.

Phillip Onyango,
Maseno University, Maseno, Kenya.

Christine Wesonga,
Maseno University, Maseno, Kenya.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/ECAFS-V7/article/view/8317

Molecular Sociology: Integrating Philosophy of Science, Psychology and Community | Chapter 2 | Research Trends and Challenges in Medical Science Vol. 6

 In an effort by the author to derive a new branch of sociology, this chapter introduced a new definition, "Molecular Sociology." The consequence of the author's numerous publications led him to think of molecular sociology as a new branch of sociology. These studies have extensively examined human behavioural initiatives and motives that can not be readily described according to current theories. We have taken into account that human behaviour is a dynamic phenomenon and can not be imposed in one frame. We have shown through many studies that molecular sociology contains molecular modifications that can be linked to violent behaviours. Exposure to heavy metals, particularly lead (pb), can lead to aggressive behaviour and the induction of negative perception that may result in jailing. Deficiency of vitamin D can lead to changes and deviations in medical and social terms. The deficiency or insufficiency of vitamin D was substantially associated with depression and addiction. We have also shown that infection with pathogens such as latent toxoplasmosis can lead to changes in perception and involvement in a wide range of violent acts. Currently, the COVID-19 pandemic has provided clear examples of how illness can affect social life. Taken together, we conclude that it is time to speak about molecular sociology as a new branch of sociology to be well framed and thoroughly investigated in the future.

Author(s) Details

Ahed J. Alkhatib
Department of Legal Medicine, Toxicology and Forensic Medicine, Jordan University of Science & Technology, Jordan and Department of Medicine, Critical Care, Philosophy and Sociology, International Mariinskaya Academy, Russia.

View Book :- https://bp.bookpi.org/index.php/bpi/catalog/book/313

Assessment of Antibacterial Susceptibility Profiles of Gongronema latifolium Extracts and Alum against Clinical Bacterial Pathogens | Chapter 12 | Recent Progress in Microbiology and Biotechnology Vol.2

 The antimicrobial susceptibility test for Gongronema latifolium extracts in combination with potash alum (Alum) was tested using disc diffusion (DD) and Agar well diffusion (AWD) protocols against some clinical bacterial pathogens. Until application, ethanolic and methanolic leaf extracts at concentrations of 0.1-0.3 g were reconstituted in sterile distilled water and 1.0-3.0 g of potash alum. In vitro bioactivity of different extract concentrations and, in combination with alum, measurements of the diameter of inhibition zones (DIZs) were evaluated. The highest inhibition zones for Escherichia coli (14.5±0.5) and Salmonella typhi (11.5±0.0 mm) with enhanced bioactivity of 19.5±0.7 and 17.5±0.7 mm with potash alum against Bacillus subtilis, Sal. were obtained with methanolic leaf extract (MLE). By DD and AWD processes, respectively, typhi and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Aqueous leaf extract (ALE) and ethanolic leaf extract (ELE), however, and their extracts Combinations of the pathogens displayed strong antibacterial activity but were incomparable to MLE. Bioactivity improvement was achieved with the addition of Alum to leaf extracts on a dose response fashion, particularly by the AWD process, irrespective of the solvent of extraction. In addition , the low MIC values of < 0.05 to 0.2mg / ml for MLE and ALE bacteria confirm their potency and wide spectrum activity. Ciprofloxacin (CP)'s very large DIZs, on the other hand, reflect the beneficial effect of distilled chemotherapeutics against pathogens. The increased efficacy of these natural material extracts, such as potash alum, would also justify potential applications in ethnomedicine, nutraceuticals, pharmaceuticals and food systems.

Lawrence O. Amadi
Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Rivers State University, P.M.B. 5080, Nkpolu-Oroworukwo, Port Harcourt, Nigeria and Department of Microbiology, School of Applied Science, Ken Saro-Wiwa Polytechnic, P.M.B. 20, Bori, Rivers State, Nigeria.

Nathaniel N. Ngerebara
Department of Microbiology, School of Applied Science, Ken Saro-Wiwa Polytechnic, P.M.B. 20, Bori, Rivers State, Nigeria.

Chidinma A. Okafor
Department of Microbiology, School of Applied Science, Ken Saro-Wiwa Polytechnic, P.M.B. 20, Bori, Rivers State, Nigeria.

View Book :- https://bp.bookpi.org/index.php/bpi/catalog/book/278