Green Textile Finishing: Utilisation of Vetiver Extract for Antimicrobial Home Textile Applications | Chapter 7 | Engineering Research: Perspectives on Recent Advances Vol. 12

 

Home textiles represent one of the fastest-growing segments within the technical textile industry. The home-tech sector includes textile materials intended for household and hygiene-related uses, where sustainability and safety are key requirements. Growing consumer awareness regarding health and cleanliness has increased the demand for textile products with built-in antimicrobial functionality. Among natural plant resources, Vetiveria zizanioides is an abundant and valuable source known for its strong fibres, pleasant fragrance, and inherent antimicrobial properties. In this study, extracts were prepared from Vetiveria zizanioides powder using a suitable solvent system. The extract was subjected to phytochemical screening and chemical component analysis, followed by evaluation of its antimicrobial potential against selected standard microorganisms. Both qualitative and quantitative antifungal tests were conducted on treated fabrics against Aspergillus niger and Candida albicans, while antibacterial activity was assessed against Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923) and Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922), representing Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, respectively. The findings demonstrate the effectiveness of vetiver-based treatments and highlight their potential application in medical and home textile products.

 

 

Author(s) Details

 

Krishnaveni Vasudevan

Department of Fashion Technology, Kumaraguru College of Technology, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India.

 

Please see the link:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/erpra/v12/6879

Zizyphus mauritiana as a Source of Tannins with Antibacterial and Antiplasmodial Activities | Chapter 7 | Chemistry and Biochemistry: Research Progress Vol. 8

 

Background: In Africa and other countries where malaria is endemic, traditional medicinal plants are frequently used to treat or cure malaria. Ziziphus mauritiana, a tropical fruit tree species belonging to the family Rhamnaceae, is used in African traditional medicine against different symptoms and diseases.

 

Aim: This study was designed to evaluate tannins extracted from Ziziphus mauritiana as a source of potential antimalarial and antimicrobial agents in Mali.

 

Methodology: The collection of plant materials, tannins extraction, antibacterial activity evaluation were done at the University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Mali and antiplasmodial activity assessment at Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, United States of America, between September 2013 and February 2014. The tannins were extracted from leaves of Z. mauritiana collected around Bamako, Mali. Antiplasmodial activity was evaluated against 3D7 (chloroquine-sensitive) and Dd2 (chloroquine-resistant) strains of Plasmodium falciparum using the fluorescence-based SYBR® green I method. Antibacterial activity of tannins was evaluated by the disc diffusion method against strains of Escherichia coli, Salmonella Typhi, Streptococcus and Staphylococcus aureus donated by the National Research Institute in Public Health in Mali and collected from infected patients suffering from different diseases. The Kruskal–Wallis H test for data of zone of inhibition was used with the Statistical Package for the Medical Sciences version 17.0.

 

Results: The tannin extracts from leaves of Z. mauritiana demonstrated moderate antibacterial activity (average 7-9 mm diameter of inhibition zone) on tested strains. Tannins extracted from leaves of Z. mauritiana showed moderate antiplasmodial activity against 3D7 P. falciparum (46.9±1.12 μg/mL) and against Dd2 P. falciparum strains (67.8±2.39 μg/mL). They also showed an antibacterial activity on different bacterial strains, showing important inhibition zones. Especially, they were more active on Streptococcus than Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi, and Staphylococcus aureus.

 

Conclusion: Tannins extracted from Z. mauritiana demonstrated good antiplasmodial and antibacterial activities. It could be regarded as effective and studied for further consideration as a complementary medicine source of antimicrobials against most multidrug-resistant bacteria and other parasites. These data confirm the potential use of tannins as a key element in antimalarial and antibacterial drug development.

 

Author(s) Details

Mamadou Wélé
African Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics and Data Science, Université des Sciences des Techniques et des Technologies de Bamako, Mali.

 

Singou Keita
Laboratoire de Biosciences et Applications, Université des Sciences des Techniques et des Technologies de Bamako, Mali.

 

Cheickna Cisse
African Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics and Data Science, Université des Sciences des Techniques et des Technologies de Bamako, Mali.

 

Mamadou A Konare
Laboratoire de Biosciences et Applications, Université des Sciences des Techniques et des Technologies de Bamako, Mali.

 

Laura Kirkman
Department of Medicine, Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, USA.

 

Lamine Baba-Moussa
Laboratoire de Biologie et de Typage Moléculaire en Microbiologie, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université d’Abomey-Calavi, Cotonou, Benin.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/cbrp/v8/6695

Uridine Derivatives as Potential Human Gene Protein Inhibitors | Chapter 5 | Chemistry and Biochemistry: Research Progress Vol. 8

 

Uridine (Urd) is a promising biochemical modulator to reduce host toxicity caused by 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) without impairing its antitumor activity. Elevated doses of Urd are required to achieve a protective effect against 5-FU toxicity, but exogenous administration of Urd is not well-tolerated. Selective inhibitors of human uridine phosphorylase (hUP) have been proposed as a strategy to increase Urd levels. Nucleosides and their analogues are well-known classes of clinically useful medicinal agents with antiviral and anticancer activities. In our study, two new series of nucleoside derivatives were synthesised from uridine (1) through a facile two-step reaction involving direct acylation, which afforded 5′-O-acyl uridine derivatives in reasonably good yields. These intermediates were further converted into two series of 2′,3′-di-O-acyl derivatives to evaluate their antimicrobial activity. The newly synthesised compounds were characterised by physicochemical, elemental, and spectroscopic analyses and subsequently tested in vitro against selected human and plant pathogenic strains. The results demonstrated moderate to good antibacterial and antifungal activities, with the compounds showing greater efficacy against fungal phytopathogens than bacterial strains. Notably, some compounds exhibited superior antimicrobial activity compared with standard antibiotics. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) tests were performed for five selected compounds (6, 11, 13, 16, and 17) based on their biological activity. Furthermore, all synthesised derivatives were optimised using density functional theory (DFT, B3LYP/3-21G) to predict their thermal stability and molecular orbital properties. Molecular docking studies were conducted using the human gene-encoded protein 5WS1 to evaluate their binding affinity and interaction modes. Additionally, pharmacokinetic properties were assessed through ADMET and SwissADME analyses, revealing improved profiles. Structure–activity relationship (SAR) analysis was also performed. Overall, these findings suggest that the synthesised compounds could serve as promising leads for the development of novel antimicrobial agents with enhanced biological efficacy for future pharmaceutical applications.

 

 

Author(s) Details

Sarkar M. A. Kawsar
Laboratory of Carbohydrate and Nucleoside Chemistry (LCNC), Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Chittagong, Chittagong-4331, Bangladesh.

 

S. M. Sajid Hasan Shammo
Laboratory of Carbohydrate and Nucleoside Chemistry (LCNC), Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Chittagong, Chittagong-4331, Bangladesh.

 

Md. Farhan Labib
Laboratory of Carbohydrate and Nucleoside Chemistry (LCNC), Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Chittagong, Chittagong-4331, Bangladesh.

 

Jahidul Islam Sajal
Laboratory of Carbohydrate and Nucleoside Chemistry (LCNC), Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Chittagong, Chittagong-4331, Bangladesh.

 

Akibul Islam
Laboratory of Carbohydrate and Nucleoside Chemistry (LCNC), Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Chittagong, Chittagong-4331, Bangladesh.

 

Tasfia Tabassum
Laboratory of Carbohydrate and Nucleoside Chemistry (LCNC), Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Chittagong, Chittagong-4331, Bangladesh.

 

Abonti Barua
Laboratory of Carbohydrate and Nucleoside Chemistry (LCNC), Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Chittagong, Chittagong-4331, Bangladesh.

 

Niloy Bhattacharjee
Laboratory of Carbohydrate and Nucleoside Chemistry (LCNC), Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Chittagong, Chittagong-4331, Bangladesh.

 

Md. Rithoan Hossain
Laboratory of Carbohydrate and Nucleoside Chemistry (LCNC), Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Chittagong, Chittagong-4331, Bangladesh.

 

Nazia Islam
Laboratory of Carbohydrate and Nucleoside Chemistry (LCNC), Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Chittagong, Chittagong-4331, Bangladesh.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/cbrp/v8/6586

 

Synthesis and Characterization of Transition Metal(II) Complexes Derived from (E)-N-(4-Methylbenzylidene)-2-((Z)-(4-Methylbenzylidene) Amino)Benzamides: Investigation of Biological Activities| Chapter 10 | Recent Developments in Chemistry and Biochemistry Research Vol. 3

 

We synthesized a novel series of transition metal(II) complexes 5a-h by reacting key transition metals (Co, Cu, Zn, Ni) with the Schiff base 3, derived from (E)-N-(4-methylbenzylidene)-2-((Z)-(4-methylbenzylidene)amino)benzamide. Schiff base 3 was previously prepared by reacting 2-aminobenzohydrazide 1 with 4-methylbenzaldehyde 2. The structures of the metal complexes were characterized using IR, NMR, mass spectrometry, and elemental analysis. We evaluated the synthesized metal complexes for antioxidant, antimicrobial, and antifungal activities. Notably, compounds 5e and 5c exhibited enhanced antimicrobial activity compared to the free ligand. Compounds 5g and 5a showed significant activity against various bacterial strains. Additionally, the hydrated metal complexes 5b, 5d, 5f, and 5h demonstrated moderate to good antimicrobial activity. In terms of antioxidant activity, most of the metal complexes displayed moderate to good activity comparable to ascorbic acid. Our bioassay results highlighted compounds 5e and 5c as effective antimicrobial agents against highly resistant microbial strains.

 

 

Author(s) Details

Venkatesh K Bhovi

P G Studies and research in Chemistry, Vijayanagar College Hosapete, Vijayanagar, Karnataka- 583201, India.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/rdcbr/v3/419

Spasmolytic Activity, Anti-Inflammatory Potential, and Molecular Docking Studies of Anthranilic Acid Hybrids | Chapter 8| Chemical and Materials Sciences - Developments and Innovations Vol. 3

Anthranilic acid and its analogs have an impressive biological profile; its structural nucleus has been thoroughly studied for the development of pharmaceuticals. Due to the predicted in silico methods spasmolytic activity, we synthesized a hybrid molecule of anthranilic acid and substituted 2-phenylethylamines. Phenylethylamines are serotonin agonists and are building blocks of isoquinoline alkaloids. Therefore, the synthesis of a new hybrid molecule of anthranilic acid and substituted 2-phenylethylamines, is extremely interesting in view of what properties the newly obtained molecule would inherit from both fragments. The current study has shifted towards the synthesis of novel hybrids as spasmolytic and anti-inflammatory agents. DFT calculations and docking simulations were performed on the synthesized compounds. The obtained results from all the experiments demonstrate that the hybrid molecule and its diamides inherit spasmolytic, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory capabilities, making them excellent candidates for future medications. Based on the experimental data, we can conclude that a collection of Novel 2-phenylethylamine hybrids were successfully synthesized and they can be considered as antispasmodics and anti-inflammatory drug candidates – alternatives to current therapeutics.

 

 

Author(s) Details

 

Miglena Milusheva

Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Plovdiv, 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria and Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Plovdiv, 4002 Plovdiv, Bulgaria.

Vera Gledacheva

Department of Medical Physics and Biophysics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Plovdiv, 4002 Plovdiv, Bulgaria.

Iliyana Stefanova

Department of Medical Physics and Biophysics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Plovdiv, 4002 Plovdiv, Bulgaria.

Mehran Feizi-Dehnayebi

Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Alzahra University, Tehran, Iran.

Mina Todorova

Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Plovdiv, 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria.

Yulian Tumbarski

Department of Microbiology, Technological Faculty, University of Food Technologies, 4002 Plovdiv, Bulgaria.

Ghodsi Mohammadi Ziarani

Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Alzahra University, Tehran, Iran.

Stoyanka Nikolova

Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Plovdiv, 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria.

 

Please see the link:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/cmsdi/v3/11872F

Prospects for the Application of Tryptanthrin and Mostotrin Alkaloids in Therapy and Control of Inter-Specific Interactions in Various Symbiotic Systems: A Review | Chapter 7 | Chemistry and Biochemistry: Research Progress Vol. 6

Tryptanthrin (TR) is one of the most widespread and well-known quinazolinone alkaloids with cytotoxic, antimicrobial and immunomodulatory efficiencies. This secondary metabolite exhibits a large area of biological activity, generating an increasing interest in the synthesis and evaluation of its derivatives and analogues. As main natural sources are known plant species like Polygonum tinctorium and other indigo plants. Currently, a lot of attention has been paid to the studies on the possible bio-regulatory role of TR. Mostotrin (MT) is a synthetic water-soluble analogue of TR, which can expand the spectrum of pharmaceuticals for the treatment of inflammatory, antitumor, infectious diseases, and recently emerging epidemics like SARS-CoV-2. TR and MT derivatives even have capacity for use as important elements of signalling control in inter-species or inter-kingdom relationships of various multi-member microbiomes (community of microorganisms in e.g. the human body) with the host organisms and interactions of microorganisms in diverse marine or earth ecosystems. Recently published studies on the biological activity and probable molecular mechanisms underlying the therapeutic and regulatory actions of TR and MT became the subject of analysis in this mini-review.

 

Author (s) Details

Alekleksandr Popov
G. B. Elyakov Pacific Institute Bioorganic Chemistry, Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Science, 690022, Vladivostok, Russia.

Tatyana Rutckova
G. B. Elyakov Pacific Institute Bioorganic Chemistry, Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Science, 690022, Vladivostok, Russia.

 

Olga Styshova
G. B. Elyakov Pacific Institute Bioorganic Chemistry, Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Science, 690022, Vladivostok, Russia.

 

Andrey Shchekotikhin
Gause Institute of New Antibiotics, 119021, Moscow, Russia.

 

Valentin Stonik
G. B. Elyakov Pacific Institute Bioorganic Chemistry, Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Science, 690022, Vladivostok, Russia.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/cbrp/v6/5626

Synthesis of Putrescine Bisamides as Antimicrobial and Anti-Inflammatory Agents with Molecular Docking Studies | Chapter 2 | Science and Technology: Developments and Applications Vol. 9

Putrescine bis amides are one of the subclasses of naturally occurring polyamides. During the last two decades, several symmetrical and unsymmetrical putrescine bisamides have been isolated from Aglaia, Liberica, and Carydalis species. In this study, a new naturally occurring N1, N6-dihydrocinnamyl putrescine bisamide, JBIR-94, along with nine structural analogs and a series of substituted phenyl and alkyl putrescine bisamides have been synthesized from putrescine and appropriately substituted carboxylic acids, through carboxylic acid chlorides. Antimicrobial, 5-Lipooxygenase enzyme inhibitory, and antioxidant studies were performed for all synthesized compounds. Antimicrobial assay performed against human pathogenic bacteria and fungi. Zone of inhibition was determined using agar well diffusion method, and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined by broth dilution assay. The 5-Lipoxygenase (PDB ID 308Y) X-Ray crystal structure was obtained from the Protein Data Bank and used in docking studies. Antioxidant activities of putrescine bisamides were performed through radical scavenging assay using DPPH and Superoxide radicals. Dihydrocinnamyl series of putrescine bisamides (4a-4i) showed good bioactivities compared to substituted phenyl (6a-6g) and diakyl (6h-6j) series of compounds. Among all compounds, 4h (methylenedioxy analog) and 4a (JBIR-94) showed good antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant activities.

 

Author (s) Details

Siddaiah Vidavalur
Department of Chemistry, Andhra University, Visakhapatnam, India.

 

Sunanda Kumari Kadiri
Department of Microbiology, Andhra University, Visakhapatnam, India.

 

Kumari Yettula
Department of Chemistry, Andhra University, Visakhapatnam, India.

 

Srinuvasarao Rayavarapu
Department of Chemistry, Andhra University, Visakhapatnam, India.

 

Mahaboob Basha Gajula
Department of Chemistry, Andhra University, Visakhapatnam, India.

 

Mangarao Nakka
Department of Chemistry, Andhra University, Visakhapatnam, India.

Ramu Tadikonda
Department of Chemistry, Andhra University, Visakhapatnam, India.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/stda/v9/4995

Reduction in the Risks Associated with Bacteria Oxidative and Pathogenic Activities Using Different Leaf Extract of Moringa olefera Grown in Sudan | Chapter 5 | Microbiology and Biotechnology Research: An Overview Vol. 1

Moringa olefera belongs to the family Moringaceae which is widely cultivated in the world and has its origin in India. The flowers, leaves, seeds and roots of Moringa are used for medicinal purposes and also as food. Moringa leaves contain important constituents, including carbohydrates, protein, vitamins such as riboflavin, ascorbic acid, thiamine, niacin, minerals such as calcium, phosphorus and iron. Moringa leaf extract reduces the free radicals and the oxidation of blood because it contains polyphenol, the leaves are used in medicinal, against AIDS, fever, respiratory diseases and antimicrobial. The study aims to evaluate the antimicrobial, antioxidant and protective effects of different leaf extracts of Moringa olefera grown in Sudan. High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) was used in this study to identify Polyphenol constituents of Moringa olefera leaf extract by different methods (aqueous, ethanol, ethyl acetate and chloroform), it contains gallic acid, Chlorogenic acid, Catechin, Coffeic acid, Rutin, Pyro catechol, Coumaric acid, Vanillin, Ferulic acid1, Naringenin, Propyl Gallate, 4`,7-Dihydroxyisoflavone, and Cinnamic Acid at conc. (µg/15 mg) in all extracts. Ellagic acid gave the highest concentration when extracted by ethyl acetate Caffeine gave the lowest concentration. in all different extracts, the effect of moringa (aqueous, ethanol, ethyl acetate and chloroform) leaf extracts against four different pathogenic bacteria Salmonella typhimurium, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, and Bacillus cereus, were examined using Mueller Hinton Agar and measuring inhibition zone (diameter mm), were found that there were a significant different of all moringa leaf extracts against bacteria.

The study was conducted to determine the polyphenol constituents of Moringa olefera aqueous, ethanol, ethyl acetate and chloroform leaf extract. The effect of Moringa oleifera (aqueous, ethanol, ethyl acetate and chloroform) leaf extracts against four different pathogenic bacteria. As a conclusion, Moringa oleifera contains polyphenol compounds in all extracts (aqueous, ethanol, ethyl acetate and chloroform) that have antioxidant, anticancer and anti-inflammatory activity, also all extracts of Moringa olefera have antibacterial activities.

 

Author (s) Details

Rasha Khalid Abbas
Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Arts in Mukhwa, University of Albaha, 65931, Saudi Arabia and Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Applied and Industrial Science, University of Bahri, Sudan.

 

Amina AM Al-Mushhin
Department of Biology, Science and Humanity College in Al–Kharj, Prince Sattam bin Abdul-Aziz University, Al-Khaarj 11942, Saudi Arabia.

Fatma S Elsharbasy
Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Humanity Studies, Sattam bin Abdul Aziz University, Alkharj City 11942, Saudi Arabia.

 

Kother Osman Ashiry
Department of Chemistry of Natural and Microbial Products, National Research Center, Dokki 12622, Egypt.

 

 Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/mbrao/v1/4816

Biological Activities of Natural Products | Chapter 6 | Natural Products Chemistry: From Discovery to Applications, Edition 1

Natural products exhibit a wide range of biological activities that have proven beneficial in drug discovery, agriculture, and the cosmetic industries. The majority of these compounds are bioactive from plants, microorganisms, and marine organisms, demonstrating antimicrobial activity, antioxidant properties, anti-inflammatory effects, anticancer potential, and immunomodulatory activity. Owing to variations in their molecular characteristics, they are capable of interacting with various biological targets, thereby producing a therapeutic effect. This abstract outlines the actions associated with these activities, particularly in the production of pharmaceuticals and health products. Understanding the biological processes utilized by natural products is essential for optimizing their effectiveness in disease management and enhancing human welfare.

 

Author (s) Details

 

Vidivay
Department of Chemistry, Dharma Samaj College, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh -202001, India.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/mono/978-93-48388-70-4/CH6

Phytochemistry and Biological Evaluation of Cyperus rotundus and Typha latifolia from Lugari Region of Western Kenya | Chapter 4 | Chemistry and Biochemistry: Research Progress Vol. 4

In Western parts of Kenya, C. rotundus and Typha latifolia are used in the treatment of infectious diseases. Phytochemical compounds and antimicrobial activity of C. rotundus and Typha latifolia reeds plants from Western Kenya, which are used in the management and treatment of various ailments, were determined. Samples were collected from the Lugari region of Western Kenya. Solvent extraction using ethyl acetate on powdered samples was done. Phytochemical tests were conducted on the extracts of Cyperus papyrus and Typha latifolia using standard methods. Five phytochemicals were tested positively in C. rotundus and T. latifolia  these include Tannins, Steroids, Saponin, Alkaloid and Glycoside. Flavonoid was tested negatively in C. rotundus and T. latifolia . The methanol extracts of C. rotundus and T. latifolia  were subjected to antibacterial assay on Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis and Candida albicans. Disc agar (cup-plate) diffusion method was adopted for antimicrobial activity test against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. The maximum antimicrobial activities were observed at 100% concentration than at 10% of methanol extracts of C. rotundus and T. latifolia  and no antimicrobial activities were observed at 1%. From this study’s findings, T. latifolia  and C. rotundus extracts can be used as good antibacterial agents. C. rotundus can be used against Bacillus substilis unlike the standard antibiotics and T. latifolia . Further research for isolation and characterization of compounds responsible for the observed antimicrobial activity. Нere is needed to carry out the antifungal and antioxidant activities of T. latifolia  and C. rotundus.

 

Author (s) Details

 

Wangila TP
School of Science and Technology, University of Kabianga, P.O. Box 2030, Kericho, Kenya.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/cbrp/v4/4404

Photodynamic Antibacterial B-Cyclodextrin-Modified Cotton Fabric for Medical Applications | Chapter 2 | Chemistry and Biochemistry: Research Progress Vol. 4

The development of medical and hospital textiles is of significant interest, particularly concerning infectious diseases caused by pathogens. Contact with contaminated surfaces can lead to serious illnesses and pose a significant public health problem. The use of cyclodextrins in textiles for the development of biofunctional fabrics represents an interesting alternative for the advancement of dental, medical, and hospital materials. Cyclodextrins can interact with the chemical groups present in cotton fibers, forming a nanostructured surface with specific functional properties, including antibacterial activity. Although there are numerous antibacterial textile finishes, the use of methylene blue as a cyclodextrin host molecule for photodynamic applications in textile materials remains to be investigated. This is because methylene blue is a photosensitive dye capable of generating singlet oxygen (¹O₂) when illuminated, which inactivates the pathogenic microorganisms that may be present in wounds. The objective of this study was to develop a biofunctionalized and photoactivatable cotton fabric with antimicrobial properties for use in the cosmetic or medical industries. The materials obtained were characterized via scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transforms infrared spectroscopy with attenuated total reflection (FTIR-ATR), the determination of cotton fabric functionalization dyeing variables, colorimetry, UV-VIS spectrophotometry, degradation of 9,10-anthracenyl-bis (methylene) dimalonic acid (ABDA), photodegradation tests, and microbiological analysis. The antibacterial activity of the functionalized fabrics was evaluated by adopting the AATCC 100—Test Method for Antibacterial Finishes on Textile Materials: Evaluation. The results showed that the textile was functionalized with β-cyclodextrin, mainly evidenced by the appearance of the band at 1730 cm⁻¹, indicating the formation of the ester group. Thus, when exposed to light, the non-functionalized material showed greater photobleaching, about 60%, compared to the material treated with cyclodextrin. This result was also reflected in the ABDA degradation kinetics, with the treated material showing 592.00% (first phase) and 966.20% (second phase) higher degradation than the untreated sample. Finally, the photodynamic activity was determined based on the antimicrobial properties of the textile, showing a reduction of more than 99% without exposure to light and 100% when exposed to light. Methylene Blue appears to be a promising candidate for use as a photosensitizer in cutaneous antimicrobial treatments. It is believed that this study could open avenues for future research and the development of antimicrobial fabrics, as well as demonstrate the efficiency of the treatment with cyclodextrin in relation to photobleaching.

Author (s) Details

 

Helen Beraldo Firmino
Post-Graduation Program in Materials Science and Engineering, Federal University of Technology, Apucarana, Brazil.

Emilly Karoline Tonini Silva Volante
Post-Graduation Program in Materials Science and Engineering, Federal University of Technology, Apucarana, Brazil.

Ana Claudia Pedrozo da Silva
Research Group of Active Materials, Federal University of Technology, Apucarana, Brazil.

Fabio Alexandre Pereira Scacchetti
Research Group of Active Materials, Federal University of Technology, Apucarana, Brazil.

Manuel José Lis
Institute of Textile Research and Industrial, Cooperation of Terrassa, Universidad Politècnica de Catalunya (INTEXTER-UPC), 0822 Terrassa, Spain.

Meritxell Martí
Institute of Textile Research and Industrial, Cooperation of Terrassa, Universidad Politècnica de Catalunya (INTEXTER-UPC), 0822 Terrassa, Spain.

Siddanth Saxena
Institute of Textile Research and Industrial, Cooperation of Terrassa, Universidad Politècnica de Catalunya (INTEXTER-UPC), 0822 Terrassa, Spain.

André Luiz Tessaro
Post-Graduation Program in Materials Science and Engineering, Federal University of Technology, Apucarana, Brazil and Research Group of Active Materials, Federal University of Technology, Apucarana, Brazil.

Fabrício Maestá Bezerra
Post-Graduation Program in Materials Science and Engineering, Federal University of Technology, Apucarana, Brazil.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/cbrp/v4/4123

Benzisoxazole Derivatives: Synthesis and Their Therapeutic Significance in Medicinal Chemistry | Chapter 6 | Recent Developments in Chemistry and Biochemistry Research Vol. 10

Benzisoxazoles and their derivatives have been extensively investigated and applied across various medical fields. These compounds have demonstrated significant therapeutic potential in the management of cardiovascular conditions, including myocardial infarction, hypertension, and hyperlipidemia. Additionally, they have been utilized in the treatment of inflammatory diseases, irritable disorders, and gastrointestinal conditions such as peptic ulcers. Benzisoxazoles also show promise in addressing metabolic disorders, including obesity, diabetes, and metabolic syndrome. Moreover, novel benzisoxazole derivatives exhibit a range of bioactive properties, including anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, anti-glycation, and antibacterial activities. The continuous advancement in the development of highly active benzisoxazole-based compounds underscores their potential as scaffolds for future therapeutic candidates. This chapter focuses on the synthesis of benzisoxazole derivatives using various methodologies and highlights the significance of this pharmacophore in medicinal chemistry.

 

Author (s) Details

 

Mahima Samanth
Department of Chemistry, Vijaya Vittala Institute of Technology, Bengaluru-560 077, Karnataka, India.

 

Mahesh Bhat
Department of Chemistry, Poornaprajna College (Autonomous), Udupi-576 101, Karnataka, India.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/rdcbr/v10/3809

Antimicrobial Properties of Homo Fermenting Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB) Isolated from Kunu-Zaki (A Spontaneously Fermenting Nigerian Cereal Beverage) | Chapter 8 | Research Perspectives of Microbiology and Biotechnology Vol. 3

 Aim: The present study aimed to determine the antibiotic reaction and adhesion

pattern of antimicrobial homo-fermenting LAB strains in the fermenting slurries of

kunu-zaki, Nigeria.

Background: Lactic acid bacteria are usually found in decomposing plants and

lactic products. Lactic acid is the major metabolic end-product of the carbohydrate

fermentation. LAB is a large group of fermentative, anaerobe aero-tolerant

microorganisms that are usually present in the gut of humans and other animals,

raw vegetables, meat and meat products, and cereal.

Study Design: Samples were obtained directly from the 72-hour fermenting mash

of the kun-uzaki made from each cereal type. The Pour plate technique was used

to isolate the organisms. The pure colonies isolates were examined according to

their colony morphology, catalase reaction and gram reaction. Inhibition of

indicator lawn used ≥10mm inhibition as antibiotic susceptible. Adhesion was

measured by staining and quantifying grains of Digitariaexilis (acha), Sorghum

bicolour (sorghum) and Pennisetum americanum (millet) in composite and non

composite proportions. LAB isolates were obtained on MRS agar. Homo

fermenting isolates were identified at species level using the API 50 CHL test kit.

Antibiotic sensitivity testing on the identified isolates followed the modified

standard Kirby-Bauer procedure on MRS agar (pH 7.4) using the disc diffusion

technique with selected antibiotics. For quality control of the antibiotics, sensitive

reference strains S. aureus ATCC 25923 and E. coli ATCC 25922 obtained from

the Nigeria Institute of Medical Research were used. Adhesion properties were

determined by differential staining of the bacterial cells that bound to intestinal

epithelial cells as observed under light and phase contrast microscopy. 

Results: Antimicrobial substances produced by the eight LAB isolates inhibited

the growth of four selected human pathogens in vitro. All eight LAB isolates were

resistant to amoxicillin, gentamycin and ciprofloxacin. L. plantarum126, L.

paracasei sub sp paracasei339 and Pediococcus damnosus32 were resistant to

erythromycin whilst all others were susceptible. L. plantarum126 and L.

paracaseisubspparacasei339 were resistant to all antibiotics tested. All LAB

isolates demonstrated high in-vitro intestinal epithelial cell adhesion potential. The

result of this study documents findings on the antibiotic resistance pattern of these

eight homo-fermenting lactic acid bacteria present in ready to drink kunu-zaki. If

these homo-fermenting strains are to be used in kunu-zaki as starter cultures, it is

important that they should be further carefully examined for inability to transfer

antibiotic resistance genes to food pathogens.

Conclusion: When used in conjunction with these antibiotic treatments, kunuzaki

may not have an impact on the antibacterial activity of LAB. To ensure that these

LAB strains cannot pass antibiotic resistance genes to food pathogens, they must

be thoroughly screened if they are to be used as kunu-zaki starter cultures.

 

Author (s) Details

S. O. Oluwajoba

Department of Microbiology, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria and Department of Biological Science, Yaba College of Technology, Yaba, Lagos, Nigeria.

F. A. Akinyosoye

Department of Microbiology, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria.

V. O. Oyetayo

Department of Microbiology, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria.

Please see the link - https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/rpmab/v3/211

Synthesis and Characterization of Transition Metal(II) Complexes Derived from (E)-N-(4-Methylbenzylidene)-2-((Z)-(4-Methylbenzylidene) Amino)Benzamides: Investigation of Biological Activities | Chapter 10 | Recent Developments in Chemistry and Biochemistry Research Vol. 3

We synthesized a novel series of transition metal(II) complexes 5a-h by reacting key transition metals (Co, Cu, Zn, Ni) with the Schiff base 3, derived from (E)-N-(4-methylbenzylidene)-2-((Z)-(4-methylbenzylidene)amino)benzamide. Schiff base 3 was previously prepared by reacting 2-aminobenzohydrazide 1 with 4-methylbenzaldehyde 2. The structures of the metal complexes were characterized using IR, NMR, mass spectrometry, and elemental analysis. We evaluated the synthesized metal complexes for antioxidant, antimicrobial, and antifungal activities. Notably, compounds 5e and 5c exhibited enhanced antimicrobial activity compared to the free ligand. Compounds 5g and 5a showed significant activity against various bacterial strains. Additionally, the hydrated metal complexes 5b, 5d, 5f, and 5h demonstrated moderate to good antimicrobial activity. In terms of antioxidant activity, most of the metal complexes displayed moderate to good activity comparable to ascorbic acid. Our bioassay results highlighted compounds 5e and 5c as effective antimicrobial agents against highly resistant microbial strains.

Author(s) Details:

Venkatesh K Bhovi,
P G Studies and research in Chemistry, Vijayanagar College Hosapete, Vijayanagar, Karnataka- 583201, India.

 

Please see the link here: https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/rdcbr/v3/419

Drug Repurposing of Pharmaceutical Products and Antimicrobial Discovery | Chapter 2 | Advanced Concepts in Pharmaceutical Research Vol. 7

The process of identifying new therapeutic uses for existing medications is known as drug repurposing. It's a good way to find or develop new drug compounds with different pharmacological applications. In recent years, numerous pharmaceutical companies have used the drug reformulation technique in their Research and Development of pharmaceuticals programmes to produce new medications based on the identification of new biological drug targets. This technique is extremely efficient, saves time, minimal cost, and has a low risk of failure. It boosts a drug's therapeutic value and its success rate. As a result, drug repositioning is a viable alternative to the standard drug development procedure. Identifying novel molecular compounds by de novo approach of drug is challenging, tedious and costly endeavor. To identify novel use of drug molecules many laboratory and drug interactions is been done. It is thus thought to be a developing method in existing drug, which have previously been shown safe in people and are in turn used to tackle rare and complicated diseases. Biopharmaceutical businesses have struggled to get the anticipated results when aiming to boost productivity through novel discovery technologies. Repositioning existing medications for new indications could help the industry achieve productivity gains. More firms are looking for repositioning options in their existing pharmacopoeia, and the number of drug repurposing has many success stories.

Author(s) Details:

Haripriya G.,
Department of Pharmacognosy, JSS College of Pharmacy, Mysuru, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysuru- 570015, Karnataka, India.

Jatin Batra,
Department of Pharmacy Practice, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education, Mysuru-570015, Karnataka, India.

Alan Joseph,
Department of Pharmacy Practice, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education, Mysuru-570015, Karnataka, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/ACPR-V7/article/view/13540

Integration of Acetamide Single Crystal Growth Dynamics, Characterisation, NLO, and Antibacterial Properties by Oxalic Acid through Shock Wave Treatment | Chapter 13 | Novel Aspects on Chemistry and Biochemistry Vol. 8

 The ocular and surface morphological traits of the acetamide-doped oxalic acid (OXAC) single clear were systematically resolved for varying numbers of shock pulses (0, 1, 3, 5, and 7) while asserting a constant Mach number of 1.7 so that investigate the impact of shock waves on the material. The slow evaporation design was used to create the test clear of OXAC. The optical microscope and UV–seeable spectrometer were used to examine the surface semantic and optical characteristics, individually. Shock waves are used on non-uninterrupted optical matters because of their extreme nonlinear efficiency and quick backlash in electro-optic switches, exceptionally for organic matters. Among other transparent growth methods, the slow dissolution method has existed used to generate an acetamide-drugged oxalic acid single transparent at room temperature. Single clear oxac applies to shock waves in steps of 50 and 100 shock waves to the tail or the material properties outside altering the original transparent system. The mature and shock wave treated crystal of OXAC were structurally identified by X-ray dissemination and Fourier transform color of blood spectroscopy, UV-Visible and Photoluminescence spectral study, nonlinear optical activity (NLO) studies. Significant changes engaged of applied shock forces to matters. Optical absorption is a notable change when shock is raised, and it is due to the augmentation of the structural order of the materials, that may have happen due to hydrogen bonds. Antimicrobial hearings were conducted, containing a discussion of the findings from the completely clean and antifungal activity of the caused crystals of oxalic acid, OXAC, and OXAC accompanying 50 and 100 shocks. Our results indicate that the possessions of NLO are being enhanced by the post-sudden strong wave generated OXAC clear, which is still evident in fundamental and optical investigations and antimicroibial studies concerning the pre-shock wave caused OXAC crystal.

Author(s) Details:

Lalitha P.,
Department of Physics, Indra Ganesan College of Engineering, (Affiliated to Anna University), Tiruchirappalli-620012, Tamil Nadu, India.

Arumugam S.,
Department of Physics, Centre for High Pressure Research, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli-620024, Tamil Nadu, India.

Sinthiya A.,
Department of Physics, St. Joseph’s College (Autonomous), (Affiliated to Bharathidasan University), Tiruchirappalli-620002, Tamil Nadu, India.

Nivetha C.,
Department of Biotechnology, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli-620024, Tamil Nadu, India.

Muthuselvam M.,
Department of Biotechnology, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli-620024, Tamil Nadu, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/NACB-V8/article/view/12500

Amino Acid Based Schiff Bases and its Zn (II) Complexes, and Evaluation of Their Antibacterial Effect| Chapter 8 | Novel Aspects on Chemistry and Biochemistry Vol. 8

 The current study focuses on the combination, characterisation, complexation behavior, and uncontaminated research of several novel Schiff bases caused utilizing sodium hydroxide as a catalyst from salicylaldehyde, 3-amino benzoic acid, Glycine, and Alanine. Schiff bases are excellent chelating ligands and transition metals commit form highly adept Schiff base complexes. Metal chelates of Schiff base created by mixing salicylaldehyde and amino acids maybe useful in understanding the transamination reaction process. They have the talent to act as biomimetic animals.  The Schiff base ligands were successfully complexed accompanying the metal Zn (II) and their range data were examined.  Utilizing SEM, morphological examinations were attended.  The effect of complexation on Schiff bases and their Zn (II) complexes' antibacterial project has also happened investigated.

Author(s) Details:

Antony A.,
Department of Chemistry, St. Teresa’s College, Ernakulam, Kochi, Kerala, India.

Fasna F.,
Department of Chemistry, Maharaja’s College, Ernakulam, Kochi, Kerala, India.

Ajil P. A.,
Department of Chemistry, St. Teresa’s College, Ernakulam, Kochi, Kerala, India.

Varkey J. T.,
Department of Chemistry, St. Teresa’s College, Ernakulam, Kochi, Kerala, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/NACB-V8/article/view/12377

Phytochemical and Antimicrobial Aspects of Wild Musa balbisiana and Musa acuminata| Chapter 7 | Advanced Concepts in Pharmaceutical Research Vol. 2

 Bananas are rich beginning of vitamins, minerals, and abstinence from food fiber. They are known to have a range of well-being benefits such as reconstructing digestion, promoting essence health, pushing energy levels, and supporting the invulnerable system. In the study, both phytochemical and antimicrobial aspects of usually reported stormy Musa varieties (Musa balbisiana & Musa acuminata) were elaborated. The phytochemical reasoning of fruit peel and meristem acquired from wild Musa species (Musa balbisiana and Musa acuminata) shows the ghost of different metabolic elements such as alkaloid, flavonoid, tannin, etc. The antimicrobial study shows effect of wild Musa product peel ethanol extract on grandam negative bacteria (E. coli). At reduced concentration of fruit peel extract (10 mg/ml) of two together species, skilled is no zone of inhibition. The antimicrobial possessions are observed (2 mm Zone of Inhibition) when 50 mg/ml of Musa balbisiana product peel extract was applied. No antimicrobial activities were noticed in all the Musa acuminata product peel extract. Further studies may be carried out for evaluate the ethnobotanical facets of wild Musa and steps should surrender by the Government for preservation as well as commercialization of different brand that are obtained from these rowdy Musa species.

Author(s) Details:

Anhita Dash,
Department of Biotechnology, NIIS Institution of Information Science and Management, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, 752054, India.

Tanu Majhi,
Department of Biotechnology, NIIS Institution of Information Science and Management, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, 752054, India.

Satyabrata Ratha,
Department of Biotechnology, NIIS Institution of Information Science and Management, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, 752054, India.

Shakti Prasad Mishra,
Department of Biotechnology, NIIS Institution of Information Science and Management, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, 752054, India.

Bikram Pradhan,
Department of Biotechnology, NIIS Institution of Information Science and Management, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, 752054, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/ACPR-V2/article/view/12348

Acridine and Acridinedione: Synthesis and Biological Applications | Chapter 11 | Novel Aspects on Chemistry and Biochemistry Vol. 7

 The devote effort to something acridinediones has increased over the past various decades, which has unlocked the door to new applications in the technical, medical, and artificial domains. This is because acridinediones are an main class of nitrogen heterocyclic compounds that include excellent,4-dihydropyridine parent nucleus. This book episode covers the application of miscellaneous catalysts and methodologies, in the way that nanocatalysts, ionic fluids, microwaves, and ultrasound, in the development of synthetic contracts. It also specifies an overview of the historical framework, chemical backlashes, and physical and chemical traits of acridine/acridinedione derivatives. In addition, we have argued the results of the monomethoxy polyethylene glycol (mPEG) attached acridinedione compounds that were synthesized by our group and their organic applications, to a degree anticancer, antioxidant, and anti-microbial activity. The purpose concerning this discussion search out provide motivation for further search on the synthetic principles and mechanistic riddles associated with the acridinedione moiety for the improvement of mankind.

Author(s) Details:

Tathagata Dey,
Department of Chemistry, School of Advanced Sciences, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore-632014, Tamil Nadu, India and Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, East Point College of Pharmacy, Bangalore-560049, Karnataka, India.

Dhakshanamurthy Thirumalai,
Department of Chemistry, Thiruvalluvar University, Vellore-632 115, Tamil Nadu, India.

Srinivasan Parthiban Ragavi,
Department of Chemistry, School of Advanced Sciences, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore-632014, Tamil Nadu, India.

Indira Viswambaran Asharani,
Department of Chemistry, School of Advanced Sciences, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore-632014, Tamil Nadu, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/NACB-V7/article/view/11969

Antimicrobial Cytidine Derivatives as Anticancer Agents with in Silico Studies | Chapter 9 | Novel Aspects on Chemistry and Biochemistry Vol. 7

 The present study focuses on the computational inquiry of the antibacterial, anticancer, and construction-activity connection (SAR) properties of cytidine and allure analogs. Nucleosides are glycosylamines that can be thinking of as nucleotides without a phosphate group. A nucleoside exists simply of a nucleobase (more termed a nitrogenous base) and a five-element sugar (ribose or 2'-deoxyribose) when in fact a nucleotide is composed of a nucleobase, a five-element sugar, and individual or more phosphate groups. In a nucleoside, the anomeric carbon is connected through a glycosidic bond to the N9 of a purine or the N1 of a pyrimidine. Nucleotides are the microscopic building blocks of DNA and RNA. Nucleoside analogs have a meaningful role in the drug and clinical areas as therapeutic powers and authorized pharmaceuticals. Microdilution persistent the modified analogs' completely clean activity, MIC, and MBC against human and phytopathogenic isolates. Compounds (7), (10), and (14) were ultimate potent against Escherichia coli and Salmonella abony strains, accompanying MIC and MBC values from 0.316 ± 0.02 to 2.50 ± 0.03 and 0.625 ± 0.04 to 5.01 ± 0.06 mg/ml, individually. The highest inhibitory venture was observed against grandam-positive microorganisms. Numerous analogs (10), (13), (14), and (15) exhibited good venture against the tested fungi Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus flavus. The anticancer project of the cytidine analogs was examined through an MTT colorimetric assay against Ehrlich’s ascites malignant growth (EAC) tumor containers, whereas compound 6 granted the maximum antiproliferative activity accompanying an IC50 value of 1168.97 µg/ml. Their microscopic docking studies against the urate oxidase 1R51 from A. flavus look at the binding mechanism, affinities, and nonbonding interplays to define this finding. The most of analogs bind more tightly than the original drug. The reinforced pharmacokinetic profile of cytidine analogs accompanying decreased severe oral toxicity was illustrated by in silico ADMET prediction, that was used to assess the drug-reproduction features. This research power result in the production of potential cytidine-based antimicrobial drug(s) established the in vitro and in silico results.

Author(s) Details:

Sarkar M. A. Kawsar,
Laboratory of Carbohydrate and Nucleoside Chemistry (LCNC), Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Chittagong, Chittagong-4331, Bangladesh.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/NACB-V7/article/view/11967