Evaluation of the Antimicrobial Activity of the Leaf and Seed Extracts of Moringa oleifera on Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa | Chapter 4 | Research Perspectives of Microbiology and Biotechnology Vol. 7

The aim of the study was to ascertain the antimicrobial activities of the extract of Moringa oliferea leaf and seed, to compare the size of the inhibition zone on bacteria isolates, and to ascertain the different concentration of Moringa oleifera seed and leaf that shows inhibition. For thousands of years, ancient people depended mostly on flowers, barks, leaves and fruits of plants for medicine. Only recently have synthetic drugs, most of which are similar to compounds identified in plants, come into use. Information on the activities and curative actions of medicinal plants was obtained from the introduction of the European scientific method. Specifically, this study focused on the antimicrobial activity of alcohol (ethanol) and aqueous extracts of Moringa oleifera seed and leaf on Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The plant material of Moringa oleifera leaves and seeds used in this study was collected from Dilomat Farms and Service Limited in Rivers State University of Science and Technology, Nkpolu–Oroworuwku, Port Harcourt, Rivers State. The ethanol and aqueous extracts of the seed and leaf at a concentration of 10g/100ml and the diluted ethanol and aqueous extracts at concentrations of 0.1g/ml, 0.2g/ml, 0.4g/ml, 0.6g/ml and 0.8g/ml were impregnated into sterilized filter paper discs. Also, ethanol alone was impregnated into sterilized filter paper discs and used as a control. The agar disc diffusion method was adopted to obtain zones of inhibition. The zones of inhibition obtained for ethanol extract of Moringa oleifera seed for Staphylococcus aureus was 12 mm, Escherichia coli was 13 mm and Pseudomonas aerucginora was 10 mm. The ethanol extract of Moringa oleifera leaf gave an inhibitory zone of 11 mm for Staphylococcus aureus, 10mm for Escherichia coli, and 9mm for Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Different degrees of inhibition were observed for the diluted ethanol extracts of Moringa oleifera seed. The diluted ethanol extracts of Moringa oleifera leaf were resistant to the test organisms at concentrations of 0.1g/ml, and 0.6g/ml but were sensitive at concentrations of 0.8g/ml. The aqueous and diluted aqueous extracts of Moringa oleifera seed and leaf were resistant to the test organisms. The zones of inhibition obtained for ethanol alone on the test organisms ranged between 8mm and 10mm. The degree of the zone of inhibition differs, however, the ethanol extracts exhibited the highest inhibitory effect than the aqueous extracts. This study revealed that Moringa oleifera seed and leaf extracts are potential antimicrobial agents. It should be used successfully for treating food poisoning, wound, diarrhea, dysentery, boil, sexually transmitted diseases and arthritis caused by the test organisms. The addition of Moringa oleifera to meals is highly recommended. Additionally, there is a need for detailed scientific study of traditional medical practices to ensure that valuable therapeutic knowledge of some plants is preserved and to provide scientific evidence for their efficacies.

 

Author (s) Details

 

Mbata Christian A
Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Rivers State University of Science and Technology, Port Harcourt, Nigeria.

 

Adegoke O. Adebayo
Madonna University Elele, Rivers State, Nigeria.

 

Nwagu Chinyere
Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Imo State University, Owerri, Nigeria.

 

Dimkpa Cecilia
Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Rivers State University of Science and Technology, Port Harcourt, Nigeria.

 

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/rpmab/v7/2470

Reduction in the Risks Associated with Bacteria Oxidative and Pathogenic Activities Using Different Leaf Extract of Moringa olefera Grown in Sudan | Chapter 5 | Microbiology and Biotechnology Research: An Overview Vol. 1

Moringa olefera belongs to the family Moringaceae which is widely cultivated in the world and has its origin in India. The flowers, leaves, seeds and roots of Moringa are used for medicinal purposes and also as food. Moringa leaves contain important constituents, including carbohydrates, protein, vitamins such as riboflavin, ascorbic acid, thiamine, niacin, minerals such as calcium, phosphorus and iron. Moringa leaf extract reduces the free radicals and the oxidation of blood because it contains polyphenol, the leaves are used in medicinal, against AIDS, fever, respiratory diseases and antimicrobial. The study aims to evaluate the antimicrobial, antioxidant and protective effects of different leaf extracts of Moringa olefera grown in Sudan. High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) was used in this study to identify Polyphenol constituents of Moringa olefera leaf extract by different methods (aqueous, ethanol, ethyl acetate and chloroform), it contains gallic acid, Chlorogenic acid, Catechin, Coffeic acid, Rutin, Pyro catechol, Coumaric acid, Vanillin, Ferulic acid1, Naringenin, Propyl Gallate, 4`,7-Dihydroxyisoflavone, and Cinnamic Acid at conc. (µg/15 mg) in all extracts. Ellagic acid gave the highest concentration when extracted by ethyl acetate Caffeine gave the lowest concentration. in all different extracts, the effect of moringa (aqueous, ethanol, ethyl acetate and chloroform) leaf extracts against four different pathogenic bacteria Salmonella typhimurium, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, and Bacillus cereus, were examined using Mueller Hinton Agar and measuring inhibition zone (diameter mm), were found that there were a significant different of all moringa leaf extracts against bacteria.

The study was conducted to determine the polyphenol constituents of Moringa olefera aqueous, ethanol, ethyl acetate and chloroform leaf extract. The effect of Moringa oleifera (aqueous, ethanol, ethyl acetate and chloroform) leaf extracts against four different pathogenic bacteria. As a conclusion, Moringa oleifera contains polyphenol compounds in all extracts (aqueous, ethanol, ethyl acetate and chloroform) that have antioxidant, anticancer and anti-inflammatory activity, also all extracts of Moringa olefera have antibacterial activities.

 

Author (s) Details

Rasha Khalid Abbas
Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Arts in Mukhwa, University of Albaha, 65931, Saudi Arabia and Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Applied and Industrial Science, University of Bahri, Sudan.

 

Amina AM Al-Mushhin
Department of Biology, Science and Humanity College in Al–Kharj, Prince Sattam bin Abdul-Aziz University, Al-Khaarj 11942, Saudi Arabia.

Fatma S Elsharbasy
Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Humanity Studies, Sattam bin Abdul Aziz University, Alkharj City 11942, Saudi Arabia.

 

Kother Osman Ashiry
Department of Chemistry of Natural and Microbial Products, National Research Center, Dokki 12622, Egypt.

 

 Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/mbrao/v1/4816

The Human Microbiome: Composition, Function, and Impact on Health | Chapter 9 | Pharmaceutical Research - Recent Advances and Trends Vol. 2

 

Microbiome is the collective term for all the microorganisms, both symbiotic and pathogenic. Microbes in the microbiome may be helpful or harmful, depending on their function. They are typically symbiotic and beneficial to both the human body and the microbiota. In a healthy body, pathogenic and symbiotic bacteria coexist without conflict. A dysbiosis develops when that balance is disrupted, which can be caused by viral infections, particular diets, or extended antibiotic usage. As a result, the body may be more vulnerable to disease. The human body's various functions, including metabolism and immune system activation, depend on the synergic microbiome, which is crucial for human health. There is growing evidence that some alterations in the microbiome contribute to the emergence of certain illnesses, such as infections by pathogens, diabetes, liver ailments, and cancers. Consequently, altering the microbiome is emerging as a cutting-edge and successful way to treat many illnesses. By enabling researchers to generate strains with distinct and intricate activities, synthetic biology opens up the possibility of using created microbes for therapeutic purposes. This review aims to provide an overview of current research on the involvement of the microbiome in specific diseases and the underlying mechanisms, as well as the application of modified bacteria in disease diagnosis and prevention. The gut microbiota, or the billions of microorganisms that reside there, is crucial to human health and disease. Even though a lot of work has been done to investigate its diversity, an evolutionary viewpoint is necessary to fully comprehend our microbiomes. In this review, we examine human population microbiomes and compare them with bacteria from close and distant animal relatives of humans. We talk about possible ways to create host-specific microbiome configurations and what happens when those configurations are disturbed. We conclude by suggesting that a more comprehensive knowledge of the mechanisms underpinning human-microbiome interactions can be gained from this larger evolutionary perspective.

 

Author(s)details:-

 

Haripriya G
Department of Pharmacognosy, JSS College of Pharmacy, Mysuru, 570015, Karnataka, India.

 

Alen Geo Wilson
Department of Pharmacognosy, JSS College of Pharmacy, Mysuru, 570015, Karnataka, India.

 

Binsu Binu
Department of Pharmacognosy, JSS College of Pharmacy, Mysuru, 570015, Karnataka, India.

 

Asha Spandana K M
Department of Pharmacognosy, JSS College of Pharmacy, Mysuru, 570015, Karnataka, India.

 

Please See the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/prrat/v2/506

Evaluation of the Antifugal and Antibacterial Potential of Thymus vulgaris L. Essential Oil | Chapter 10 | Research Advances in Microbiology and Biotechnology Vol. 9

 The aim of our study is to determine the antimicrobial and antifungal effect of essential oils of plants Thymus vulgarison some pathogenic bacteria and fungal. Nowadays, plants are used by most inhabitants of the world due to their aromatic properties, as condiments or as a cure in traditional medicine. Essential oils have many therapeutic properties. In herbal medicine, they are used for their antiseptic properties against infectious diseases of fungal origin, against dermatophytes, those of bacterial origin.

Humans use plants for thousands of years to treat various ailments, in many developing countries; much of the population relies on traditional doctors and their collections of medicinal plants to cure them.

Thymus vulgaris is one of the most popular aromatic plants used in the world. The applications are very large and affect the food and medicine fields traditionally.

The antimicrobial test was carried out with five strains of bacteria. The test adopted, is based on the diffusion method on solid medium (Antibiogram), this method allows to determine the susceptibility or resistance of an organism according to the sample studied.

Our study reveals that the essential oil of the plant Thymus vulgaris has a different effect on the resistance of germs. We are recommending people to a reasonable use of medicinal plants, because improper use of these plants will probably lead to harmful side effects to human health.

Author(s) Details:

M. Mehani,
Laboratory of Process Engineering, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Ouargla University, Ouargla, Algeria and Faculty of Natural and Life Sciences, University of Ghardaia, Ghardaia 47000, Algeria.

I. Mehani,
Laboratory for Bioressources Saharan Preservation and Enhancement, University of Kasdi Merbah, Ouargla, Algeria.

L. Segni,
Laboratory of Process Engineering, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Ouargla University, Ouargla, Algeria and Department of Process Engineering, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Ouargla University, Ouargla, Algeria.

C. Morcia,
CREA-GB, Research Centre for Genomics and Bioinformatics, Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, Fiorenzuola d’Arda (PC), Italy.

V. Terzi,
CREA-GB, Research Centre for Genomics and Bioinformatics, Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, Fiorenzuola d’Arda (PC), Italy.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/RAMB/article/view/13230

Medical Applications for Microbial Biosurfuctants: An Overview| Chapter 4 | Perspective of Recent Advances in Medical Research Vol. 7

 The present review highlights the Medical Applications for Microbial Biosurfuctants. Biosurfactants are amphiphilic biological substances produced by filamentous fungi, bacteria, and yeast in extracellular or cell membrane regions. There are hydrophilic and hydrophobic moieties in it. The benefits of biosurfactants include their specificity, biodegradability, low toxicity, biocompatibility, and digestivity. The medical use of biosurfactants includes their antimicrobial activity by affecting the permeability of cell membranes, The microbial extracellular glycolipids used as a reagent for treating cancer cells have anti-cancer activity. Anti-viral behaviour Bombicola C. Strong spermicidal and virucidal sophorolipid surfactants, anti-adhesive agents, the prevention of pathogenic microbe adhesion to infected areas or solid surfaces, Against-Fungal Activity, The P. flocculosa flocculosin has antifungal properties against human mycose and pathogenic yeast. An immunological adjuvant is a mixture of traditional antigens and bacterial lipopeptides that has the ability to deliver genes while being non-pyrogenic, non-toxic, and having a higher efficiency for gene trimansfection.

Author(s) Details:

Samer M. Al-Hulu,
Al-Qasim Green University, Iraq.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/PRAMR-V7/article/view/9315

Study on Biochemical Preparation of Natural and Rare Carbohydrate (Pentoses) | Chapter 1 | Challenges and Advances in Chemical Science Vol. 7

 Unnatural or unusual monosaccharides can be produced via biochemical processes, which are mainly microbial or enzymatic. By fermenting D-glucose with Candida famata R28, D-arabitol was generated. Acetobacter aceti IFO 3281 may manufacture D-xylulose from D-arabitol. Using L-ribose isomerase, D-lyxose was generated enzymatically from D-xylulose (L-RI). Ribitol is a kind of ribitol.  Microbial bioconversion with Acetobacter aceti IFO 3281 oxidised the glucose to L-ribulose, while the enzyme D-tagatose-3-epimerase epimerized the glucose to L-xylulose. The isomerization of L-RI yielded L-Lyxose. Furthermore, biochemically, L-ribose and L-arabinose were produced from ribitol by oxidation with Acetobacter aceti IFO 3281 and isomerization with L-RI and L-arabinose isomerase. (L-AI) and (L-AI), respectively. Bioconversions of cells or enzymes can also yield other pentoses. This research is significant in terms of rare sugar preparation and relevance.

Author (s) Details

Dr. Zakaria Ahmed
Microbiology Department, Technology Wing, Bangladesh Jute Research Institute, Dhaka, Bangladesh.

Dr. Shuranjan Sarkar
Industrial Chemistry Department, Chemistry Division, Technology Wing, Bangladesh Jute Research Institute, Dhaka, Bangladesh.

Dr. Taslima Rahman
Microbiology Department, Technology Wing, Bangladesh Jute Research Institute, Dhaka, Bangladesh.

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/CACS-V7/article/view/5167

Study on Preparation of Bio-fertilizer with the Help of Microorganism for Insects Free Agriculture | Chapter 11 | Current Topics in Agricultural Sciences Vol. 2

 Biological control is an ecological process that occurs naturally. Which can be successfully utilised in pesticide management and can be a balanced, long-term, and cost-effective pest control solution. Microbial control refers to the use of microorganisms as insecticides. This is a new type of biological control in which pesticide-resistant microorganisms are used to manage pests. By using them for pesticide control, which is obtainable by marking professionals and accessible, their number may be enhanced by looking for microbial control of insects and looking after the natural enemies of pests. In essence, we can address this problem in this manner. On the weakening of the life cycle of the hazardous insect, it is important to carefully calculate the timing of the use of microorganisms. Because of their use, their individual age, i.e. life cycle, is shortened; note the pre-production procedure. Microorganisms are naturally within our control; nonetheless, we must employ the microscope in a number of experiments. This study demonstrates the potential for some microbes to help plants that are categorised as vulnerable, endangered, or even critically endangered to improve their conservation status.

Author(S) Details

Harsha Sharma
Motherhood University, Roorkee, India.

Kalpana Sharma
Motherhood University, Roorkee, India.

View Book:- https://stm.bookpi.org/CTAS-V2/article/view/4416

Molecular Analysis of Rhizopus Fungal Species on Deteriorating Historical Sandstone Monuments: An Advanced Approach | Chapter 04 | New Visions in Biological Science Vol. 4

 Sandstone monuments may sustain a wide range of microorganisms that are involved in the biodeterioration process. Sandstone monuments are made up of Bryophyte and fungal consortia. Fungi are thought to be the most effective category of microorganisms in generating sandstone monument biodeterioration. When fungal units grow outside in the absence of food and water, they can initiate fungal colonisation and biodeterioration processes. When microbes are found on cultural heritage artefacts, it is not always assumed that they are changing the sandstone's physical qualities or chemical composition. Our research project objectives are to use molecular approaches such as RFLP and RAPD to isolate and recognise fungi. Eleven fungus species with dominance over the sandstone structures of the various monuments were isolated. It was discovered during the examination that Aspergillus species outnumber Rhizopus species. Microfungi produce discoloration and mechanical exfoliation of various monuments, which were investigated utilising molecular techniques for the creation of dark pigments, Hyphae penetration, and organic acid. As a result, the present state of knowledge regarding Rhizopus is summarised in this review.

Author(S) Details

Swati Shakya
Department of Biotechnology, Sri Satya Sai University of Technology and Medical Science, Sehore (M.P.), India.

Neelam Tripathi
Department of Biotechnology, Sri Satya Sai University of Technology and Medical Science, Sehore (M.P.), India.

Seema Bhadauria
Department of Biotechnology, Sri Satya Sai University of Technology and Medical Science, Sehore (M.P.), India.

View Book:- https://stm.bookpi.org/NVBS-V4/article/view/4296

Determining the Removal, Recovery, and Recycles of Au(III) from Aqueous Au(III) Solution Using Immobilized Pseudomonas Cells by Biomineralization and Thiourea Oxidation | Chapter 4 | Current Advances in Chemistry and Biochemistry Vol. 9

 Some researchers have recently looked into gold recovery using microbial cells like bacteria, fungi, yeasts, and algae. However, nothing is known about which microbes have a high gold adsorption capacity. Various bacteria, actinomycetes, fungus, and yeast species and strains were tested for their capacity to adsorb gold from a solution containing hydrogen tetrachloroaurate (III). Medical and ceramic materials contain hydrogen tetrachloroaurate (III). The influence of pH, external gold concentration, cell numbers on gold biosorption, and the time course of gold biosorption by Pseudomonas maltophilia cells, which adsorbed substantial amounts of gold from a solution containing hydrogen tetrachloroaurate (III), were all thoroughly investigated. The removal of gold (III) by biosorption and biomineralization from aqueous systems employing microbial cells, gold (III) removal by those using microbial cells, was explored in this chapter in order to approve a much larger amount of gold recovery. The oxidative recovery of gold following reduced gold(0) by oxidation with aqueous thiourea solution, as well as gold reduction-oxidation cycle recycling.

Author (s) Details

Takehiko Tsuruta
Department of Life and Environmental Science, Hachinohe Institute of Technology, Hachinohe, Japan.

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/CACB-V9/article/view/2195

Mycorrhial Fungal Application in Citrus Plants | Book Publisher International

 The interaction of citrus with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (AMF) has been a major research focus and international hotspot in the study of citrus plants in recent years. A wide number of pot experiments have conclusively demonstrated that AMF inoculation significantly improved citrus plant development and expedited the uptake of minerals in the soil, particularly P, Fe, Cu, K, and Ca. AMF, on the other hand, causes root hairs to appear in citrus plants under low P conditions, demonstrating that mycorrhizal fungus and root hairs work together to increase nutrient absorption. In addition, Yangtze University's Prof. Qiang-Sheng Wu headed a team that did a lot of good work on the many mechanisms of arbuscular mycorrhizas in boosting citrus drought tolerance. In the field, AMF inoculation trials have been attempted. As a result, this book presents a thorough overview of mycorrhizal fungi's roles on citrus, as well as an examination of mycorrhizal fungi's population diversity on the citrus rhizosphere and the proliferation of indigenous mycorrhizal fungi. The book also discusses how to inoculate potted citrus at the nursery, how to sterilise substrates, how to evaluate applied AMF in the field, and how to maintain citrus mycorrhizas in the field. This book can be used as a technical reference on mycorrhizal fungi's use in citrus. It also includes various mycorrhizal research field examples. This book can be used as a theoretical textbook and reference book for pomology and citrus researchers, as well as for mycorrhiza researchers and graduate students.

Author(s) Detailts

Qiang-Sheng Wu
College of Horticulture and Gardening, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China.

Ying-Ning Zou
College of Horticulture and Gardening, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China.

View Book:- https://stm.bookpi.org/MFACP/article/view/1894