Zizyphus mauritiana as a Source of Tannins with Antibacterial and Antiplasmodial Activities | Chapter 7 | Chemistry and Biochemistry: Research Progress Vol. 8

 

Background: In Africa and other countries where malaria is endemic, traditional medicinal plants are frequently used to treat or cure malaria. Ziziphus mauritiana, a tropical fruit tree species belonging to the family Rhamnaceae, is used in African traditional medicine against different symptoms and diseases.

 

Aim: This study was designed to evaluate tannins extracted from Ziziphus mauritiana as a source of potential antimalarial and antimicrobial agents in Mali.

 

Methodology: The collection of plant materials, tannins extraction, antibacterial activity evaluation were done at the University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Mali and antiplasmodial activity assessment at Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, United States of America, between September 2013 and February 2014. The tannins were extracted from leaves of Z. mauritiana collected around Bamako, Mali. Antiplasmodial activity was evaluated against 3D7 (chloroquine-sensitive) and Dd2 (chloroquine-resistant) strains of Plasmodium falciparum using the fluorescence-based SYBR® green I method. Antibacterial activity of tannins was evaluated by the disc diffusion method against strains of Escherichia coli, Salmonella Typhi, Streptococcus and Staphylococcus aureus donated by the National Research Institute in Public Health in Mali and collected from infected patients suffering from different diseases. The Kruskal–Wallis H test for data of zone of inhibition was used with the Statistical Package for the Medical Sciences version 17.0.

 

Results: The tannin extracts from leaves of Z. mauritiana demonstrated moderate antibacterial activity (average 7-9 mm diameter of inhibition zone) on tested strains. Tannins extracted from leaves of Z. mauritiana showed moderate antiplasmodial activity against 3D7 P. falciparum (46.9±1.12 μg/mL) and against Dd2 P. falciparum strains (67.8±2.39 μg/mL). They also showed an antibacterial activity on different bacterial strains, showing important inhibition zones. Especially, they were more active on Streptococcus than Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi, and Staphylococcus aureus.

 

Conclusion: Tannins extracted from Z. mauritiana demonstrated good antiplasmodial and antibacterial activities. It could be regarded as effective and studied for further consideration as a complementary medicine source of antimicrobials against most multidrug-resistant bacteria and other parasites. These data confirm the potential use of tannins as a key element in antimalarial and antibacterial drug development.

 

Author(s) Details

Mamadou Wélé
African Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics and Data Science, Université des Sciences des Techniques et des Technologies de Bamako, Mali.

 

Singou Keita
Laboratoire de Biosciences et Applications, Université des Sciences des Techniques et des Technologies de Bamako, Mali.

 

Cheickna Cisse
African Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics and Data Science, Université des Sciences des Techniques et des Technologies de Bamako, Mali.

 

Mamadou A Konare
Laboratoire de Biosciences et Applications, Université des Sciences des Techniques et des Technologies de Bamako, Mali.

 

Laura Kirkman
Department of Medicine, Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, USA.

 

Lamine Baba-Moussa
Laboratoire de Biologie et de Typage Moléculaire en Microbiologie, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université d’Abomey-Calavi, Cotonou, Benin.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/cbrp/v8/6695

Understanding Emerging Perceptions of Cultured Meat: A Mind Genomics Approach | Chapter 3 | Food Science and Agriculture: Research Highlights Vol. 4

 

Cultured meat is part of the emerging field of cellular agriculture, produced by growing tissue from original animal cells. The issues involved in cultured meat emerge from technological development and consumer knowledge and acceptance. This study explores the reaction of consumers to different concepts about cultured meat. The objective is to determine whether it is possible to form a coherent picture of the concept of cultured meat by presenting respondents with different combinations of phrases pertaining to cultured meat and measuring which phrases drive agreement. Using the Mind Genomics approach, 100 respondents evaluated 24 unique vignettes each, composed of combinations of statements about cultured meat. Respondents evaluated combinations of messages about the emerging technology of cultured meat; these were created to be meaningful to a non-technical person, and dealt with the sensory, technical, and sociological aspects of cultured meat. The findings suggest that the respondent does not understand what cultured meat “means, and may agree with statements which directly negate each other. There are three poorly defined mind-sets underlying the study. Mind-Set 1-focuses on ingredients and on product form; Mind-Set 2-focuses on sustainability and ingredients; Mind-Set 3- focuses on ethical and social issues as well as on product form. These three mind-sets are intertwined within the population, and cannot be separated by conventional geo-demographics. These data present a unique opportunity to understand the formation of a new technology in food design, cultured meat. This study highlights the need for future research to be conducted periodically, perhaps annually, to monitor changes in public understanding and perceptions as the technology matures and in vitro products move toward market entry and commercial success.

 

Author(s) Details

Howard Moskowitz
Mind Genomics Associates, Inc., White Plains, New York, United States of America.

 

Attila Gere
Department of Postharvest Sciences and Sensory Evaluation, Faculty of Food Sciences, Szent István University, Budapest, Hungary.

 

Derek Roberts
QEP Marketing Clinic, Inc., Chicago, Illinois, United States of America.

 

Divya Nagarajan
MindGen Pte. Ltd., Singapore.

 

Ariola Harizi
Slovak University of Agriculture, Nitra, Slovakia.

 

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/fsarh/v4/6172

Effect of Gossypol on the Rumen Microbial Degradation of Whole Cotton Seed and Grass Hay Incubated in Consecutive Batch Cultures | Chapter 6 | Research Perspectives of Microbiology and Biotechnology Vol. 6

It is well known that cottonseed is widely used as a feed supplement for ruminant animals. However, anti-nutrient gossypol in the seed of cottonseed may cause adverse effects on microbial degradation of the feed. An experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of gossypol on the rumen microbial degradation of whole cottonseed (WCS) and grass hay (GH) with and/or without antinutrient gossypol in a consecutive batch culture (CBC) system. The results obtained from this experiment suggest that the presence of gossypol (1 mM) inhibits dry matter (DM) degradation, gas production from grass hay (GH), and growth of rumen microorganisms in consecutive batch cultures. There was a change in the molar proportion of volatile fatty acids (VFA) when WCS was used as a substrate, suggesting the fermentation of WCS has altered the composition and the activity of the rumen microbial population. However, GH with 1 mM gossypol was still more degradable by mixed rumen microorganisms than WCS, and there was evidence that the microorganism might adapt to the presence of gossypol when GH was the substrate, but not when WCS was used.

 

 

Author (s) Details

Ismartoyo
Department of Animal Science, The University of Hasanuddin, Makassar, 90245, Indonesia.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/rpmab/v6/2214

Exploring the Antifungal Potential of Plant Extracts against Pathogenic Fungi | Chapter 1 | Recent Developments in Chemistry and Biochemistry Research Vol. 7

 

The present study was undertaken to evaluate the in vitro potential of aqueous extracts of plant leaves to inhibit pathogenic fungi. The activities of plant extracts have been shown to be environmentally friendly and effective against plant pathogens. The effect of leaf extract and concentration on growth inhibition of organism I (Aspergillus flavus) in vitro revealed that a concentration of 100g/mL, Moringa oleifera leaf extract (MLE) gave the highest growth inhibition (59.14) followed by Neem (Azadirachta indica) leaf extract (NLE) (49.70) and Bitter leaf (Vernonia amygdalina) extract (BLE) (45.84) respectively while the least growth inhibition on organism 1 (Aspergillus flavus) was by MLE at concentration of 40 g/mL (30.11) followed by NLE at 60 g/mL (32.11) and BLE at 40 g/mL (40.13). On organism 2 (Penicillium waksmanii), MLE at a concentration of 100 g/mL gave the highest growth inhibition of (50.49) followed by NLE (49.01) and BLE (36.72) respectively while the least inhibition on growth of organism 2 in vitro was by BLE at concentration of 60 g/mL (16.05) followed by MLE (40.70) and NLE (40.70) at concentration of 80 g/mL respectively. On organism 3 (Botryodiplodia theobromae), MLE at concentration of 100 g/mL gave the highest inhibition of growth (57.00) followed by NLE (52.71) and BLE (50.15) respectively while the least inhibition on growth of organism 3 in vitro was by BLE at 40 g/mL (21.50) followed by MLE at 60 g/mL (31.06) and NLE at 40 g/mL (41.89). On organism 4 (Fusarium oxysporum), the BLE at 100 g/mL (44.41) while MLE showed the least growth inhibition at 60 g/mL (24.04) followed by BLE at 40 g/mL (26.60) and NLE at 40 g/mL (30.12). The aqueous extracts of leaves of Moringa oleifera, Azadirachta indica and Vernonia amygdalina were found to be effective in inhibiting the radial growth of the fungal organisms in vitro, with inhibition varying from one extract to another. NLE showed the highest grand inhibitory effect of extract concentration on growth inhibition of organism 5 (Colletotrichum asianum) in vitro at 100 g/mL (53.68) followed by MLE at 100 g/mL (51.51) and BLE at 100 g/mL (40.94). The least inhibitory effect on the growth of organism 5 in vitro was by BLE at 80 g/mL (21.26) followed by NLE at 40 g/mL (22.25) and MLE at 40 g/mL (32.69). The controls ranged from 2.23 to 4.31 across all extract concentrations and fungal isolates. There were significant differences in growth inhibition between extract concentrations and their controls on all fungal isolates. The use of plant extracts provides an alternative means for controlling plant pathogenic fungi. This is an important step in developing plant-based biopesticides as ideal treatments for future plant disease management programmes. These botanicals are not only environmentally friendly, cost-effective, easy to produce and easy to apply formulations, but they are also safe for consumers and provide alternative means for controlling plant pathogenic fungi.

 

Author (s) Details

 

Liamngee Kator
Department of Biological Sciences, Benue State University Makurdi, Benue State, Nigeria.

 

Zakki Yula Hosea
Department of Biological Sciences, Benue State University Makurdi, Benue State, Nigeria.

 

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/rdcbr/v7/756

Effect of Forage Amounts on In vitro Degradability, Fermentation and Methane Profiles of Seven Forages at Two Time Periods | Chapter 2 | Research Advances in Microbiology and Biotechnology Vol. 9

 Factorial experiments (exp) compared the effect increasing amounts of tested forages on degradability and fermentation profiles of seven forages during in vitroincubations with 40 ml of buffered RF (inoculum, RI) for 48 and 96 hours. This exp(7 × 3 × 2) involved 7 forages each of 3 amounts (Am, 0.1, 0.2 and 0.4 g)for two incubation times (T, 48 and 96 hours). The main effects of F, Am and F × Am were significant (P< 0.05) for In vitro dry matter degradability (IVD) and In vitro organic matter degradability(IVOMD) which decreased with increasing amounts of forages. The fermentation profiles varied with the type and amountof forages and T. It appeared that the degradability and fermentation profiles of different forages were influenced by T and amount of substrate used during in vitro incubations. However, the changes in IVD and fermentation profiles were not proportionate to the change in forage from 0.1 to 0.4 g. Thus, the uses of 0.4 g substrate are proposed to be used for subsequent studies to rank a wide range of feed ingredients.

Author(s) Details:

M. M. H. Khan,
Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Sylhet Agricultural University, Sylhet-3100, Bangladesh.

A. S. Chaudhry,
School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/RAMB/article/view/12953

Noteworthy of Rumen Microbial Degradation of Defatted Oilseeds Incubated in a Consecutive Batch Culture (CBC) System | Chapter 4 | Current Perspectives in Agriculture and Food Science Vol. 6

 Fat has an main role in contemplative diet. It can be utilised as energy beginning, although maybe reduce the progress of rumen microbes. An analysis was conducted to check the microbial degradation of defatted whole cottonseed (WCS) distinguished with other oilseeds in a ensuing batch civilization (CBC) system. The choice of the oilseeds were DRS1= defatted rape seed cv. Bienvenu, DRS2 = defatted rape seed cv. Libravo, DRS3 = defatted rape children cv. Samourai, DMS = defatted mustard source, DLS = defatted linseed. The CBC system was established in accordance with the methods of Theodorou [1]. The results concerning this experiment indicated that elimination fat from rape seeds and linseed increased DM misfortune and gas result. In contrast, removing fat from WCS acted not improve its DM deficit (p<0.05, SED = 12.7) indicating that the depressed DM loss of WCS was not on account of the fat content. In conclusion, although WCS contains bigger fibre content than other oilseeds, it need further analysis whether the fibre content, fat content or antagonistic-nutrients may cause the reduced microbial fermentation of WCS.

Author(s) Details:

Ismartoyo,
Department of Animal Science, University of Hasanuddin, Makassar, 90245, Indonesia.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/CPAFS-V6/article/view/12342

In vitro Micropropagation of Wild Blueberry Spread in Armenia | Chapter 8 | Cutting Edge Research in Biology Vol. 6

The practice and the results of the action unequivocally prove the achievement of superior results: the plants acquire more evident vitality characteristics (distinguished with the everyday product of establishiing material), and in the case of fruit and kernel crops, an increase in yield is achieved. All this definitely testifies in favor of the case that clonal micropropagation is an advanced technology in gardening. In vitro methods of biotechnology have happened used for resolving of germination stages and evolve conditions of Vaccinium L. subgenera spread in Armenia (Vaccinium myrtillus L. and Vaccinium uliginosum L., that is involved operating at a loss Book of Armenia). These studies reveal that best conditions for in vitro pregnancy of wild blueberry Vaccinium myrtillus and Vaccinium uliginosum children were: cold stratification 4-5 0C for 8 weeks, in what way the percentage of germinated children was 74.2 – 88.3%. According to our research, it is recommended to complete activity a preliminary cold stratification of sources. The composition of the medium's grow managers affects the resolved subgenera's capacity for dash and root regeneration. This Vaccinium L. In vitro study maybe applied to development and production methods in the future.

Author(s) Details:

Z. E. Harutyunyan,
Armenian National Agrarian University, 74, st. Teryan, Yerevan, Republic of Armenia.

I. V. Vardanian,
Scientific Center of Vegetable and Industrial Crops, Ministry of Economy of the Republic of Armenia, 38, st. D.Ladoyan, com. Darakert, Ararat region, 0808, Republic of Armenia.

Z. H. Hoveyan,
Armenian National Agrarian University, 74, st. Teryan, Yerevan, Republic of Armenia.

G. Zh Sargsyan,
Scientific Center of Vegetable and Industrial Crops, Ministry of Economy of the Republic of Armenia, 38, st. D.Ladoyan, com. Darakert, Ararat region, 0808, Republic of Armenia.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/CERB-V6/article/view/10223

Phenolic Compounds from Rumex L: Their Extraction, Structural Identification and Biological Activity| Chapter 3 | Progress in Chemical Science Research Vol. 5

 Rumex pamiricus roots' chloroform fraction extract yielded three known anthraquinone derivatives, while Rumex conglomeratus roots' ethyl acetate fraction extract yielded two known substances. The in vitro antimicrobial effects of Rumex confertus and Rumex pamiricus essential oils, as well as those of Rumex pamiricus aerial parts extracts in gasoline, chloroform, ethyl acetate, butanol, and alcohol, were studied.

Author(s) Details:

G. D. Shermatova,
Institute of The Chemistry of Plant Substances (Named After Acad. S.Yu. Yunusov Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Uzbekistan), 100170, 77, M. Ulugbek Street, Tashkent, Uzbekistan.

K. A. Eshbakova,
Institute of The Chemistry of Plant Substances (Named After Acad. S.Yu. Yunusov Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Uzbekistan), 100170, 77, M. Ulugbek Street, Tashkent, Uzbekistan.

S. M. Mavlyanov,
Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry (Named After Acad. O.S. Sadykov Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Uzbekistan), 100125, 83, M. Ulugbek Street, Tashkent, Uzbekistan.

B. A. Shamuratov,
Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry (Named After Acad. O.S. Sadykov Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Uzbekistan), 100125, 83, M. Ulugbek Street, Tashkent, Uzbekistan.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/PCSR-V5/article/view/8478

Pharmacotherapeutic Potential of Lawsonia inermis L.: Implications and Future Prospective | Chapter 14 | Current Aspects in Pharmaceutical Research and Development Vol. 8

 Both therapeutic and economic uses have been discovered for henna (Lawsonia inermis). Mehendi is made from the pigment lawsone, which is obtained from this plant. The henna plant contains a large number of secondary metabolites, which provide it medicinal qualities such as anticarcinogenic, antidiabetic, analgesic, immunostimulatory, and many others. This produces a big demand pressure that traditional farming can't provide because of the low multiplication rate. The study's main goals are to develop the plant from the lab to the field, analyse the secondary metabolite content of the plant using multiple assays, and see if in vitro plants have higher secondary metabolic accumulation than in vivo plants. HPLC analysis and comparative transcriptome analysis were performed, followed by KEGG analysis of the pathways, to further validate the findings. Methanol performed the best in the secondary metabolic assessments of all the solvents employed in the study. It was also intriguing to discover that in vitro plants accumulated more secondary metabolites than plants in the wild. The TRAPID platform revealed a substantial difference between the plant transcript sets, indicating that gene families and enzymes contributing to secondary metabolites being more abundant in vitro plants. For tissue culture produced plants, KEGG analysis revealed a vast number of pathways associated to secondary metabolites, such as terpenoids, phenols, and flavonoid production, which can be blamed for the plant's diverse medicinal and commercial qualities. As a result, this research reveals that in vitro henna plants accumulate more secondary metabolites and have a higher multiplication rate than traditional farming. These expanded secondary metabolic pathways can improve the efficiency of in vitro plants for the commercial and pharmaceutical industries, allowing them to be propagated in a stable and controlled environment without exposing the plant to stress, preventing overexploitation.

Author(S) Details

Debapriya Das
Lady Brabourne College, India.

Sayak Ganguli
St. Xavier’s College (Autonomous), India.

Debleena Roy
Lady Brabourne College, India.

View Book:- https://stm.bookpi.org/CAPRD-V8/article/view/5690

Study on Evaluation of the Efficacy of Different Fungicides against Fusarium musae, a Fruit Rot Disease of Banana | Chapter 10 | New Visions in Biological Science Vol. 4

 Due to the paucity of research on fusarium fruit rot diseases of banana and their management in India, it is thought worthwhile to conduct research on fusarium fruit rot diseases of banana and their management in south Gujarat in order to extend the shelf life of banana fruits and reduce losses caused by post-harvest diseases. As a result, the current investigation was launched. In this study, nine fungicides were tested against F. musae using the poison food technique on PDA medium at various concentrations. Mancozeb 75 WP at 2500ppm, azoxystrobin (20%) + difenoconazole (12.5%) at 1000ppm, and propiconazole (25 EC) at 500ppm and 1000ppm were found to be the most superior because they completely inhibited F. musae mycelial growth In vivo, the lowest fusarium fruit rot severity was found with propiconazole (25 EC) at 1000ppm in pre (6.61 percent) and post-inoculation (6.7 percent) treatments at 8 days after inoculation in pre (6.61 percent) and post-inoculation (6.7 percent) treatments at 8 days after inoculation. At 8 days after inoculation, azoxystrobin (20%) + difenoconazole (12.5%) at 500ppm and chlorothalonil (75 WP) at 2500ppm were shown to be the least efficient in decreasing the severity of fusarium fruit rot in pre and post inoculation treatments.

Author(S) Details

Tushar T. Baria
Department of Plant Pathology, N. M. College of Agriculture, Navsari Agricultural University, Navsari, Gujarat, 396 450, India.

View Book:- https://stm.bookpi.org/NVBS-V4/article/view/4302

Comparison of in vitro Digestibility and Rumen Fluid Characteristics between the Tithonia (Tithonia diversifolia) with Elephant Grass (Pennisetum purpureum): An Advanced Study | Chapter 6 | Current Research in Agriculture and Veterinary Sciences Vol. 3

 The goal of this study was to see how tithonia (Tithonia diversifolia) and elephant grass (Pennisetum purpureum) affected in vitro digestibility and rumen fluid characteristics. This study used a randomized block design with three treatments (the amount of tithonia and elephant grass) and five replications. The following treatments were carried out: T1 is all tithonia; T2 is all elephant grass; and T3 is half tithonia and half elephant grass. An analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed on the data, and differences between treatment means were tested using

Author (s) Details

Prof. Dr. Novirman Jamarun
Faculty of Animal Science, Andalas University, Padang, West Sumatera, Indonesia.

Roni Pazla
Faculty of Animal Science, Andalas University, Padang, West Sumatera, Indonesia.

Mardiati Zain
Faculty of Animal Science, Andalas University, Padang, West Sumatera, Indonesia.

Arief
Faculty of Animal Science, Andalas University, Padang, West Sumatera, Indonesia.

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/CRAVS-V3/article/view/1585

Research on the Effect of Bacterial Cell Wall Components on Callus Growth of Phoenix dactylifera L. cv. Barhee Propagated through in vitro | Chapter 3 | Recent Progress in Microbiology and Biotechnology Vol. 3

 This study was performed on date palm CV shoot tip explants. Barhee to examine the effect of components of the bacterial cell wall on initial growth of the callus. MS media was served as a control treatment. Results showed that compared to that of MS control media, all bacterial media treatments significantly increased callus fresh weight and nitrogen concentration of media. The highest values of callus fresh weight and nitrogen concentration (518 mg and 3,3089 percent) were provided by bacterial media treatment of 2.5 (v / v) respectively, while MS control media had the lowest values (193 mg and 0.01 percent) respectively. The combination of 2.5 (v / v) bacterial media treatment and 60-day incubation had the highest significant increase in fresh callous weight (631 mg), while the combination of 30-day MS control media treatment and incubation time had the lowest value (166 mg) in this regard.

Author(s) Details

Ali H. M. Attaha
Department of Horticulture and Landscape, College of Agriculture, University of Basrah, Iraq.

Assistant Professor Hussien K. Abdul-Sada
Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, University of Basrah, Iraq.

Muna A.Y. Al-Mussawii
Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, University of Basrah, Iraq.

View Book :- https://bp.bookpi.org/index.php/bpi/catalog/book/289

In vitro Antioxidant Effects and α -Amylase and α - Glucosidase Inhibitory Activity of Cissus polyantha Aqueous Extract | Chapter 10 | Current Topics in Medicine and Medical Research Vol.2

Cissus polyantha (Vitaceae) is a plant used in Cameroonian traditional medicine for the treatment of
diabetes. The aims of this study were to evaluate the in vitro antioxidant and antidiabetic activities of
the aqueous extract of Cissus polyantha leafy stems. The enzyme inhibitory activity was determined
in vitro on α-amylase and α-glucosidase enzymes, followed by confirmative study in vivo on normal
rats (oral starch and sucrose tolerance tests at doses of 111, 222 and 444 mg/kg). The ferric reducing
antioxidant power and the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) antiradical activity of the extract were
examined to evaluate the antioxidant potential of the extract.The total content of phenols, flavonoids
and tannins of the extract were also determined. Results showed an inhibitory effect of the extract on
the α-amylase and α-glucosidase activity with IC50 values of 216.14 and 182.40 µg/mL respectively.
The extract at doses of 222 and 444 mg/kg induced a significant decrease in postprandial glycaemia
during the starch and sucrose tolerance tests. A remarkable antiradical activity of the extract was
obtained, although lower than that of the standard product. The aqueous extract of leafy stems of
Cissus polyantha has an interesting inhibitory activity on the α-amylase and α-glucosidase enzymes,
as well as an antioxidant potential, thus validating its use in traditional medicine for the treatment of
diabetes mellitus and its complications.

Author(s) Details

Wansi Ngnokam Sylvie Léa
Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Dschang, West Region, Cameroon.

Miaffo David
Department of Life and Earth Sciences, Higher Teachers’ Training College, University of Maroua, Far North Region, Cameroon

Mahamad Abba Talba
Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, University of Maroua, Far North Region, Maroua, Cameroon.

View Book :- http://bp.bookpi.org/index.php/bpi/catalog/book/220