Gossypol Inhibit Protein Activity in the Animal Cell Culture and Probably can Act as Anticancer Agent | Chapter 5 | Innovations in Biological Science Vol. 8

An experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of gossypol on the growth and protein content of animal cells in culture. Four treatments examined were To = cells + media, Te = cells + ethanol, Tgl = cells + 5 \(\mu\)M gossypol, and TgH = cells + 20 \(\mu\)M gossypol. Total protein was examined spectrophotometrically and the cell cultures were established according to a standard method at Tissue Culture Laboratory Aberdeen University Scotland United Kingdom (UK). Gossypol was obtained from Sigma, Ltd., Poole, Dorset, UK. Secondary 3T3 animal cells and reagents standard medium were obtained from Life Technologies Ltd. Paisley, UK. The results of this experiment indicated that the presence of gossypol 5 \(\mu\)M and 20 \(\mu\)M inhibited (p<0.01) the cell growth and the protein content of the animal cells in culture. However, the cells appeared to adapt to the presence of gossypol 5 \(\mu\)M in culture. Gossypol 20 \(\mu\)M (TgH) completely stopped the increase in number of the cells. It was concluded that the protein content of animal cells in culture was adversely affected by gossypol probably due to protein-gossypol binding which reduced protein availability for growth and protein synthesis. It is considered that gossypol may be used as an anticancer agent.

 

Author(s) Details

Ismartoyo
Department of Animal Science, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, 90245, Indonesia.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/ibs/v8/1217

Degradation of Whole Cottonseed and Grass Hay by the Ruminal Bacteria and Their Survival in the Presence and Absence of Gossypol in Culture |Chapter 8 | Research Perspectives of Microbiology and Biotechnology Vol. 6

 

Whole Cottonseed (WCS) in vitro rumen incubation was applied to determine their nutrient and gossypol degradation characteristics and bacterial degradation profile in a consecutive batch culture system. It has been found that the presence of gossypol at 1 mM significantly depressed dry matter loss, gas production, and survival of mixed rumen microbes in culture.  Mixed rumen microbes appeared to adapt to the presence of gossypol in culture. However, it is still unclear which of the rumen microbes were affected by the gossypol.  Fractionation of the rumen microbial population was conducted to separate as much as possible, rumen bacteria from rumen protozoa and fungi.  The fermentation of whole cottonseed (WCS), grass hay (GH) by the bacteria was then studied in the presence and absence of gossypol in culture. The results of this experiment showed that there were significant differences (p<0.01) in the rumen bacterial degradation of WCS, GH with and without gossypol.  GH was the most degradable and WCS the least degradable of these substrates for rumen bacteria.  Similarly, fermentation of GH resulted in higher (p<0.01) gas production than that of WCS and GH with gossypol demonstrating that bacterial fermentation was reduced. Rumen bacteria did not appear to adapt to the presence of 1 mM gossypol suggesting that they were severely affected by gossypol.

 

Author (s) Details

 

Ismartoyo
Department of Animal Science, The University of Hasanuddin, Makassar, 90245, Indonesia.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/rpmab/v6/2322

 

Effect of Gossypol on the Rumen Microbial Degradation of Whole Cotton Seed and Grass Hay Incubated in Consecutive Batch Cultures | Chapter 6 | Research Perspectives of Microbiology and Biotechnology Vol. 6

It is well known that cottonseed is widely used as a feed supplement for ruminant animals. However, anti-nutrient gossypol in the seed of cottonseed may cause adverse effects on microbial degradation of the feed. An experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of gossypol on the rumen microbial degradation of whole cottonseed (WCS) and grass hay (GH) with and/or without antinutrient gossypol in a consecutive batch culture (CBC) system. The results obtained from this experiment suggest that the presence of gossypol (1 mM) inhibits dry matter (DM) degradation, gas production from grass hay (GH), and growth of rumen microorganisms in consecutive batch cultures. There was a change in the molar proportion of volatile fatty acids (VFA) when WCS was used as a substrate, suggesting the fermentation of WCS has altered the composition and the activity of the rumen microbial population. However, GH with 1 mM gossypol was still more degradable by mixed rumen microorganisms than WCS, and there was evidence that the microorganism might adapt to the presence of gossypol when GH was the substrate, but not when WCS was used.

 

 

Author (s) Details

Ismartoyo
Department of Animal Science, The University of Hasanuddin, Makassar, 90245, Indonesia.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/rpmab/v6/2214

The Effect of Various Concentrations of Antinutrient Gossypol on the Adherence of Anaerobic Rumen Fungi to Cellulose in Culture | Chapter 10 | Contemporary Research and Perspectives in Biological Science Vol. 6

It has been reported that gossypol toxicity in ruminants and in other experiments that gossypol inhibits rumen microbial growth and fermentation by rumen bacteria and rumen protozoa. A further experiment in vitro was conducted to investigate whether the presence of gossypol may inhibit attachment by the rumen fungi.  Antinutrient gossypol has been known to depress dry matter (DM) loss, gas production, altered volatile acid (VFA) concentration, survival of mixed rumen bacteria, and protozoa in culture. However, mixed rumen microbes appeared to adapt to the presence of the gossypol in culture. It is still unclear whether the rumen fungus was also affected by the gossypol. An experiment was conducted to investigate the attachment of rumen fungus to cellulose in the presence of gossypol in a consecutive batch culture system. A modified version of medium 2 was prepared under anaerobic conditions using O₂-free CO₂. The results of this experiment indicated that the total count of ¹⁴C-labelled fungus strain RE1 attached to cellulose in the control treatment increased as times of incubation increased. However, the presence of gossypol 0.1 mM decreased (p<0.05) the attachment of the rumen fungus to cellulose. It was concluded that the presence of gossypol in culture affects the life cycle of the rumen fungi possibly through binding of gossypol to attachment receptors on the fungal surface.

 

Author (s) Details

 

Ismartoyo
Department of Animal Science, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/crpbs/v6/3328

Effects of Whole Cottonseed Supplementation on Rumen Microbial Populations in Sheep Fed Grass Hay | Chapter 3 | Contemporary Research and Perspectives in Biological Science Vol. 10

The aim of this experiment was to investigate the effects of feeding whole cottonseed (WCS) on the numbers of rumen microbes in the rumen of sheep fed grass hay (GH). During the first week of the experiment, two sheep were fed 800 g GH and 250 g concentrates, 50 g WCS, and 15 g minerals mixed. The whole cottonseed supplement was increased gradually as a substitute for GH, grass cube, and whole barley to reach level of 300 g WCS d^-1 by the fourth week, and 500 g WCS d^-1 by the eighth week. The results of this experiment indicated that supplementation up to 300 g d^-1 did not affect the numbers of rumen bacteria and Polyplastron. However, the suplementation WCS at 500 g d^-1 depressed the number of rumen fungi and protozoa. There was an indication of both the resilience of the rumen bacteria and the reductions in fungal and protozoal populations. It was concluded that the decrease in the number of rumen microbes might be due to the increase in the amounts of WCS supplement which contributed to additional dietary gossypol of 964 mg d^-1 and additional dietary fat of 70 g kg^-1 diet. In conclusion, supplementation WCS at 500 g d^-1 for sheep fed GH resulted in partial defaunation of the rumen.

 

Author (s) Details

 

Ismartoyo
Department of Animal Science, Hasanuddin University, Makassar- 90245, Indonesia.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/crpbs/v10/4244

Alarmingly Finding the Growth of Animal Cell (Mouse Fibroblast) in the Presence of Antinutrient Gossypol in Culture | Chapter 12 | Innovations in Biological Science Vol. 5

 

An experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of gossypol on growth of animal cells in culture. A cells culture was established according to the methods of Freshney (2010). Four treatments examined were To= cells + media, Te= cells + ethanol, Tgl= cells + 5 µM gossypol, and TgH= cells + 20 µM gossypol. The results of this experiment indicated that the presence of gossypol 5 µM inhibited (p<0.01) cells growth, and gossypol at 20 µM completely stopped the increased in the numbers of cells. It was concluded that the division and growth of animal cells in culture were adversely depressed by gossypol probably due to gossypol-protein complexes which enveloping cells, preventing protein transferred from media to cells, and reduced the nutrient availability for growth.

 

Author(s)details:-

 

Ismartoyo
Department of Animal Science, Hasanuddin University, Makassar-90245, Indonesia.

 

Please See the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/ibs/v5/577

The Unique Finding of Rumen Protozoal Degradation of Grass Hay in Culture in the Presence of Anti-nutrient Gossypol | Chapter 16 | Innovations in Biological Science Vol. 1

 It has been known that rumen protozoa degrade plant cell walls and the removal of the rumen protozoa from rumen liquid decreased the degradation of cellulose and hemicellulose. However, the role of protozoa in the feed degradation in the complexity of the rumen microbial ecosystem remains challenging. The main aim of this experiment was to examine the effects of gossypol on rumen protozoa fermentation of grass hay (GH) with and without gossypol. The volumes of gas production were measured using the method of Menke and Steingass (1988). The results of this experiment show that gas production rate (c=0.081) from GH is higher than that of GH treated with gossypol 1mM (c=0.013), 5mM (0.013), 5mM (0.004). However, the potential gas production (a+b=17.1) and the asymptote (b=19.1) of GH were much lower than gossypol treated substrates suggesting that the presence of gossypol in the culture resulted in more gas from GH.  However, the increase in gas production which occurred when gossypol was added to GH conversely correlated with the DM losses of the GH.  In the presence of gossypol, there was a change in the molar proportions of VFA (Volatile Fatty Acids) suggesting that the presence of gossypol may have altered the fermentative activity of rumen protozoa in culture.

Author(s) Details:

Ismartoyo,
Department of Animal Science, The University of Hasanuddin, Makassar, 90245, Indonesia.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/IBS-V1/article/view/14067

Noteworthy Red Blood Cells Fragility of Sheep Fed Whole Cottonseed as a Feed Supplement for a Basal Diet Grass Hay | Chapter 11 | Advanced Research in Biological Science Vol. 8

It has been reported that inclusion of whole cottonseed (WCS) in the diet of sheep increased red blood fragility (RBC). The effect of gossypol on erythrocyte fragility can be used to measure the safe feeding levels of cottonseed products to animals. An investigation was conducted to examine the effect of feeding WCS as a supplement for sheep fed grass hay on the RBC. The sheep were kept in an individual metabolism crate and fed 4 diets treatment (T1-T4). The 4 diets offered were T1 = grass hay (GH) alone, T2 = GH + 150 g WCS, T3 = GH + 300 g WCS, and T4 = GH + 500 g WCS per day (fresh basis). The results of this experiment indicated that the RBC fragility was sensitive to WCS intake. Although the increased in the hemolysis of RBC of the sheep fed T3 and T4 did not appear to be detrimental, nevertheless, prolonged feeding WCS would probably induce changes in and the damage to the blood constituents. In general, it may be concluded that supplementation at 500 g WCS d-1 (37% of the diet) which contributed to additional dietary gossypol and dietary fat significantly depressed   feed digestibility. The osmotic fragility of RBC was also increased at this level of WCS supplementation suggesting that some of diet free gossypol escaped from rumen detoxification and/or some bound gossypol might be hydrolysed in the rumen and absorbed via the small intestine, which induced biochemical changes resulting in increased RBC fragility.

Author(s) Details:

Ismartoyo,
Department of Animal Science, Hasanuddin University, Makassar-90245, Indonesia.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/ARBS-V8/article/view/13479

Supplementation of Whole Cottonseeds in Ruminal Fermentation and Digestibility in Sheep Fed a Basal Diet with Grass Hay | Chapter 13 | Advanced Research in Biological Science Vol. 5

 Whole cottonseed (WCS) is rich in strength, protein and crude fibre content that is a good to be secondhand as a feed supplement for contemplative.  This experiment was conducted in vivo to scrutinize the effects of augmenting WCS as a supplement for sheep augment GH (Grass hay) on the obvious feed digestibility, and the rumen effervescence.  Four various diets (T1-T4) were used, GH unique, or GH plus 150, 300 or 500 g WCS d-1 (fresh action).  Latin square (4x4) exploratory design was employed to analyze the feed digestibility and feed effervescence. The main objective of the in vivo experiment was to try digestibility and rumen traits (pH, ammonia and VFA aggregation) of sheep augment the four diets. The results concerning this experiment indicated that supplementation of GH accompanying WCS at level of 500 g d-1 (0.37 of the diet) reduced DM, ADF and NDF digestibility. There was no statistically meaningful effect on total rumen VFA, unexpected the molar magnitudes of acetate, propionate and butyrate were altered apiece best rate of inclusion of WCS. These results submitted that WCS might have diminished the numbers or actions of cellulolytic rumen microorganisms.

Author(s) Details:

Ismartoyo,
Department of Animal Nutrition, Faculty of Animal Science, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, South Sulawesi, 90245, Indonesia.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/ARBS-V5/article/view/12586