Synthesis, Morphological Studies of Nanocellulose Fibers of Mango Wood| Chapter 10 | Chemical and Materials Sciences: Research Findings Vol. 6

 

Agricultural biomasses are the prominent natural sources of cellulose currently available on the planet. When this was treated chemically, this acquires the properties such as toughness, good biocompatibility, and higher thermal stability. The purpose of this study is to transform agricultural biomass into value-added material through green synthesis, and hence, the nanocellulose is synthesised from Mango wood. In this study, Nanocellulose was extracted from Mango wood (Mangifera indica), a widely available agricultural biomass. The cellulose was alkali-treated, followed by bleaching to remove lignin and hemicellulose, pectins, and waxes. The green solvent, i.e., Ionic liquid (1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ([Bmim]Cl) was used to dissolve cellulose to yield Nanocellulose through sonication and centrifugation. FT-IR, X-Ray Diffraction, SEM, TEM, and Thermo Gravimetry studies were used to examine the functionality, crystallinity, and morphology of synthesised nanocellulose. The functional groups and significant conversion of cellulose to nanocellulose are confirmed by FT-IR spectra. The crystallinity of the synthesised nanocellulose is illustrated by XRD. The surface architecture and size obtained are represented by SEM and TEM monographs. The TEM images depict that the synthesised nanocellulose has a dimension between 27.33 and 34.85 nm. The thermal studies evidenced that the synthesised nanocellulose shows superior thermal stability up to 473.8°C. As a result of high thermal resistance, this can be used in the manufacture of high-temperature-resistant materials. Due to their smaller size, these can be used to manufacture high-strength nanocomposites. The efficient conversion of agricultural waste into value-added material is achieved through a greener pathway. This study demonstrates the practical application of nanocellulose synthesised from agricultural biomass, providing a sustainable approach to solid waste management and reducing chemical usage in nanocellulose production in India.

 

 

Author(s) Details

Prasannakumar J K
Department of Chemistry, Bapuji Institute of Engineering and Technology, Affiliated to VTU, Belagavi, Karnataka, India.

 

Krishnakumar T K
Department of Physics, Bapuji Institute of Engineering and Technology, Affiliated to VTU, Belagavi, Karnataka, India.

 

Vijayakumar T N
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Bapuji Institute of Engineering and Technology, Davanagere-577004, Affiliated to VTU, Belagavi, Karnataka, India.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/cmsrf/v6/6740

Poha Consumption and Glycemic Control: An Experimental Study| Chapter 14 | Medical Research and Its Applications Vol. 9

 

Background of the Study: A research study on poha consumption and glycemic control was conducted with the objective of assessing the efficacy of glycemic control. The population included patients with type-2 Diabetes Mellitus. They were allowed to continue their normal life pattern during the addition of poha as a diet.

 

Materials and Methods: A one-group pretest post-test design was used for the study. The sample size was 100. The setting was a selected village in Mangalore taluk in Dakshina Kannada district of Karnataka. The systematic sampling was used for the study.

 

Results: The post-test GRBS levels of all the patients were lesser than the pretest levels after one week of pretest. The patients did not have any additional complaints. The study was significant and was tested at a 0.05 level.

 

Conclusion: Poha is a part of the normal occasional diet in south India. Due to the ignorance of the glycemic control effect of this food, people do not consume it regularly. Because of the fiber content and slow release of glucose from the body, regular consumption of his food is very effective in controlling hyperglycemia. A large-scale awareness is to be created among the diabetic population regarding the efficacy of this food.

 

 

Author(s) Details

N.M. Jose

Srinivasa Institute of Nursing Sciences, Mukka, Mangalore, Karnataka, India.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/mria/v9/243

Use of Enzymatic Catalysis with Trichoderma sp., for Deinking of MOW Type Paper in Flotation Columns | Chapter 6 | Chemical and Materials Sciences: Developments and Innovations Vol. 7

 Deinking, up to now, is generally carried out under alkaline conditions and requires the use of chemical reagents such as sodium hydroxide, hydrogen peroxide, sodium silicate, etc., to be more efficient in the process and obtain a product with specific optical properties. Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) is traditionally used to hydrolyze cellulose fibers, and to set the pH of the medium to values greater than 10, during deinking of MOW (Mixed Office Waste) type paper; however, substantial amounts of solid and liquid waste are created, and their management is problematic and dangerous. Recently, the implementation of biological treatments; for example, enzymatic deinking, is presented as an option to deink mixed office prints at neutral pH; that is, with the minimum use of chemical reagents and, therefore, better waste management and less environmental impact.

The main objective of this research work is to study the mechanism of hydrolysis, detachment and ink capture in the bubble-enzyme-ink particle system, during the deinking of office paper-type MOW, using a laboratory column flotation. The cellulase enzyme Trichoderma sp. was used.

The efficiency of deinking office paper using enzymes, and the traditional procedure using sodium hydroxide is compared. The quality of the deinked fibers by measuring their optical properties (whiteness, reflectance, opacity, black spots and tonality) was performed in the Laboratory of the Paper Industry Bio Papel Scribe SA de CV, located in the city of Morelia, Michoacán, México.

The operational variables of the flotation column were established through experiments in the water-air system and by adding 100 ppm of pine oil as a surfactant (surface tension of the liquid in 56.6 dynes /cm). The superficial air flowrate was set at 1.27 cm /s (6 LPM), whereas the pulp feed flow rate was 0.88 cm /s. For each deinking procedure samples were collected from the tailings stream (deinked fiber), with standard laboratory sheets, conforming to the standard TAPPI T-205-OM-81, to which the optical properties were determined: ISO whiteness (Brightness), Factor of Reflectance, Opacity and Tonality.

The experimental results show the feasibility of recycling MOW-type office paper by using the enzyme cellulase Endo-β-1,4-D-glucanase and the amino acids Aspartate, Glutamate and Asparagine; the latter, individually and mixed. The optical properties of the sheets of paper formed with the cellulose deinked by this procedure were better than those evaluated to sheets of paper formed with fibers of recycled and deinked paper by the traditional procedure. In the case of the combined use of the three amino acids, the ISO whiteness is 90.8%, 303.4 ppm of black spots, reflectance of 47.1% and 89.5 of opacity. By the traditional procedure, the reported whiteness is 80.2%, the reflectance is 57.4%, and the opacity is 99.6%.

From the paper deinking experiments using the conventional method with NaOH and enzymatic deinking with the help of the commercial enzyme Cellulase Trichoderma sp., it is concluded that the optical and physical properties in the fiber deinked by the conventional method are slightly better than those obtained in the fiber deinked with the enzyme cellulase; however, the weight ratio between the enzyme and the MOW paper should be varied to establish the possibility of improving the optical characteristics of the deinked fibers with this enzyme, until reaching optical properties greater than the deinked with NaOH.

 

Author (s) Details

 

Jeovani González P.
Institute of Research in Metallurgy and Materials, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Santiago Tapia 403, C.P. 58000, Morelia, Michoacán, México.

 

Ramiro Escudero G.
Institute of Research in Metallurgy and Materials, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Santiago Tapia 403, C.P. 58000, Morelia, Michoacán, México.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/cmsdi/v7/3063

Application of Amino-acids for Deinking of MOW-type Paper in Flotation Columns | Chapter 5 | Chemical and Materials Sciences: Developments and Innovations Vol. 7

Mixed waste from office paper (MOW) is an excellent source of low-cost, high-quality fiber for the papermaking industry. It is a fast-growing source of materials for recycling and the most difficult raw material to deink. The limitations in conventional deinking such paper are related to the negative environmental impacts that chemical substances can cause, which is why deinking in a neutral medium is receiving increasing attention. This study focuses on investigating the effect of the application of the amino acids Aspartate, Glutamate, and Asparagine in the deinking of office paper using a flotation column on a laboratory scale.

The methodology involves sample preparation, pretreatment, flotation, paper manufacture, microscopy analysis, and optical property evaluation. Here, 9 experimental series were carried out, modifying the amino acid dose from 0.1% to 0.2% on a dry paper basis. In the pretreatment, different doses of each amino acid and a mixture of the three were tested at different temperatures and pH conditions. The quality evaluation of the paper was carried out after the measurement execution of the optical properties of the paper (brightness, tonality, opacity and content of impurities), and the analysis of the scanning electron microscope (SEM). The best optical characteristics were obtained when using the mixture of the three amino acids at 0.6% on a dry weight basis of the paper to be deinked, proposed in this study, with 90.8% whiteness. From scanning electron microscopy analysis, no superficial damage to fiber morphology is observed in any of the fiber samples after deinking. The product of the mixture of the three amino acids, Aspartate, Glutamate and Asparagine, is useful and effective in the deinking of MOW paper, and it is also respectful with the environment, since only with its reactivity in this process, it achieves results of whiteness, cleanliness, color and shine far superior to those obtained by conventional methods.

 

Author (s) Details

 

Jeovani González P.
Institute of Research in Metallurgy and Materials, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Santiago Tapia 403, C.P. 58000, Morelia, Michoacán, México.

 

Ramiro Escudero G.
Institute of Research in Metallurgy and Materials, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Santiago Tapia 403, C.P. 58000, Morelia, Michoacán, México.

 

Rosa E. Pérez Sánchez
Pharmacobiology Faculty, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Santiago Tapia 403, C.P. 58000, Morelia, Michoacán, México.

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/cmsdi/v7/3062

The Effect of Various Concentrations of Antinutrient Gossypol on the Adherence of Anaerobic Rumen Fungi to Cellulose in Culture | Chapter 10 | Contemporary Research and Perspectives in Biological Science Vol. 6

It has been reported that gossypol toxicity in ruminants and in other experiments that gossypol inhibits rumen microbial growth and fermentation by rumen bacteria and rumen protozoa. A further experiment in vitro was conducted to investigate whether the presence of gossypol may inhibit attachment by the rumen fungi.  Antinutrient gossypol has been known to depress dry matter (DM) loss, gas production, altered volatile acid (VFA) concentration, survival of mixed rumen bacteria, and protozoa in culture. However, mixed rumen microbes appeared to adapt to the presence of the gossypol in culture. It is still unclear whether the rumen fungus was also affected by the gossypol. An experiment was conducted to investigate the attachment of rumen fungus to cellulose in the presence of gossypol in a consecutive batch culture system. A modified version of medium 2 was prepared under anaerobic conditions using O₂-free CO₂. The results of this experiment indicated that the total count of ¹⁴C-labelled fungus strain RE1 attached to cellulose in the control treatment increased as times of incubation increased. However, the presence of gossypol 0.1 mM decreased (p<0.05) the attachment of the rumen fungus to cellulose. It was concluded that the presence of gossypol in culture affects the life cycle of the rumen fungi possibly through binding of gossypol to attachment receptors on the fungal surface.

 

Author (s) Details

 

Ismartoyo
Department of Animal Science, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/crpbs/v6/3328

Edible Coatings and Films in Grapevine By-Product Infusions and Freshly Processed Products | Chapter 7 | Research Perspectives of Microbiology and Biotechnology Vol. 1

This book chapter focuses on the environmental issues linked with the wine industry, mainly the amount of waste it generates. However, studies have shown that the by-products of this waste, including grapes, skins, seeds, and leaves, contain essential biocompounds and nutrients like phenolic compounds, flavonoids, procyanidins, and vitamin C that are beneficial to human health. These by-products have been found to possess antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, cardioprotective, anti-aging, and anti-cancer properties. However, due to their perishable nature, they need preservation methods. This chapter recommends using edible films and coatings, a novel and eco-friendly post-harvest preservation technique. This method helps maintain the quality of lightly processed foods, preserve essential nutrients, protect against microorganisms, and maintain their original appearance. Therefore, this review aims to explore different techniques and types of edible coatings like chitosan, agar-agar, gelatin, alginate, guar gum, soy lecithin, maltodextrin, inulin, and propolis for the preparation of grape by-products in foods and drinks. More research is required to optimize coating formulations for the best quality.

Author(s) Details:

Teresa Pinto,
CITAB, Department of Biology and Environment, Institute for Innovation, Capacity Building and Sustainability of Agrifood Production, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal.

Ana Pinto,
University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal.

Alice Vilela,
CQ-VR, Department of Agronomy, School of Agrarian and Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/RPMAB-V1/article/view/13852

Preliminary Study on Rice Straw Degradation Using Microbial Inoculant under Solid-state Fermentation Condition | Chapter 9 | Advanced Research in Biological Science Vol. 8

Abundance and unmanaged agriculture residues lead to unutilized resource waste and environmental pollution. The application of microbial technology to manage agriculture waste could produce value-added products. A preliminary study on the biodegradation process of rice straw using different potential microorganisms was tested under laboratory study. Three different inoculant cultures were used to observe their efficiency in rice straw degradation. Combination cultures of microorganisms coding AMB1 show the potential degrading activity, which reduces the hemicellulose of rice straw by 50% from the raw material. The highest cellulase activity at 1.5 U/mL was also observed in rice straw treatment with AMB1, which was higher than in single inoculant fungi and commercial microbial products. Overall, the results suggested that the biodegradation of rice straw could be improved by using combination cultures, AMB1. The ability of these cultures to enhance biodegradation shows potential to shorten the decomposing period and may be used to manage agriculture waste.

Author(s) Details:

Nurul Ain Abu Bakar,
Agrobiodiversity and Environment Research Centre, Malaysian Agricultural Research and Development Institute, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.

Mohammad Hariz Abdul Rahman,
Agrobiodiversity and Environment Research Centre, Malaysian Agricultural Research and Development Institute, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.

Nur Alyani Shakri,
Agrobiodiversity and Environment Research Centre, Malaysian Agricultural Research and Development Institute, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.

Syuhaidah Abu Bakar,
Agrobiodiversity and Environment Research Centre, Malaysian Agricultural Research and Development Institute, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.

Abhar Abdul Hamid,
Agrobiodiversity and Environment Research Centre, Malaysian Agricultural Research and Development Institute, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/ARBS-V8/article/view/13476

Revaluation of Posidonia oceanica Waste as a Renewable Resource to Develop New Sustainable Products | Chapter 8 | Research Highlights in Science and Technology Vol. 9

Posidonia oceanica is a sea phanerogam with similar arrangement and structure to earthly monocotyledonous plants which makes the revaluation of allure coastal residues of distinctive interest. Chemical characterization of the phanerogam residues revealed allure potential as an alternative source of hydrogen that can be derived using clean technologies. For this purpose, individual-stage (cooking with beverage-anthraquinone) and two-stages (adding hydrogen whiten) separation processes were used.  Cellulose acquired from the one-stage process accompanied characteristics for its use as strengthening fibre. The addition of a second stage with hydrogen whiten increased the innocence and improved the properties of and oxygen making it suitable for the synthesis of new tenable products. Revalorization of Posidonia oceanica waste can humble the environmental, health and business-related problems made by their coastline accumulation, likewise, its use such a and oxygen source cause diminish the terrestrial plant supply lowering deforestation and atmosphere change.

Author(s) Details:

Ana Moral,
ECOWAL Group, Molecular Biology and Biochemical Engineering Dpartment, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, ES-4013 Seville, Spain.

Valeria Greyer,
ECOWAL Group, Molecular Biology and Biochemical Engineering Dpartment, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, ES-4013 Seville, Spain.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/RHST-V9/article/view/11666

Biochemical Characterization and Isolation of Cellulolytic Bacteria from Rumen Fluid of Cattle | Chapter 10| Research Advances in Microbiology and Biotechnology Vol. 6

 This study examined about the isolation and labeling of cellulytic bacteria from rumen fluid, their capability to produce cellulase enzyme and the effect of pH, hotness, and incubation ending in the production of cellulase enzyme. The significance of microbial cellulose exercise in natural surroundings is further enhanced for one status of ruminants as a major beginning of dietary protein. The microbiological use of and oxygen is a significant facet in achieving the highest likely material flow in the environment. Numerous labors, including the drink industry, agriculture, fabric, detergent, pulp and paper, creation of biofuels, brewing, and biorefinery, have thorough uses for cellulase enzyme. In the study, cellulolytic bacterium Pseudomonas sp. was isolated from ruminant food fluid of cattle was calm from slaughter house. This bacterial disengage was identified by morphological, biochemical, and physiochemical traits. Cellulase production for one bacteria was enhanced. The collection of more bacterial isolates from rumen fluid sample and alteration of genetic material approach would provide more pace to humiliate the organic wastes namely now a concern for the development of ecologically sound and strength promoting habits for the management of the surroundings.Optimum cellulase was produced by Pseudomonas sp. that was observed under different pH, hotness, and incubation ending. The highest result of cellulase enzyme by this bacterium was listened at pH 7.0 for 48 hours under 3 days of cultivation at 40°C. The catalyst activity was noticed at pH 7.0 with cellulosic filter paper for 5 days process of early development and its maximum endeavor was noted at 48 hours. According to the study judgments, Pseudomonas sp. produces extracellular cellulase enzyme in big quantities, which can help with the failure of cellulosic contaminants in the atmosphere.

Author(s) Details:

Nilufa Yasmin Poly,
Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Khulna Agricultural University, Khulna-9100, Bangladesh.

Sabrina Mamtaz,
Faculty of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Sylhet Agricultural University, Sylhet-3100, Bangladesh.

Mohammad Mehedi Hasan Khan,
Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry, Sylhet Agricultural University, Sylhet-3100, Bangladesh.

Md. Najmol Hoque,
Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Khulna Agricultural University, Khulna-9100, Bangladesh.

Abul Kalam Azad,
Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet-3100, Bangladesh.

Mahmudul Hasan,
Pharmaceutical and Industrial Biotechnology, Sylhet Agricultural University, Sylhet-3100, Bangladesh.

    
Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/RAMB-V6/article/view/11216

Recent Advances Fermentation Technology for Bioethanol Production as One of Potential Energy Sources| Chapter 2 | Recent Progress in Science and Technology Vol. 4

 Rising the concern of energy security and the instability in fossil fuels price in addition to the adverse effect of these fossil fuels on the environment, made the world searching for alternative energy sources that are sustainable and clean to the environment. One of these alternative energies is bioethanol. Bioethanol is produced by microbial fermentation either from sugar crops or starchy grain crops depending on their availability as first-generation carbon sources for bioethanol production. These carbon sources are edible in nature and could lead into food-vs-fuel conflict and famine specially in developing countries. Inedible lignocellulosic biomass such as abundant agriculture byproducts and forestry waste are developed as second-generation carbon sources for bioethanol production. However so far, the excessive production cost of bioethanol from these lignocellulosic biomasses limiting the application of this technology for commercialization on large scale. In addition to the first and second generations of bioethanol technologies, there is third generation of carbon sources that currently under investigation for bioethanol production by gasification a wide verities of biomass sources into syngas (SG). Syngas is a mixture of carbo dioxide, carbon monoxide, and hydrogen. This syngas can be utilized as a carbon source for microbial fermentation using anaerobic bacteria such as Clostridium sp. to convert syngas into bioethanol and organic acids. In general, the interest in bioethanol as an alternative energy to fossil oil is due to its favorable properties as energy source.

Author(s) Details:

Osama O. Ibrahim,
Biotechnology,Bio Innovation LLC,7434 Korbel Dr.Gurnee IL. 60031, USA.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/RPST-V4/article/view/9439

Carbohydrates| Chapter 10 | New Innovations in Chemistry and Biochemistry Vol.8

 

 Carbohydrates are organic molecules that exist naturally in plants and animals. Animals and plants use them as a source of energy. Carbohydrates can be found in one form or another in every natural product we consume. Carbohydrates include molecules such as glucose, fructose, cane sugar, starch, and cellulose, which are extensively dispersed in plants and are made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. The role of carbohydrates in plants and animals is discussed in this chapter. The taxonomy and structure of carbohydrates are explained. It is also suggested that glucose and fructose have a ring shape. Epimer, mutarotation, inversion, and reducing and non-reducing sugars are all well-defined concepts. The reactions of glucose with acids, bases, and oxidising reagents are also well discussed.

Author(s) Details:

Vijay J. Naukudkar,
BOS Member, S. P. P. University, Pune, K.V. N. Naik Shikshan Prasarak Sanstha’s, Arts, Commerce and Science College, Canada Corner, Nashik, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/NICB-V8/article/view/6289

Historical Developments of Flax Industry for Improving Fibers Quality and Fabrics Properties | Chapter 5 | Cutting-edge Research in Agricultural Sciences Vol. 5

Flax (Linum usitatissimu) is one of the major crops used in the food and chemical industries for the production of linseed oil in Canada. To make linseed oil, the seeds are crushed, and the resulting cake is used for fodder. In addition, seed oil boiling is used in the manufacture of paint, varnish and ink printing. In the production of natural fibres, the deterioration of flax fibres is a key factor. The main degradation behaviour of flax fibres is regulated by cellulose. The separation of fibres and fibre bundles from non-fiber tissues in the stems is the retting of flax. Different methods of treatment of Bast fibres may include retting, splitting, scutching, hackling, and combing. It is necessary to extract the lignin and partially retain the pectin in order to bleach the flax and to maintain the fibre tenacity high enough. The issue of classical hydrolyzing treatment with alkalis and oxidizers is attributable not only to the impact of these chemicals on pectin and lignin, but also on the cellulose itself, resulting in a drastic reduction in the strength of the material.

Author (s) Details

Dr. Hassan Moawad
National Research Centre (NRC), Egypt.

Dr. Wafaa M. Abd El-Rahim
National Research Centre (NRC), Egypt.

Gebreil M. M. Gebreil
National Research Centre (NRC), Egypt.

Prof. Dr. Mohamed M. Hashem
National Research Centre (NRC), Egypt.

Dr. Mohamed Zakaria
Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Egypt.

View Book :- https://bp.bookpi.org/index.php/bpi/catalog/book/362

Industrially Important Microbial Cellulases and Their Commercial Applications | Chapter 6 | Cutting-edge Research in Agricultural Sciences Vol.2

 

Biotechnological conversion of cellulosic biomass is potentially sustainable approach to develop novel
bioprocesses and products. Cellulose is an abundant natural biopolymer on earth and most
dominating Agricultural waste. This cellulosic biomass is a renewable and abundant resource with
great potential for bioconversion to value-added bioproducts. Microbial cellulases have become the
focal biocatalysts due to their complex nature and wide spread industrial applications.

Author(s) Details

Dr. Nisha Sharma (Research Associate)
Microbiology Research Laboratory, Department of Basic Science, Dr. Y. S. Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan, HP–173230, India.

Dr. Nivedita Sharma
Microbiology Research Laboratory, Department of Basic Science, Dr. Y. S. Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan, HP–173230, India.

View Book :- https://bp.bookpi.org/index.php/bpi/catalog/book/252